Plane SenSe General aviation Information

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U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

Plane SenSe

General aviation Information

FAA-H-8083-19A

i

Plane SenSe

General aviation Information

2008

U.S. Department of Transportation

FederAl AviAtion AdministrAtion

Flight Standards Service

Plane Sense

ii

Plane Sense introduces aircraft owners and operators, or prospective aircraft owners and operators, to

basic information about the requirements involved in acquiring, owning, operating, and maintaining

a private aircraft.

This handbook can be a valuable reference tool for anyone who would like to review the “nuts and bolts”

of aircraft ownership. Aircraft owners and operators, or anyone considering aircraft ownership, should

be familiar with Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR), which details regulations for aircraft

owners, operators, pilots, aircraft mechanics, and maintenance providers. Since the requirements can

be updated and the regulations can change, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recommends that

you contact your nearest FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), where the personnel can assist

you with the various requirements for aircraft ownership, operation, and maintenance.

The FAA has also added information for aviation enthusiasts who own (or are interested in owning) light-

sport aircraft, a new and evolving sector of the general aviation marketplace.

This handbook highlights regulations and regulatory guidance material, as well as providing advice

regarding where to locate answers to your questions. While Plane Sense cannot cover every issue faced

by aircraft owners and operators, this handbook is intended to be a useful guide and will help you locate

the resources to assist you.

This publication supersedes FAA-8083-19, which was reprinted with editorial updates in 2003.

This handbook is available free of charge for download, in PDF format, from the FAA Regulatory Support

Division (AFS-600) on the FAA website at www.faa.gov.

Plane Sense may be also be purchased from:

Superintendent of Documents

United States Government Printing Office

Washington, DC 20402-9325

http://bookstore.gpo.gov

This handbook is published by and comments should be sent to:

Federal Aviation Administration

Airman Testing Standards Branch (AFS-630)

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125

afs630comments@faa.gov

iii

Preface

Plane Sense

iv

Plane Sense was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of The Wicks

Group, PLLC. The FAA wishes to acknowledge the providers of the following images used in this handbook:

Skycatcher used on the cover and in chapter 6, courtesy of Cessna Aircraft Corporation

Cirrus SR20-1 used on the cover and in chapter 1, courtesy of Cirrus Design

Eclipse 500 used on the cover, courtesy of Eclipse Aviation Corporation

The FAA would also like to extend its appreciation to several aviation industry organizations that provided

assistance and input in the preparation of this handbook, including:

General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA)

Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)

Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA)

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v SAMPLE 10-4 Plane Sense 10 Chapter 10: Service Diffculty Program T here are several ways to obtain various Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications. The easiest way to locate a particular FAA document and/or Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part is on the FAA website at www.faa.gov. In addition, you can order some FAA publications directly from the FAA or from the Government Printing Office (GPO). The FAA Records Checklist in Figure 11-1 at the end of this chapter is a list of addresses to assist you in obtaining the publications and records discussed in this chapter. FAA publications and supporting regulatory guidance material fall into several specific categories, which are explained in this chapter. If you cannot find the information you are seeking, refer to the FAA website, which contains a great deal of useful information for aircraft owners and operators. Advisory Circulars The FAA issues an Advisory Circular (AC) to inform the aviation public, in a systematic way, of nonregulatory material of interest. The content of an AC is not binding on the public unless it is incorporated into a regulation by reference. AC 00-2 (as revised) , Advisory Circular Checklist, contains a list of current FAA ACs and provides detailed instructions on obtaining copies. It also contains a list of U.S. GPO bookstores throughout the United States that stock many Government publications. This AC may be accessed on the FAA website at www.faa.gov by selecting “Regulations & Policies”from the main menu bar. Airworthiness directives The FAA uses an Airworthiness Directive (AD) to notify aircraft owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and to specify the conditions under which the product may continue to be operated. You can access ADs on the FAA website at www.faa.gov by selecting “Regulations & Policies”from the main menu bar. You can subscribe to ADs at the FAA Regulatory & Guidance Library (RGL) website, http://rgl.faa.gov. Current and historical ADs are also available on the RGL website. obtaining FAA Publications and records 11 11-1 11-2 Plane 11 Sense temporary Flight restrictions A Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) is a geographically limited, short term, airspace restriction, typically in the United States. TFRs often encompass major sporting events, natural disaster areas, air shows, space launches, and Presidential movements. You can access current TFRs on the FAA website at www.faa.gov by selecting “Regulations & Policies” from the main menu bar. m CAUTION: You should check the current TFRs every time you fly. notice to Airmen You can obtain the most recent Notice to Airmen (NOTAMs) from the FAA website at www.faa.gov by selecting “Regulations & Policies”from the main menu bar. Current NOTAMs are also available from Flight Service Stations at 1-800-WX-BRIEF (1-800-992-7433). 14 CFr While aircraft owners and operators are responsible for compliance with all applicable 14 CFR parts, you may find the following parts most relevant to your aircraft operations: •14 CFR Part 1, Definitions and Abbreviations •14 CFR Part 21, Certification Procedures for Products and Parts •14 CFR Part 23, Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes •14 CFR Part 33, Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines •14 CFR Part 35, Airworthiness Standards: Propellers •14 CFR Part 39, Airworthiness Directives •14 CFR Part 43, Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration •14 CFR Part 45, Identification and Registration Marking •14 CFR Part 47, Aircraft Registration •14 CFR Part 49, Recording of Aircraft Titles and Security Documents •14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors •14 CFR Part 65, Certification: Airmen Other than Flight Crewmembers •14 CFR Part 91, General Operating and Flight Rules AC 00-44 (as revised), Status of Federal Aviation Regulations, contains the current status of the 14 CFR parts, including changes issued, price list, and ordering instructions. This AC may be obtained on the FAA website at www.faa.gov. Handbooks and manuals The FAA publishes a series of handbooks and manuals designed for aircraft, general aviation enthusiasts, examiners, and inspectors. You can find most of these handbooks and manuals, including Plane Sense, on the FAA website at www.faa.gov by selecting “Regulations & Policies”from the main menu bar. Aircraft records The FAA Civil Aviation Registry Aircraft Registration Branch (AFS-750) maintains registration records on individual aircraft and serves as a warehouse for airworthiness documents received from FAA field offices. You can access information on requesting aircraft records, as well as current fee information, on the FAA website at www.faa.gov by selecting “Licenses & Certificates”from the main menu bar. Request Aircraft Records You can mail or fax your request for aircraft records to AFS-750, or submit your request online. Written requests from outside the United States must include a check or money order (in U.S. funds) payable to the FAA to cover the projected fee. You can obtain the correct fee by contacting AFS-750. AFS-750 contact information is available at the end of this chapter in Figure 11-1, FAA Records Checklist, and in the FAA Contact Information appendix on pages A1–A2 of this handbook. Format You can order paper copies or electronic copies (on CD-ROM) of aircraft records. Each CD-ROM contains one aircraft record. You can view the CD-ROM files using Adobe Acrobat Reader. The FAA includes a copy of the latest reader on the CD-ROM. Most records for aircraft removed from the U.S. Civil Aircraft Register before 1984 are in storage and available only in paper format. You can ask the FAA to retrieve these records. 11-3 Chapter 11: Obtaining FAA Publications and Records 11 Airman records The FAA Civil Aviation Registry Airmen Certification Branch (AFS-760) maintains airman records. You can access information on requesting airman records, as well as current fee information, on the FAA website at www.faa.gov by selecting “Licenses & Certificates” from the main menu bar. There are two ways to obtain copies of your airman records. You can mail the FAA Aeronautical Center (AC) Form 8060-68, Request for Copies of My Complete Airman File; or a signed, written request stating your name, date of birth, and social security number or certificate number. Figure 11-2 at the end of this chapter is a sample FAA Form 8060-68. You can also have copies of your airman records released to a third party. Requests for airman records can be mailed to AFS-760. AFS-760 contact information is available at the end of this chapter in Figure 11-1, FAA Records Checklist, and in the FAA Contact Information appendix on pages A1–A2 of this handbook. When the FAA receives your request, they will notify you of the total charges due and payment options. For an airman or third party to obtain copies of medical records or a duplicate medical certificate, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request should be mailed to the FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Certification Division, Medical Certification Branch (AAM-331). AAM-331 contact information is available at the end of this chapter in Figure 11-1, FAA Records Checklist, and in the FAA Contact Information appendix on pages A1–A2 of this handbook. 11-4 11 Plane Sense FAA reCords CHeCKlist stAtUs reCords ContACt inFormAtion •Aircraft Documents Federal Aviation Administration Aircraft Registration Branch, AFS-750 P.O. Box 25504 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 (405) 954-3116 •Airman Records (Replacement Certificate) Federal Aviation Administration Airmen Certification Branch, AFS-760 P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 (405) 954-3261 •Airman Medical Records Federal Aviation Administration Aeromedical Certification Branch, AAM-331 P.O. Box 26080 Oklahoma City, OK 73126-5063 (405) 954-4821 •FOIA Desk (Third Party Request, Duplicate Medical Certificate) Federal Aviation Administration Aeromedical Certification Branch, AAM-331 Attention: FOIA Desk P.O. Box 26200 Oklahoma City, OK 73125-9914 Figure 11-1. FAA Records Checklist. The easiest way to locate information on obtaining records from the FAA is on the FAA website at www.faa.gov. You can also use this checklist to determine which FAA branch to contact regarding the records requested. 11-5 Chapter 11: Obtaining FAA Publications and Records 11 Figure 11-2. FAA Form 8060-68, Request for Copies of My Complete Airman File. You can obtain instructions for completing FAA Form 8060-68 on the FAA website at www.faa.gov or from your local FSDO. WILLIAM THOMAS WRIGHT 9-12-53 WICHITA, KANSAS 111-22-3333 341 PIPER ROAD OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73125 4-28-08 William Thomas Wright SAMPLE 11-6 Plane Sense 11 A-1 A Appendix A: FAA Contact information The information contained in this appendix will help you contact the appropriate Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) office. FAA offce Page(s) U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20591-0004 (866) TELL-FAA (866-835-5322) toll-free www.faa.gov vii Federal Aviation Administration Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630 P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125-0082 (405) 954-4151 phone afs630comments@faa.gov iii Federal Aviation Administration Aircraft Registration Branch, AFS-750 P.O. Box 25504 Oklahoma City, OK 73125-0504 (866) 762-9434 toll-free (405) 954-3116 phone (405) 954-3548 or (405) 954-8068 fax 2-2, 2-3, 4-1, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 11-2, 11-4 Federal Aviation Administration Light Sport Aviation Branch, AFS-610 P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125-0082 (405) 954-6400 phone (405) 954-4104 fax 2-4, 4-5, 6-2 Federal Aviation Administration Delegation & Airworthiness Programs Branch, AIR-140 P.O. Box 26460 Oklahoma City, OK 73125-4902 (405) 954-4103 phone 9-2 A-2 Plane Sense A FAA offce Page(s) Federal Aviation Administration Aviation Systems Data Branch, AFS-620 ATTN: AFS-620 ALERTS P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125-0082 (405) 954-4391 phone 10-2 Federal Aviation Administration Airmen Certification Branch, AFS-760 P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125-0082 (405) 954-3261 phone 11-3, 11-4 Federal Aviation Administration Aeromedical Certification Branch, AAM-331 P.O. Box 26080 Oklahoma City, OK 73126-5063 (405) 954-4821 phone 11-3, 11-4 Federal Aviation Administration Aeromedical Certification Branch, AAM-331 ATTN: FOIA Desk P.O. Box 26200 Oklahoma City, OK 73125-9914 (405) 954-4821 phone 11-4 B-1 B Code of Federal regulations (CFr) Page(s) 14 CFR .. iii, 1-4, 2-2, 3-1, 6-1, 7-1,7-2, 7-3, 11-1 14 CFR part 1 .........................................................11-2 14 CFR part 1, section 1.1 ........................................6-1 14 CFR part 21 ..................................... 3-1, 3-3, 11-2 14 CFR part 21, subpart C .......................................3-2 14 CFR part 21, subpart H ......................................3-3 14 CFR part 21, subpart I ........................................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.24 .................................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.25 .................................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.181 ................................3-3 14 CFR part 21, section 21.184 ...............................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.185 ................................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.187 ................................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.189 ...............................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.190 ....3-2, 4-5, 6-2, 7-1, 7-3, 8-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.191 ....................... 3-2, 6-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.193 ................................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.195 ................................3-2 14 CFR part 21, section 21.197........................3-2, 5-2 14 CFR part 23 ......................................................11-2 14 CFR part 33 ......................................................11-2 14 CFR part 35 ......................................................11-2 14 CFR part 39 .....................................8-4, 9-1, 11-2 14 CFR part 43 ...1-2, 3-1, 3-3, 7-2, 7-3, 8-2, 11-2 14 CFR part 43, section 43.9 ................. 2-4, 8-3, 8-4 14 CFR part 43, section 43.11 .........................7-2, 8-3 14 CFR part 43, appendix A ...........................7-2, 7-3 14 CFR part 43, appendix B ....................................8-2 14 CFR part 43, appendix D ...................................7-3 14 CFR part 43, appendix E ....................................7-3 14 CFR part 43, appendix F ....................................7-3 14 CFR part 45 ..............................................3-3, 11-2 Code of Federal regulations (CFr) Page(s) 14 CFR part 47 .....................................4-5, 4-6, 11-2 14 CFR part 47, section 47.2 ...................................4-2 14 CFR part 47, section 47.41 ........................ 1-1, 4-4 14 CFR part 49 ......................................................11-2 14 CFR part 61 ..............................................1-2, 11-2 14 CFR part 65 ......................................................11-2 14 CFR part 67 ........................................................1-2 14 CFR part 91 ...1-2, 3-1, 5-2, 7-2, 8-3, 8-4,11-2 14 CFR part 91, subpart D ......................................3-3 14 CFR part 91, subpart E ..............................7-1, 7-2 14 CFR part 91, section 91.203 ...............................4-3 14 CFR part 91, section 91.207 ...............................8-3 14 CFR part 91, section 91.213 ....................... 2-4, 7-3 14 CFR part 91, section 91.215 ................................8-3 14 CFR part 91, section 91.305 ...............................2-5 14 CFR part 91, section 91.313 ................................3-3 14 CFR part 91, section 91.317 ................................3-2 14 CFR part 91, section 91.319 ................................2-5 14 CFR part 91, section 91.327 ..... 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 8-2 14 CFR part 91, section 91.403 ...................... 2-4, 7-1 14 CFR part 91, section 91.409 ..............7-2, 8-1, 8-3 14 CFR part 91, section 91.411 ................................8-3 14 CFR part 91, section 91.413 ................................8-3 14 CFR part 91, section 91.417 ................................9-2 14 CFR part 91, section 91.715 ................................3-3 14 CFR part 121 .......................................................5-1 14 CFR part 125.......................................................8-3 14 CFR part 135 .......................................................5-1 14 CFR part 145.......................................................5-2 14 CFR part 183 ......................................................3-3 14 CFR part 183, section 183.33 .............................4-4 14 CFR part 375 ......................................................3-3 49 CFR part 830 .....................................................1-2 49 CFR part 830, section 830.5 .............................1-3 Appendix B: regulatory Guidance index The information contained in this appendix will help you locate regulatory guidance information including pertinent Code of Federal Regulations parts, FAA Orders, and Advisory Circulars. B-2 Plane Sense B FAA orders (as revised) Page(s) Order 8100.8 ..........................................................4-5 Order 8130.2 ........................ 2-5, 3-1, 3-3, 5-2, 6-2 Order 8130.33 .........................................................6-2 Order 8900.1 ..........................................................3-3 Advisory Circulars (ACs) (as revised) Page(s) AC 00-2 ................................................................11-1 AC 00-44 ..............................................................11-2 AC 20-27 .................................................................3-3 AC 20-109 ............................................................10-1 AC 20-139 ...............................................................3-3 AC 21-4 ....................................................................3-3 AC 21-12 ..................................................................3-3 AC 39-7 ...................................................................9-2 AC 43-9 ..........................................................8-2, 8-4 AC 43-16 ...............................................................10-2 AC 45-2 ...................................................................3-3 AC 90-89 .................................................................3-3

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9-3 9 AirWortHiness direCtive ComPliAnCe reCord Aircraft: PA-22-135 N2631A S/N 22-903 Engine: Lycoming 0-290-D2 S/N 4563-21 Propeller: Sensenich M 76AM2 S/N 6662 Ad & Amend nUm. rev. nUm. & dAte sUBjeCt dAte/ HoUrs At ComP. metHod oF ComP. one time reCUr- rinG ComP. dUe dAte/Hrs AUtHorized siGnAtUre & nUmBer 76-07-12 39-3024 R-1 8-30-77 Bendix ignition switch 11-11-94 1850TT Operational check and inspection X Phil Lomax A&P 000000000 93-18-03 39-8688 Original 10-29-93 Onepiece venturi 3-17-95 1850OTT Installed one-piece venturi Carb S/N BR-549 X 1900TT Phil Lomax A&P 000000000 Figure 9-1. Sample Airworthiness Directives Compliance Record. This sample AD Compliance Record is intended to show you an acceptable format for recording the required information to evidence your aircraft’s compliance with applicable ADs. The FAA does not prescribe a specific format; however, the information discussed in this chapter must be maintained with the aircraft’s maintenance records. Plane Sense 9-4 9 service diffculty Program 10 10-1 T he Service Difficulty Program is an information system designed to provide assistance to aircraft owners, operators, maintenance organizations, manufacturers, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in identifying aircraft problems encountered during service. Background The Service Difficulty Program provides for the collection, organization, analysis, and dissemination of aircraft service information to improve service reliability of aeronautical products. The primary sources of this information are aircraft maintenance facilities, owners, and operators. The incentive for early detection is to expedite corrective actions and ultimate solutions, thereby minimizing the effect of equipment failure on safety. Each problem reported contributes to the improvement of aviation safety through the identification of a potential problem area and the alerting of other persons to it. This focusing of attention on a problem has led to improvements in the design and maintainability of aircraft and aircraft products. Advisory Circular (AC) 20-109 (as revised), Service Difficulty Program (General Aviation), describes the Service Difficulty Program as it applies to general aviation. It also includes instructions for completing FAA Form 8010-4, Malfunction or Defect Report. The information from these reports is compiled and published as Maintenance Alerts. By pooling everyone’s knowledge about a situation, the FAA can detect mechanical problems early enough to correct them before they might possibly result in accidents/incidents which should make flying safer, more enjoyable, and certainly less expensive. FAA Form 8010-4, malfunction or defect report General aviation aircraft service difficulty information is normally submitted to the FAA by use of FAA Form 8010-4. However, information will be accepted in any form or format when FAA Form 8010-4 is not readily available for use. The information contained in the FAA Form 8010-4 is stored in a computerized data bank for retrieval and analysis. Items potentially hazardous to flight are telephoned directly to the Regulatory Support Division, Aviation Data Systems Branch (AFS-620) personnel by FAA aviation safety inspectors (ASIs) in local Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs). These items are immediately referred to, and promptly handled by, the appropriate FAA offices. ADVISORY CIRCULAR 43-16A AVIATION MAINTENANCE ALERTS ADVISORY CIRCULAR 43-16A AVIATION MAINTENANCE ALERTS ALERT JANUARY ADVISORY CIRCULAR 43-16A AVIATION MAINTENANCE ALE ALERT NUMBER 10-2 Plane 10 Sense Aircraft owners, pilots, and mechanics are urged to report all service problems promptly, using FAA Form 8010-4 or any other form or format. You may obtain a copy of the form from any FSDO. No postage is required. FAA Form 8010-4 is also available in a fillable PDF format on the FAA website at http://forms.faa.gov/forms/faa8010-4.pdf for mailing, or it can be submitted electronically on the FAA website at www.faa.gov. Figure 10-1 at the end of this chapter is a sample FAA Form 8010-4. maintenance Alerts The FAA publishes AC 43-16 (as revised), Aviation Maintenance Alerts, monthly on its website to provide the aviation community with a means for interchanging service difficulty information and sharing information on aviation service experiences. Background The Maintenance Alert program leads to improved aeronautical product durability, reliability, and safety. The articles contained in the Maintenance Alerts are derived from the Malfunction or Defect Reports submitted by aircraft owners, pilots, mechanics, repair stations, and air taxi operators. Maintenance specialists review the reports and select pertinent items for publication in the Maintenance Alerts. The information is brief and advisory and compliance is not mandatory. However, the information is intended to alert you to service experience, and, when applicable, direct your attention to the manufacturer’s recommended corrective action. Accessing Maintenance Alerts You can access current and back issues of this publication on the FAA website at http://www.faa. gov/aircraft/safety/alerts/aviation_maintenance/, which allows free access to each month’s Main- tenance Alerts. Contact Information You can contact the FAA Aviation Systems Data Branch (AFS-620) regarding the Maintenance Alert Program. AFS-620 contact information is available in the FAA Contact Information appendix on pages A1–A2 of this handbook. Chapter 10: Service Diffculty Program 10-3 Chapter 10: Service Diffculty Program 10 Figure 10-1. FAA Form 8010-4, Malfunction or Defect Report. You can obtain instructions for completing FAA Form 8010-4 on the FAA website at www.faa.gov or from your local FSDO. During a local flight, a fuel odor was apparent. Flight was terminated at the local airport with a normal landing. After engine shutdown and exiting the aircraft the pilot observed fuel leaking from the lower engine cowl. Investigation revealed an aluminum fuel pressure gauge line cracked at the B nut where it attached to a carburetor fitting (see attached drawing). Line appears to be original (40+ yrs.). A combination of age and vibration may have caused the crack. Recommend checking line every 100 hrs. and replacing as necessary. N404DH D-3311 Beechcraft C-35 Continental E-225 30904 Hartzell HCA2U20 AK-710 4A1 Tube-fuel 35-924126 N/A B-nut pressure Carb end N/A David Waterski 405 555 4316 N/A N/A N/A N/A 4100 4-28-05 Cracked

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9 Airworthiness directives 1 EMERGENCY AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVE Aircraft Certification Service Washington, DC U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration We post Emergency ADs on the internet at www.faa.gov/aircraft/safety/alerts. DATE: March 12, 2008 AD #: 2008-06-51 This emergency airworthiness directive (AD) 2008-06-51 is sent to all owners and operators of Lycoming Engines IO, (L)IO, TIO, (L)TIO, AEIO, AIO, IGO, IVO, and HIO series reciprocating engines, Teledyne Continental Motors (TCM) TSIO-360-RB reciprocating engines, and Superior Air Parts, Inc. IO-360 series reciprocating engines with certain Precision Airmotive LLC RSA-5 and RSA-10 series fuel injection servos. Background This emergency AD results from eighteen reports of fuel injection servo plugs, part number (P/N) 383493, that had loosened or completely backed out of the threaded plug hole on the regulator cover of the fuel injection servo. These servo plugs were installed with servo plug gasket, P/N 365533, under the plug hex-head. Precision Airmotive LLC investigated and determined that servo plug gasket, P/N 365533, can shrink from engine heat, causing the plug to lose torque against the servo regulator cover, allowing the plug to vibrate out. The threads on the plugs were also found damaged. Servo plug gaskets, P/N 365533, installed on RSA-5 and RSA-10 series fuel injection servos since August 22, 2006, are made of a different material than the previous gasket part number used. This condition, if not corrected, could result in a substantial loss of engine power and subsequent loss of control of the airplane. Explanation of Relevant Service Information We have reviewed Precision Airmotive LLC Mandatory Service Bulletin (MSB) No. PRS- 107, Revision 1, dated March 6, 2008. The MSB describes procedures for inspecting servo plugs for looseness and damage, inspecting the servo regulator cover threads for damage, on fuel injection servos that have a servo plug gasket, P/N 365533, installed, inspecting the gasket for damage, reinstalling acceptable parts, and torquing the servo plug to a new, higher torque to help maintain the proper clamp-up force against the plug and cover. Interim Action These actions are interim actions and we might take additional rulemaking actions in the future. FAA’s Determination and Requirements of the Rule We have identified an unsafe condition that is likely to exist or develop on other RSA-5 and RSA-10 series fuel injection servos of this same type design. This AD requires inspecting servo plugs for looseness and damage on fuel injection servos that have a servo plug gasket, P/N 365533, 9-1 Plane Sense 9-2 9 superseded Ad An AD is no longer in effect when it is superseded by a new AD. The superseding AD identifies the AD that is no longer in effect. There are no compliance requirements for a superseded AD. Compliance with Ads For purposes of compliance, ADs may be divided into two categories: •Those of an emergency nature requiring immediate compliance before further flight, or •Those of a less urgent nature requiring compliance within a relatively longer period of time. ADs are the “final rule”and compliance is required unless specific exemption is granted. Aircraft owners are responsible for ensuring compliance with all pertinent ADs. This includes those ADs that require recurrent or continuing action. For example, an AD may require a repetitive inspection each 50 hours of operation, meaning the particular inspection must be accomplished and recorded every 50 hours of time in service. m CAUTION: Aircraft owners are reminded that there is no provision to overfly the maximum hour requirement of an AD unless it is specifically written into the AD. Amateur-Built Aircraft For help in determining if an AD applies to your amateur-built aircraft, contact your local Flight Standards District Office (FSDO). summary of Ads 14 CFR part 91, section 91.417, requires a record to be maintained that shows the current status of applicable ADs, including: •Method of compliance; •AD number and revision date; •Date and time when due again, if recurring; •Certified mechanic’s signature; •Type of certificate; and •Certificate number of the repair station or mechanical performing the work. For ready reference, many aircraft owners keep a chronological listing of the pertinent ADs in the back of their aircraft and engine records. Generally, a summary of ADs contains all the valid ADs previously published. Figure 9-1 is a sample form of summary of ADs. obtaining Ads Both AD categories (small and large aircraft) are published in biweekly supplements. All ADs are available on the FAA website at www.faa.gov. Advisory Circular (AC) 39-7 (as revised), Airworthiness Directives, provides additional guidance and information for aircraft owners and operators about their responsibilities for complying and recording ADs. For more information, contact the FAA Regulatory Support Division, Delegation and Airworthiness Programs Branch (AIR-140). AIR-140 contact information is available in the FAA Contact Information appendix on pages A1–A2 of this handbook. Chapter 9: Airworthiness Directives

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8 8-6 Figure 8-2. FAA Form 337, Major Repair and Alteration. You can obtain instructions for completing FAA Form 337 on the FAA website at www.faa.gov or from your local FSDO. Form Approved Electronic Tracking Number OMB No. 2120-0020 11/30/2007 MAJOR REPAIR AND ALTERATION For FAA Use Only US Department of Transportation (Airframe, Powerplant, Propeller, or Appliance) Federal Aviation Administration INSTRUCTIONS: Print or type all entries. See Title 14 CFR §43.9, Part 43 Appendix B, and AC 43.9-1 (or subsequent revision thereof) for instructions and disposition of this form. This report is required by law (49 U.S.C. §44701). Failure to report can result in a civil penalty for each such violation. (49 U.S.C. §46301(a)) Nationality and Registration Mark Serial No. 1. Aircraft Make Model Series Name (As shown on registration certificate) Address (As shown on registration certificate) Address 2. Owner City State Zip Country 3. For FAA Use Only 4. Type Repair Alteration Unit AIRFRAME 5. Unit Identification Make Model (As described in Item 1 above) Serial No. POWERPLANT PROPELLER Type APPLIANCE Manufacturer 6. Conformity Statement A. Agency's Name and Address B. Kind of Agency U. S. Certificated Mechanic Name Manufacturer Address Foreign Certificated Mechanic C. Certificate No. City State Certificated Repair Station Zip Country Certificated Maintenance Organization D. I certify that the repair and/or alteration made to the unit(s) identified in item 5 above and described on the reverse or attachments hereto have been made in accordance with the requirements of Part 43 of the U.S. Federal Aviation Regulations and that the information furnished herein is true and correct to the best of my knowledge. Signature/Date of Authorized Individual Extended range fuel per 14 CFR Part 43 App. B 7. Approval for Return to Service Pursuant to the authority given persons specified below, the unit identified in item 5 was inspected in the manner prescribed by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and is Rejected Persons Approved by Canadian FAA Flt. Standards Maintenance Organization Manufacturer Department of Transport BY Inspector Other (Specify) FAA Designee Signature/Date of Authorized Individual Designation No. Approved Inspection Authorization Repair Station Certificate or FAA Form 337 (10-06) Ed Mechanic N114AZ CESSNA O & W INC. 18259223 182L X 1888 CIRRUS AVENUE OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73405 U.S. KATHY P. AILERON 411 GULFSTREAM DRIVE OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73125 U.S. A&P 122234566 233346566 MARCH 26, 2002 X X X SAMPLE Kathy P. Aileron MARCH 23,2002 Chapter 8: Aircraft Maintenance Records 8 8-7 Figure 8-2. FAA Form 337, Major Repair and Alteration (Page 2 of 2). NOTICE Weight and balance or operating limitation changes shall be entered in the appropriate aircraft record. An alteration must be compatible with all previous alterations to assure continued conformity with the applicable airworthiness requirements. 8. Description of Work Accomplished (If more space is required, attach additional sheets. Identify with aircraft nationality and registration mark and date work completed.) Nationality and Registration Mark Date Additional Sheets Are Attached FAA Form 337 (10-06) N114AZ MARCH 26, 2002 1. Removed right wing from aircraft and removed skin from outer 6 feet. Repaired buckled spar 49 inches from tip in accordance with attached photographs and figure 1 of drawing dated March 23, 2002. Date: March 26, 2002, inspected splice in Item 1 and found it to be in accordance with data indicated. Splice is okay to cover. Inspected internal wing assembly for hidden damage and condition. Ed Mechanic, A&P 233346566 IA 2. Primed interior wing structure and replaced skin P/N’s 63-0085, 63-0086, and 63-00878 with same skin 2024-T3, .025 inches thick. Rivet size and spacing all the same as original and using procedures in Chapter 2, Section 3, of AC 43.13-1B CHG 1, dated 2001. 3. Replaced stringers as required and installed 6 splices as per attached drawing and photographs. 4. Installed wing, rigged aileron, and operationally checked in accordance with manufacturer’s maintenance manual. 5. No change in weight or balance. END Ed Mechanic SAMPLE Plane Sense 8 8-8 Chapter 8: Aircraft Maintenance Records A n Airworthiness Directive (AD) is an important tool used by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to communicate unsafe operating conditions relating to aircraft and aircraft equipment to aircraft owners. A primary safety function of the FAA is to require the correction of unsafe conditions found in an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, rotor, or appliance when such conditions exist or are likely to exist or develop in other products of the same design. These unsafe conditions can exist because of a design defect, maintenance, or other causes. Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Part 39, Airworthiness Directives, defines the authority and responsibility of the Administrator in requiring the necessary corrective action to address unsafe conditions. ADs are used to notify aircraft owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and to specify the conditions under which the product may continue to be operated. types of Ads issued The FAA issues two categories of ADs: •Normal Issue •Emergency Issue standard Ad Process The standard AD process is to issue a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), followed by a Final Rule. After an unsafe condition is discovered, a proposed solution is published in the Federal Register as an NPRM, which solicits public comment on the proposed action. After the comment period closes, the final rule is prepared, taking into account all substantive comments received, with the rule perhaps being changed as warranted by the comments. The preamble to the Final Rule AD provides response to the substantive comments or states there were no comments received. emergency Ad In certain cases, the critical nature of an unsafe condition may warrant the immediate adoption of a rule without prior notice and solicitation of comments. The intent of an Emergency AD is to rapidly correct an urgent safety of flight situation. This is an exception to the standard process. If time by which the terminating action must be accomplished is too short to allow for public comment (that is, less than 60 days), then a finding of impracticability is justified for the terminating action, and it can be issued as an immediately adopted rule. The immediately adopted rule will be published in the Federal Register with a request for comments. The Final Rule AD may be changed later if substantive comments are received.

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8 8-4 The expiration date for replacing the battery shall be legibly marked on the outside of the transmitter and entered in the aircraft maintenance records. Amateur-Built Aircraft The condition inspection for amateur-built aircraft replaces the annual inspection. Available resources Your local FSDO can help you establish your aircraft maintenance program and the necessary maintenance records. Additional information relating to aircraft maintenance records can be obtained from: •14 CFR Part 39, Airworthiness Directives •14 CFR Part 43, Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration •14 CFR Part 91, General Operating and Flight Rules •AC 43-9 (as revised), Maintenance Records These publications are available on the FAA website at www.faa.gov and from U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) bookstores located throughout the United States. For more information about obtaining these publications, refer to the information contained in chapter 11. Chapter 8: Aircraft Maintenance Records Chapter 8: Aircraft Maintenance Records 8 8-5 maintenance records Checklist stAtUs item notes • 100-Hour inspection Keep records until the work is repeated or superseded by other work, or 1 year after the work is performed. • Annual inspection Keep records until the work is repeated or superseded by other work, or 1 year after the work is performed. • Progressive inspections Keep records until the work is repeated or superseded by other work, or 1 year after the work is performed. • Other required or approved inspections (e.g., condition inspections/mandatory tracking of safety directives for lightsport aircraft) Keep records until the work is repeated or superseded by other work, or 1 year after the work is performed. • Total Time in Service (airframe, engine(s), propeller(s)) Records are retained by the owner and transferred with the aircraft when it is sold. • Current status of life-limited parts (airframe, engine(s), propeller(s), rotor, and appliances) Records are retained by the owner and transferred with the aircraft when it is sold. • Time since last overhaul of all items installed on the aircraft (required to be overhauled on a specified time basis) Records are retained by the owner and transferred with the aircraft when it is sold. • Identification of current inspection status of the aircraft (including time since last inspection required by the inspection program under which aircraft and appliances are maintained) Records are retained by the owner and transferred with the aircraft when it is sold. • Current status of applicable ADs (including method of compliance, the AD number, and the revision date) Records are retained by the owner and transferred with the aircraft when it is sold. • Copy of current major alterations (airframe, engine, propeller, and appliances) Records are retained by the owner and transferred with the aircraft when it is sold. Figure 8-1. Maintenance Records Checklist. This checklist includes the types of information that should be kept with your aircraft’s maintenance records. Plane Sense

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Chapter 8: Aircraft Maintenance Records Chapter 8: Aircraft Maintenance Records 8 8-3 14 CFR Part 43, Section 43.9, Content, form, and disposition of maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration records (except inspections performed in accordance with part 91, part 125, §135.411(a)(1), and §135.419 of this chapter Any person who maintains, rebuilds or alters an aircraft, airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance shall make an entry containing: •A description of the work or some reference to data acceptable to the FAA, •The date the work was completed, •The name of the person who performed the work, and •If the work was approved for return to service, the signature, certificate number, and kind of certificate held by the person approving the aircraft for return to service. 14 CFR Part 43, Section 43.11, Content, form, and disposition of records for inspections conducted under parts 91 and 125 and §§135.411(a)(1) and 135.419 of this chapter When a mechanic approves or disapproves an aircraft for return to service after an annual, 100-hour, or progressive inspection, an entry shall be made including: •Aircraft time in service, •The type of inspection, •The date of inspection, •The signature, certificate number, and kind of certificate held by the person approving or disapproving the aircraft for return to service, and •A signed and dated listing of discrepancies and unairworthy items. 14 CFR Part 91, Section 91.409, Inspections Inspection entries for 14 CFR part 91, section 91.409(e) airplanes over 12,500 pounds, turbo jet, or turbopropeller-powered multiengine airplanes are made according to 14 CFR part 43, section 43.9, and shall include: •The kind of inspection performed, •A statement by the mechanic that the inspection was performed in accordance with the instructions and procedures for the kind of inspection program selected by the owner, and •A statement that a signed and dated list of any defects found during the inspection was given to the owner, if the aircraft is not approved for return to service. 14 CFR Part 91, Section 91.411, Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment tests and inspections 14 CFR part 91, section 91.411, requires that every airplane or helicopter operated in controlled airspace under instrument flight rules (IFR) conditions have each static pressure system, each altimeter, and each automatic pressure altitude reporting system tested and inspected every 24 calendar months. The aircraft maintenance records must include: •A description of the work, •The maximum altitude to which the altimeter was tested, and •The date and signature of the person approving the aircraft for return to service. 14 CFR Part 91, Section 91.413, ATC transponder tests and inspections 14 CFR part 91, section 91.413, requires that anyone operating an Air Traffic Control (ATC) transponder specified in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.215(a), have it tested and inspected every 24 calendar months. The aircraft maintenance records must include: •A description of the work, and •The date and signature of the person approving the airplane for return to service. 14 CFR Part 91, Section 91.207, Emergency locator transmitters 14 CFR part 91, section 91.207, requires that no person may operate a U.S. registered civil airplane unless there is attached to the airplane a personal type or an automatic type emergency locator transmitter (ELT) that is in operable condition and meets applicable requirements of Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C91. m CAUTION: New ELT installations after June 21, 1995, must meet TSO-C91A (the first revised, or amended, version). Batteries used in ELT shall be replaced when: •The transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour, or •50 percent of the ELT’s useful life has expired. Plane Sense

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7 7-4 A n aircraft owner is required to keep aircraft maintenance records for the airframe, engine, propeller, and appliances. These records must contain a description of the work performed on the aircraft, the date the work was completed, the certificated mechanic’s signature, the type of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificate, and the certificate number and signature of the person approving the aircraft for return to service. responsibilities of the Aircraft owner All recordkeeping is primarily the responsibility of the aircraft owner. The airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanic is responsible for the work he or she performs. The owner of an aircraft must also ensure that maintenance personnel make appropriate entries in the aircraft maintenance records indicating the aircraft has been approved for return to service. The owner’s aircraft records shall also contain the inspections required pursuant to Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, section 91.409. Proper management of aircraft operations begins with a good system of maintenance records. A properly completed maintenance record provides the information needed by the owner and maintenance personnel to determine when scheduled inspections and maintenance are to be performed. Aircraft maintenance records must include: •The total time in service of the airframe, each engine, and each propeller; •The current status of life-limited parts of each airframe, engine, propeller, rotor, and appliance; •The time since the last overhaul of all items installed on the aircraft, which are required to be overhauled on a specified time basis; •The identification of the current inspection status of the aircraft, including the time since the last inspection required by the inspection program under which the aircraft and its appliances are maintained; •The current status of applicable Airworthiness Directives (ADs) including, for each, the method of compliance, the AD number, and the revision date. If the AD involves recurring action, the time and date the next action is required; and •A copy of the major alterations to each airframe, engine, propeller, and appliance. These records are retained by the owner and are transferred with the aircraft when it is sold. Figure 8-1 at the end of this chapter is a maintenance records checklist you can use to document compliance with the applicable maintenance requirements. 8 8-1 maintenance records Plane 8 8-2 Sense These records may be discarded when the work is repeated or superseded by other work, or 1 year after the work is performed. m CAUTION: Keep in mind that as a result of repairs or alterations, such as replacing radios and installing speed kits, it may be necessary to amend the weight and balance report, equipment list, flight manual, etc. logbooks Most maintenance performed on an aircraft is recorded in the aircraft logbooks. As an aircraft owner, it is important to ensure that your aircraft’s logbooks are complete and up to date at all times. The aircraft logbooks outline the maintenance history of your air- craft, and any prospective buyer will want to review the aircraft and all maintenance performed. In addi- tion, any A&P or certificated repair station performing maintenance on your aircraft will want to review the prior maintenance performed on the aircraft. Airworthiness directives An aircraft owner is required to comply with all applicable ADs issued by the FAA for his or her aircraft. The FAA issues ADs to notify aircraft owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and to specify the corrective action required, including conditions under which the aircraft may continue to be operated. The aircraft’s maintenance records should indicate the current status of all applicable ADs, including for each: •AD number, •Method of compliance, •Revision date, and •Recurring action (if applicable) including the time and date of the next action required. safety directives The owner or operator of an aircraft having a special airworthiness certificate must comply with each safety directive applicable to the aircraft that corrects an existing unsafe condition or corrects the condition in a manner different from safety directive specifications if the person issuing the directive agrees with the action. Otherwise, the owner or operator may, in accordance with 14 CFR part 91, section 91.327, “obtain an FAA waiver from the provisions of the safety directive based on a conclusion that the safety directive was issued without adhering to the applicable consensus standard.” Light-sport category aircraft certificated pursuant to 14 CFR part 21, section 21.190 have mandatory compliance with all manufacturer safety directives. service Bulletins A service bulletin contains a recommendation from the manufacturer, with which that manufacturer believes the aircraft owner should comply, that often reflects a safety-of-flight issue that the manufacturer believes should be addressed within a certain timeframe. It may result from an improvement developed by the manufacturer, or it may address a defect in a product or published documentation. The manufacturer responds to one of these situations by issuing a service bulletin that recommends a certain type of inspection, replacing certain components, performing maintenance in a specific manner, or limiting operations under specified conditions. Sometimes, compliance with a service bulletin may be triggered by the occurrence of a particular event (e.g., the lapse of time or operation under certain types of conditions). FAA Form 337, major repair and Alteration A mechanic who performs a major repair or major alteration shall record the work on FAA Form 337 and have the work inspected and approved by a mechanic who holds an inspection authorization (IA). (Light-sport aircraft do not require Form 337 when altering a non-approved product.) A signed copy shall be given to the owner and another copy sent to the FAA Aircraft Registration Branch (AFS-750) in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma within 48 hours of aircraft approval for return to service. However, when a major repair is done by a certificated repair station, the customer’s work order may be used and a release given as outlined in 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix B, Recording of Major Repairs and Major Alterations. You can obtain additional information and instructions for completing FAA Form 337 in Advisory Circular (AC) 43-9 (as revised), Aircraft Maintenance Records. Figure 8-2 at the end of this chapter is a sample FAA Form 337. entries into Aircraft maintenance records Each time maintenance, including preventive main- tenance, is performed on your aircraft, an appropriate entry must be added to the maintenance records.

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Chapter 7: Aircraft Maintenance 7 7-3 Progressive Inspection To minimize maintenance downtime, the owner may opt for a progressive inspection plan. Progressive inspections benefit owners whose aircraft experience high usage such as fixed base operators (FBOs), flight schools, and corporate flight departments. Unlike an annual inspection, a progressive inspection allows for more frequent but shorter inspection phases, only if all items required for the annual and 100-hour inspections are inspected within the required time. The authority to use a progressive inspection plan is non-transferable. Once the aircraft is sold, an annual becomes due within 12 calendar months of the last complete cycle. The 100-hour inspection is due at the completion of the next 100 hours of operation. Most airframe manufacturers provide a boilerplate progressive maintenance plan. 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix D, Scope and Detail of Items (as Applicable to the Particular Aircraft) To Be Included in Annual and 100-Hour Inspections, contains a list of general items to be checked during inspections. Altimeter System Inspection The aircraft’s static system, altimeter, and automatic altitude-reporting (Mode C) system must have been inspected and tested in the preceding 24 calendar months before flying instrument flight rules (IFR) in controlled airspace. 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix E, Altimeter System Test and Inspection, lists the items that must be checked. Transponder Inspection The transponder must be inspected every 24 calendar months. 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix F, ATC Transponder Tests and Inspections, lists the items that must be checked. Additionally, the installation of or modification to a transponder must be inspected for data errors as well. Preflight Inspection A pilot is required to conduct a thorough preflight inspection before every flight to ensure that the aircraft is safe for flight. Pilots should review the maintenance status of the aircraft as a part of the preflight inspection. repairs and Alterations All repairs and alterations of standard airworthiness certificated aircraft are classified as either major or minor. 14 CFR part 43, appendix A, describes the alterations and repairs considered major. Major repairs or alterations are approved for return to service on FAA Form 337, Major Repair and Alteration, by an appropriately rated certificated repair station, an FAA-certificated A&P mechanic holding an IA, or a representative of the Administrator. Minor repairs and minor alterations may be approved for return to service with a proper entry in the maintenance records by a certificated A&P mechanic or an appropriately certificated repair station. Alterations to light-sport aircraft certificated in the light-sport aircraft category under 14 CFR part 21, section 21.190, must be authorized by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA in accordance with 14 CFR part 91, section 91.327. minimum equipment list/Confguration deviation list If your aircraft has an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL), the MEL should be used to determine if a flight may be initiated with inoperative aircraft equipment without the issuance of a special flight permit. Your Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) may also include a Configuration Deviation List (CDL) prepared by the manufacturer. If your aircraft does not have an approved MEL, and you have inoperative equipment or instruments, then you must refer to 14 CFR part 91, section 91.213, to determine if a special flight permit is needed to operate the aircraft. FAA resources You can find all of the maintenance requirements applicable to your aircraft in 14 CFR by accessing the relevant regulations on the FAA website at www.faa.gov. The best resource for answering questions about the maintenance necessary on your aircraft is your local FSDO. experimental Aircraft If you make any major alterations to your experimental aircraft, you must notify your local FSDO of those alterations. Plane Sense

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M aintenance means the preservation, inspection, overhaul, and repair of aircraft, including the replacement of parts. The purpose of maintenance is to ensure that the aircraft remains airworthy throughout its operational life. A properly maintained aircraft is a safe aircraft. Although maintenance requirements vary for different types of aircraft, experience shows that most aircraft need some type of preventive maintenance every 25 hours or less of flying time, and minor maintenance at least every 100 hours. This is influenced by the kind of operation, climactic conditions, storage facilities, age, and construction of the aircraft. Maintenance manuals are available from aircraft manufacturers or commercial vendors with revisions for maintaining your aircraft. While the requirements for maintaining your aircraft are contained in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR), it is essential for every aircraft owner to remember that specific maintenance requirements are available from the aircraft manufacturer. maintenance responsibilities 14 CFR part 91, section 91.403, places primary responsibility on the owner or operator for maintaining an aircraft in an airworthy condition. Certain inspections must be performed on your aircraft, and you must maintain the airworthiness of the aircraft between the required inspections by having any defects corrected. 14 CFR part 91, section 91.327 pertains to lightsport aircraft. Light-sport aircraft certificated in the light sport category under 14 CFR part 21, section 21.190 must be maintained by an FAA-certificated airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanic or a light-sport repairman with a maintenance rating. 14 CFr Part 91, subpart e 14 CFR part 91, subpart E, requires the inspection of all civil aircraft at specific intervals to determine the overall condition. The interval generally depends on the type of operations in which the aircraft is engaged. Some aircraft need to be inspected at least once every 12 calendar months, while inspection is required for others after each 100 hours of operation. In other instances, an aircraft may be inspected in accordance with an inspection system set up to provide for total inspection of the aircraft on the basis of calendar time, time in service, number of system operations, or any combination of these factors. 7-1 7 Aircraft maintenance Plane Sense 7 7-2 To determine the specific inspection requirements and rules for the performance of inspections, you should refer to 14 CFR part 91, subpart E, which prescribes the requirements for various types of operations. manufacturer maintenance manuals All inspections must follow the manufacturer main- tenance manual, including the instructions for continued airworthiness concerning inspection intervals, parts replacement, and life-limited items as applicable to your aircraft. The maintenance manuals provided by the manufacturer of your aircraft are your best available resource on issues of aircraft maintenance. Preventive maintenance 14 CFR lists 32 relatively uncomplicated repairs and procedures defined as preventive maintenance. Certificated pilots, excluding student and recreational pilots, may perform preventive maintenance on any aircraft owned or operated by them that are not used in air carrier service. These preventive maintenance operations are listed in 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix A, Preventive Maintenance. 14 CFR part 43 also contains other rules to be followed in the maintenance of aircraft. inspections In order to provide a reasonable assurance that aircraft are functioning properly, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires a series of aircraft inspections somewhat similar to the many currency requirements for airmen. This section outlines the basic inspection requirements for aircraft. Annual Inspection Most general aviation aircraft require an annual inspection pursuant to 14 CFR part 91, section 91.409. Excluded aircraft: •Use an approved progressive inspection plan; •Carry a special flight permit; or •Carry a provisional airworthiness certificate. The annual inspection must be completed and approved by a mechanic with an inspection authorization (IA) once every 12 calendar months. For example, if the aircraft’s annual is endorsed on June 16, 2008, the next annual inspection is due before July 1, 2009; otherwise the aircraft may not be flown without authorization (e.g., a special flight or “ferry”permit). A ferry permit is required to fly an aircraft that is out of annual, such as in the case of flying to another airport for the inspection. Chapter 5 discusses the issuance of special flight permits. You can contact your local Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) for instructions on applying for a special flight or ferry permit. 100-Hour Inspection The 100-hour (14 CFR part 91, section 91.409) inspection is required for aircraft that either: •Carry any person (other than a crewmember) for hire, or •Are provided by any person giving flight instruction. The 100-hour limit may be exceeded by 10 hours for the purposes of flying to a place where the inspection can be completed. The excess time must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time in service. Some examples of “for hire” operations under 14 CFR part 91 that subject the aircraft to the 100-hour inspection requirement include: •An aerial photography flight, or •A flight instructor providing an aircraft, or any operation that supplies both flight instruction and an aircraft. (An aircraft provided by the (student) pilot receiving instruction is not subject to the 100-hour inspection.) Condition Inspection A condition inspection is required once every 12 calendar months for light-sport aircraft certificated in the light-sport category. In accordance with 14 CFR part 91, section 91.327, the condition inspection must be performed by “a certificated repairman (light-sport aircraft) with a maintenance rating, an appropriately rated mechanic, or an appropriately rated repair station in accordance with inspection procedures developed by the aircraft manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA.” other inspection Programs The annual and 100-hour inspection requirements do not apply to large (over 12,500 pounds) airplanes, turbojets, or turbopropeller-powered multiengine airplanes, or to airplanes for which the owner or operator complies with the progressive inspection requirements. Details of these requirements may be determined by reference to 14 CFR part 43, section 43.11; 14 CFR part 91, subpart E; and by inquiry at the local FSDO.