GB/T ××××.1—200X 压力容器术语 基本术语 (征求意见稿) 编制说明
1 编制依据 压力容器是化工、炼油、制药等行业的主要设备,是国务院颁布的《特种设备安全监察条例》中监管的七种特种设备之一。为了压力容器的安全运行,全国锅炉压力容器标准化管理委员会制定了诸如GB150《钢制压力容器》等多项与压力容器相关的标准。为了规范压力容器行业中的专业术语,早在上个世纪80年代就开始着手制定压力容器名词术语标准,但由于多方面原因,未能得以颁布。近些年由于压力容器行业的蓬勃发展,压力容器的设计者、制造者、使用者和检验者都迫切需要一本规范的压力容器名词术语标准来方便互相之间的交流,同时也用于规范其他资料的编制,所以全国锅炉压力容器标准化委员会(TC262)向国家标准化管理委员会提出申请编制《压力容器名词术语》标准,并于2000年由国家标准化委员会审查确定列入《2000年制修订国家标准项目计划》,项目编号20000331-T-469。 2 GB/T ××××—200× 《压力容器术语》 拟包括如下8个部分: GB/T ×××ו1—200× 压力容器术语 基本术语 GB/T ×××ו2—200× 压力容器术语 技术、质量管理 GB/T ×××ו3—200× 压力容器术语 压力容器结构 GB/T ×××ו4—200× 压力容器术语 材料 GB/T ×××ו5—200× 压力容器术语 设计 GB/T ×××ו6—200× 压力容器术语 制造 GB/T ×××ו7—200× 压力容器术语 涂覆、运输包装 GB/T ×××ו8—200× 压力容器术语 安全附件 3 GB/T ××××.1—2008 压力容器术语 基本术语 本标准第1部分共有主词条19个,另附有派生词条17个,共计36个。涉及压力、温度、物料、容积、压力容器、元件等基本词条及定义。词条目录如下:
序号 主词条 派生词条 英文 2.1 一般术语 2.1.1 压力 pressure 标准大气压 standard atmosphere pressure, atm 工程大气压 technical atmosphere pressure, at 环境大气压力 ambient atmosphere pressure 绝对压力 absolute pressure 表压力 gauge pressure 全真空 full vacuum 真空度 degree of vacuum 2.1.2 温度 temperature 环境温度 ambient temperature 月平均最低气温 mean monthly minimum temperature 极端温度 extreme temperature 2.1.3 介质、物料 contents, fluids 流体 fluids 2.2 基本术语 2.2.1 压力容器 pressure vessel 内压容器 vessel under internal pressure 外压容器 vessel under external pressure 真空容器 vacuum vessel 2.2.2 常压容器 atmospheric vessel 2.2.3 固定式压力容器 stationary pressure vessel 2.2.4 移动式压力容器 transportable pressure vessel 2.2.5 腔室 chamber 2.2.6 元件 part, component 受压元件 pressure part 非受压元件 non-pressure part 2.2.7 建造 construction 2.3 参数 2.3.1 容积 volume 2.3.2 工作压力 operating pressure 2.3.3 工作温度 operating temperature 金属温度 metal temperature 2.3.4 设计压力 design pressure 2.3.5 设计温度 design temperature 2.3.6 试验压力 test pressure 2.3.7 试验温度 test temperature 2.3.8 最大允许工作压力 maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) 2.3.9 最低设计金属温度 minimum design metal temperature (MDMT) 4 词条选择的考虑 本部分标准给出的“基本词汇”是针对我国压力容器的标准实践,并参考了欧盟标准关于“基本术语”(basic terminology)的选取: EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology- Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 该标准内容摘抄如下: (1)范围 欧盟标准的这一部分定义了用于压力设备的基本术语和符号…… (2)引用标准 (3)术语、定义和符号 (共18个词条,此处省去定义和符号)
1 chamber 2 component 3 pressure 4 absolute pressure 5 differential pressure 6 operating pressure 7 operating temperature 8 maximum allowable pressure 9 Maximum / minimum allowable temperature 10 design pressure 11 design temperature 12 calculation pressure 13 calculation temperature 14 test pressure 15 test temperature 16 accumulation 17 volume 18 nominal size 5 本“征求意见稿”的编写体例 (1)根据需要不少词条后面加有“注”,目的是: ——便于更准确理解其定义内容; ——引出直接关联的派生术语,同样是压力容器行业的基本术语。 这种加注的方式是参考了 GB/T 19000—2000 《质量管理体系 基础和术语》标准的类似做法。 (2)为便于对各术语的理解,下面对每一词条都给出了该词条的解释、出处以及文献或标准的原文定义。 6 本标准的编制说明
2.1.1 压力 (1)《中国大百科全书 力学》 垂直作用在物体单位面积上的一种力。它存在于固体、液体、气体内部,或是液体与固体壁面之间、或是固体之间的接触面上。习惯上,在力学和多数工程学科中,“压力”一词与物理学中的压强同义。 (2)词条“注”中的内容引自《压力容器设计工程师培训教程》2005,第4.6.1 节 基本概念 (3)在国外文献中,“标准大气压”亦有称 normal atmosphere pressure “工程大气压”亦有称engineering (或metric) atmosphere pressure (4)“真空度”等同采用GB/T 3163—1993 《真空技术术语》的相应词条: §3.11 真空度(degree of vacuum)
2.1.2 温度 (1)中国大百科全书 机械工程(Ⅱ),1987 P660,温度 temperature 表示物体的冷热程度。 P658,温标 temperature scale 温度的数值表示法。 (2) 中华人民共和国电子行业标准电子电源术语及定义(SJ/T 1670—2001) 2.33 环境温度 ambient temperature 电源所处的媒质温度,通常为电源周围的空气温度。 借鉴上述,将“电源”改为“容器”。 (3)《容规》35条 ……历年来“月平均最低气温”的最低值。 “月平均最低气温”是指当月各天的最低气温值相加后除以当月天数。 (4)GB 50155—1992 《采暖通风与空气调节术语标准》 第2.3.8条 月平均最低温度mean monthly minimum temperature 一个月逐日最低温度的平均植。 第2.3.9条 极端最高温度extreme maximum temperature 一定时段内,逐日最高温度中的最大值, 第2.3.10条 极端最低温度extreme minimum temperature 一定时段内,逐日最低温度中的最小值。 (5)HG 20580—1998《钢制化工容器设计基础规定》第3.2.6节“极端气温”。 (6)极端温度 百度百科 极端温度Extreme Temperature 一段时间内某一地区达到的最低和最高温度。前者是极端最低温度,后者是极端最高温度。
2.1.3 物料 我国压力容器技术文件中,容器的盛装物多称为“物料”或“介质”。 在国外标准和技术文件中,则为 “contents” 或 “fluids” 或 “substances”。 (1)Dennis R. Moss, Pressure Vessel Design Manual,3rd Edition appendix b design data sheet for vessels “Contents” Often contents Something contained, as in a receptacle: contents常作容纳物:(如容器中)所容纳的东西 (2)“Vessel Specification” of a Chemicals Limited (某一工程公司) “Vessel Contents” (3)国务院《特种设备安全监察条例》 第八十八条 ……是指盛装气体或者液体,承载一定压力的密闭设备。 (4)欧盟 PED Article 1 2.1“pressure equipment” means vessels, piping, …… and pressure accessories. 2.1.1“vessel” means a housing designed and built to contain fluids under pressure…… 2.7 “fluids” means gases, liquids, and vapors in pure phase as well as mixtures thereof. A fluid may contain a suspension of solids. (5)ISO/DIS 16528 Part 1 2.2 pressure vessel A housing designed and built to contain gases or liquids under pressure. (6)ASME Ⅷ-1 UW-2 SERVICE RESTRICTIONS (a) When vessels are to contain lethal substances, either liquid or gaseous, all butt welded joints shall be fully radiographed,……
2.2.1 压力容器 (1)国务院《特种设备安全监察条例》 第八十八条 ……是指盛装气体或者液体,承载一定压力的密闭设备。 (2)ASME Ⅷ-1, U-1(a)(2) Pressure vessels are containers for the containment of pressure, either internal or external. (3)欧盟 PED Article 1 2.1 “pressure equipment” means vessels, piping, safety accessories, …… 2.1.1 “vessel” means a housing designed and built to contain fluids under pressure…… 2.7 “fluids” means gases, liquids, and vapors in pure phase as well as mixtures thereof. A fluid may contain a suspension of solids. (4)ISO/DIS 16528 Part 1 2.2 pressure vessel A housing designed and built to contain gases or liquids under pressure. (5)GB/T ××××钢制压力容器名词术语(2002年送审稿)
2.2.2 常压容器 (1)Dennis R. Moss, Pressure Vessel Design Manual, 3rd Edition APPENDIX F VESSEL NOMENCLATURE Classification of Vessels Pressure: Internal. external. atmospheric (2)在我国压力容器标准体系中,设计压力在-0.02~0.1 MPa(G)之间的压力容器称为“常压容器”。[ vessel for design pressure between -0.02~0.1 MPa(G) ] 在这里,“常压”不应译作“atmospheric”。 (3)GB/T ××××《钢制压力容器名词术语》(2002年送审稿) 3.2常压容器 atmospheric vessel 凡承受介质静压力(表压力,不包括介质液柱静压力)等于零或与大气连通的容器统称为常压容器。其中JB/T 4735—1997对圆筒形容器所管辖的设计压力范围为0MPa~<0.1MPa,真空度低于0.02MPa。
2.2.3 固定式压力容器 (1)《容规》再版草案:固定式压力容器是指安装在固定位置,或者仅在使用单位内部区域使用的压力容器。 (2)ASME Ⅷ-1 2004, App. 3-2 stationary pressure vessel: a pressure vessel to be installed and operated as a fixed geographical location. GB/T ××××《钢制压力容器名词术语》(2002年送审稿) 3.46 固定式压力容器 stationary pressure vessel 安装在固定位置进行操作的容器,以区别于移动式压力容器。
2.2.4 移动式压力容器 (1)《压力容器安全技术监察规程》 第6条 移动式压力容器,包括铁路罐车、罐式汽车和罐式集装箱等; (2)ASME XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks TG-100 INTRODUCTION TG-100.1 Intent The riles of this Section constitute requirements for construction and continued service of pressure vessels for the transportation of dangerous goods via highway, rail, air, or water. (3)EN 13445-1 §1.2 1.2 Exclusions This European Standard is not applicable to pressure equipment of the following types: a) transportable pressure equipment; (4)《移动式压力容器安全技术监察规程》征求意见稿 移动式压力容器的术语与定义 移动式压力容器 transportable pressure vessel 移动式压力容器是指单个或多个压力容器(罐体)与走行装置、定型底盘或者无动力半挂行走机构或者框架等组成,采用永久性连接,适用于铁路、公路、水路或者其联运的运输装备,包括铁路罐车、汽车罐车、罐式集装箱、长管拖车、管束式集装箱等五大类产品。
2.2.5 腔室 (1) EN 13445-3:2002 (E) Design §3.6 chamber: single fluid space within a unit of pressure equipment (2)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology-Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.1 chamber: fluid space within a unit of pressure equipment NOTE: The chambers are not intended to communicate between each other. (3)《压力容器安全技术监察规程》 第一章 注2:……多腔压力容器(如换热器的管程和壳程、余热锅炉的汽包和换热室、夹套容器等)按照类虽高的压力腔作为该容器的类别并按该类别进行使用管理。但应按照每个压力腔进行类别划定时,设计压力取本压力,容积取本压力腔的几何容积。 (4)97/23/EC Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) 第1条,§2.1.1……。一个容器可以由一个以上腔室组成。 §2.5一个腔室的内部体积…… 第9条,§3当一个容器由几个腔室组成时,应按各腔室中最高类别进行分类。……
2.2.6 元件 (1)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology- Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.2 component part of pressure equipment which can be considered as an individual item for the calculation (2)EN 13445-3:2002 (E) Design §3.6 component:定义同(1)。 (3)《压力容器设计工程师培训教程》,2005 1.1.1 受压元件(pressure part) 直接承受压力载荷(包括内压或外压)的容器零部件,指保存、封闭压力介质的容器壳体元件和其他密闭元件,开孔补强圈,外压加强圈等。 1.1.2 非受压元件(non-pressure part) 为满足使用要求与受压元件直接焊接成为整体而不承受压力载荷的零部件,如支座(或吊耳)及其垫板,保温圈,塔盘支承圈等。 非受压元件通常是承载(非压力载荷)元件。 (4)ASME VIII-1, 2007 UG-5 Plate used in the construction of pressure parts of pressure vessels shall conform to one of the specifications in Section II for the 。。。 UG-54 (b) Material for nonpressure parts, such as skirts, supports, baffles, lugs, clips, and extended heat transfer surfaces, need not conform to the specifications for the 。。。
2.2.7 建造 (1) ISO/DIS 16528 Part 1 Boilers and Pressure Vessels- Part 1: Performance requirement §2.5 construction processes which include design, material specification, manufacture, inspection, examination, testing and conformity assessment of boilers and pressure vessels (2)ASME VIII-1, 2007, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels U-1 (a)(3) This Division contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and nonmandatory guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, certification, and pressure relief.
2.3.1 容积 (1)《固定式压力容器安全技术监察规程》 (送审稿) 第一章 注2:容积是指压力容器的几何容积,即由设计图样标注的尺寸计算(不考虑制造公差)并且圆整。应当扣除永久连接在容器内部的内件的体积。 (2)欧盟 PED Article 1 2.5“volume (V)” means the internal volume of a chamber, including the volume of nozzles to the first connection or weld and excluding the volume of permanent internal parts. (3)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology- Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 3.17 volume V, v internal volume of a chamber, including the volume of nozzles to the first connection (flange, coupling, weld) and excluding the volume of internal permanent parts (e.g. baffles, agitators)
2.3.2 工作压力 (1)本词条等同采用了 GB 150《钢制压力容器》给出的定义。 (2)ASME VIII-1, 2007, App.3 operating pressure: the pressure at the top of a vessel al which it normally operates. It shall not exceed the maximum allowable working pressure, and it is usually kept at a suitable level below the setting of the pressure relieving devices to prevent their frequent opening (see M-9). (3)“正常工作条件” 见 ASME VIII-1, 2007, App.3 normal operation: operation within the design limits for which the vessel has been stamped. [Sea UG-1l6(a).] Any coincident pressure and temperature during a specific operation are permissible, provided they do not constitute a more severe condition than that assumed in the design of the vessel. (4)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology-Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.6 operating pressure PO, po fluid pressure occurring during specified operating conditions (5)在《压力容器安全技术监察规程》1999中,亦称作“最高工作压力”。
2.3.3 工作温度 (1)本词条“工作温度”以压力容器行业中现行的技术含义确定的,同时欧盟标准EN 764-1:2004也是这样定义的。见下面(2)。 在ASME VIII-1中,定义“工作温度”是元件金属所保持的温度,见下面(4)。实际上,相当于GB 150《钢制压力容器》中所说的元件金属温度。 (2)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology-Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.7operating temperature TO, to Fluid temperature occurring during specified operating conditions (3)“元件的金属温度”引自GB 150《钢制压力容器》,又见: ASME VIII-1, 2007, UG-20 design temperature , the maximum temperature used in design shall be not less than the mean metal temperature (through the thickness). (4)ASME VIII-1, 2007, App.3 operating or working temperature: the temperature that will be maintained in the metal of the part of the vessel being considered for the specified operation of the vessel (see UG-20 and UG-23).
2.3.4 设计压力 (1)本词条等同采用了GB 150《钢制压力容器》给出的定义。与欧盟EN压力容器标准和美国ASME压力容器标准所给出的定义类似。 (2)ASME VIII-1, 2007, App.3 design pressure: the pressure used in the design of a vessel component together with the coincident design metal temperature, for the purpose of determining the minimum permissible thickness or physical characteristics of the different zones of the vessel. When applicable, static head shall be added to the design pressure to determine the thickness of any specific zone of the vessel. (3)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology- Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.10 design pressure PD, pd pressure at the top of each chamber of the pressure equipment chosen for the derivation of the calculation pressure of each component
2.3.5 设计温度 (1)本词条等同采用了 GB 150《钢制压力容器》给出的定义。与欧盟EN压力容器标准和美国ASME压力容器标准所给出的定义类似。 (2)UG-20 design temperature, ASME VIII-1, 2007, (a)Maximum. Except as required in UW-2(d)(3), the maximum temperature used in design shall be not less than the mean metal temperature (through the thickness) expected under operating conditions for the part considered (see 3-2). if necessary, the metal temperature shall be determined by computation or by measurement from equipment in service under equivalent operating conditions. (b)Minimum. The minimum metal temperature used in design shall be the lowest expected in service except when lower temperatures are permitted by the rules of this Division (see UCS-66, TICS-160, and footnote 37, UG116). The minimum mean metal temperature shall be determined by the principles described in (a) above. …… (3)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology-Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.11 design temperature TD, td temperature chosen for the derivation of the calculation temperature of each component
2.3.6 试验压力 (1)本词条等同采用了GB 150《钢制压力容器》给出的定义。 (2)ASME VIII-1, 2007, UG-99(b) ...... vessels designed for internal pressure shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test pressure which at every point in the vessel is at least equal to 1.3 times MAWP ...... (3)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology-Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.14 test pressure PT, pt pressure to which the equipment is subjected for test purposes
2.3.7 试验温度 (1)本词条等同采用了 GB 150《钢制压力容器》给出的定义。 (2)ASME VIII-1, 2007, UG-99(h) ...... It is recommended that the metal temperature during hydrostatic test be maintained at least 30°F (17°C) above the minimum design metal temperature, but need not exceed 120°F (48°C), to minimize the risk of brittle fracture. The test pressure shall not be applied until the vessel and its contents are at about the same temperature. (3)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology- Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.15 test temperature TT, tt temperature at which the pressure test of the pressure equipment is carried cut
2.3.8 最大允许工作压力 (1)本词条参考了 GB 150《钢制压力容器》和ASME VIII-1给出的(MAWP)定义。 GB 150—1998《钢制压力容器》第 B2.1条 “最大允许工作压力 系指在设计温度下,……”仅局限于对应设计温度。在本词条中作了修改。 (2)ASME VIII-1, 2007, App.3 (同时见 UG-98) maximum allowable working pressure. the maximum gage pressure permissible at the top of a completed vessel in its normal operating position at the designated coincident temperature for that pressure:(译文:与该压力相应的标明温度下,在正常操作位置时,成品容器顶部允许承受的最大表压力。) This pressure is the least of the values for the internal or external pressure to be determined by the rules of this Division for any of the pressure boundary parts, including the static head thereon, using nominal thicknesses exclusive of allowances for corrosion and considering the effects of any combination of loadings listed in UG-22 that are likely to occur (see UG-98) at the designated coincident temperature [see UG-20(a)]. It is the basis for the pressure setting of the pressure relieving devices protecting the vessel. The design pressure may be used in all cases in which calculations are not made to determine the value of the maximum allowable working pressure. Note 34: The maximum allowable working pressure may be assumed to be the same as the design pressure when calculations are not made to determine the maximum allowable working pressure. (3)ASME VIII-1, 2007 UG-98(c) Maximum allowable working pressure may be determined for more than one designated operating temperature, using for each temperature the applicable allowable stress value. (译文:对于一个以上的指定工作温度,可用各相应温度下的许用应力来确定最大允许工作压力(MAWP)。 (4)欧盟标准中的“最大允许压力”(Pmax)相当于ASME VIII中的“最大允许工作压力”: EN13445:3-2002,Issue16(2005-10) 3.15a Maximum permissible pressure for normal operating load cases Pressure obtained with the analysis thickness ea at the calculation temperature for a given component, using the relevant design formulae or procedures 3.15b Maximum permissible pressure for testing load cases Pressure obtained with the minimum possible fabrication thickness emin at the temperature for a given component, using the relevant design formulae or procedures and z=1 [译注] ① analysis thickness ea 即是 GB 150中的有效厚度。 ② minimum possible fabrication thickness emin 即是GB 150中的(有效厚度+腐蚀裕量) ③ z是焊接接头系数
2.3.9 最低设计金属温度 (1)本词条参考了GB/T ××××—×××× 《钢制压力容器名词术语》(送审稿)中 6.1.7最低设计金属温度 minimum design metal temperature ASME VIII-1的定义为:在设计中预期的元件金属平均温度的最低值。 同时参考了ASME VIII-1的定义,见(2)。 (2)UG-20 design temperature, ASME VIII-1, 2007 (b)Consideration shall include the lowest operating temperature, operational upsets, autorefrigeration, atmospheric temperature, and any other sources of cooling [except as permitted in (f)(3) below for vessels meeting the requirements of (f) below]. (译文:应考虑最低工作温度,工作中的不正常,自动制冷,大气环境温度,以及其他制冷因素。) The MDMT marked on the nameplate shall correspond to a coincident pressure equal to the MAWP. When there are multiple MAWP's, the largest value shall be used to establish the MDMT marked on the nameplate. Additional MDMT's corresponding with other MAWP's may also be marked on the nameplate (see footnote 37). (3)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1: Terminology- Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 §3.9 maximum/minimum allowable temperature TS, ts maximum/minimum temperatures for which the equipment is designed, as specified by the manufacturer. (4)Dennis R. Moss , Pressure Vessel Design Manual, 3-rd edition, 2004 Procedure 2-17 Not only does every pressure vessel have its owe unique MDMT, but every component of that pressure vessel has an MDMT. The vessel MDMT is the highest temperature of all the component MDMT’s. ……. 7 关于标准的词条索引 由于本标准的词条总数不多,因此在标准最后放入前述“词条目录”作为词条索引,不再编排以汉语拼音为序或以英文为序的词条索引。 8 参考文献 (1)中国大百科全书 力学,1985 (2)GB 150-1999 钢制压力容器 (3)压力容器安全技术监察规程, 1999; 修定版稿 (4)TSG R 0003-2007 简单压力容器安全技术监察规程 (5)GB/T 19000-2000 质量管理体系 基础和术语 (6)GB/T 3163-1993 真空技术术语 (7)GB/T ××××钢制压力容器名词术语(2002年送审稿) (8)EN 764-1:2004, Pressure equipment- Part 1:Terminology- Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size 承压设备 名词术语和符号 压力、温度、容积 (9)97/23/EC Pressure Equipment Directive (PED),1997 欧盟压力设备新方法指令 (10)ASME Section Ⅷ Pressure Vessels,2007 (11)EN 13445 Unfired Pressure Vessels,2002 (12)PD 5500 Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels,2003 (13)ISO/DIS 16528 Boilers and Pressure Vessels,2004 (14)JIS B 0190-1986 Glossary of Terms Used in Construction of Pressure Vessels (15)压力容器设计工程师培训教程,新华出版社,2005 (16)郑津洋 等译, 欧盟承压设备实用指南,化学工业出版社,2005 原文:Simon Earland, Guide to European Pressure Equipment (17)陈允中 译, 压力容器设计手册,中国石化出版社,2006 原文:Dennis R. Moss, Pressure Vessel Design Manual,(3- rd Edition)
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