AIM

帅哥

February 14, 2008

Administration

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Aeronautical

Information

Manual

Official Guide to

Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures

An electronic version of this publication is on the internet at

http://www.faa.gov/atpubs

This web version contains Change 1

and Errata, dated 7/31/2008

AIM

Record of Changes

Change Number Change Filed Comments

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

FEBRUARY 14, 2008

AERONAUTICAL

INFORMATION

MANUAL

Change 1

July 31, 2008

DO NOT DESTROY

BASIC DATED

ERRATA SHEET

SUBJECT: Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Effective July 31, 2008.

This errata sheet transmits a revised Page Control Chart and pages for AIM Change 1, effective

July 31, 2008.

REMOVE PAGES DATED INSERT PAGES DATED

Page Control Chart . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 Page Control Chart . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

-5-4-9 through 5-4-16 . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

Attachment

AIM 7/31/08

Explanation of Changes E of Chg-1

Aeronautical Information Manual

Explanation of Changes

Effective: July 31, 2008

a. 1-1-20. Wide Area Augmentation System

(WAAS)

Updates WAAS information concerning LP and service

levels.

b. 1-2-3. Use of Area Navigation (RNAV)

Equipment on Conventional Procedures and Routes

Revises paragraph to reflect current operational policy.

c. 2-3-14. Aircraft Arresting Devices

Revises paragraph;

Adds photo of engineered materials arresting system

(EMAS) on airports; and

Changes paragraph title to Aircraft Arresting Systems.

d. FIG 2-3-35. Direction Sign Array with

Location Sign on Far Side of Intersection

Adjusts the graphic to correct printer oversight in the

format of the arrows.

e. 4-1-14. Automatic Flight Information Service

(AFIS) -Alaska FSSs Only

Adds a new paragraph that establishes and explains the use

of the AFIS service that is provided by 11 of the FSSs in

Alaska. ATCS responsibilities and instructions for use by

pilots are also provided.

f. 5-2-8. Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) -

Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) and Standard

Instrument Departures (SID)

Adds information concerning low, close-in obstacles on

departures.

g. 5-3-7. Holding

Updates depiction of holding airspeed restrictions.

h. 5-4-5. Instrument Approach Procedure Charts

Adds additional references;

Removes inaccurate information;

Clarifies that some WAAS receivers are not approved for

LP procedures; and

Updates information concerning the WAAS Approach ID.

i. 5-4-9. Procedure Turn

Adds additional information concerning circling missed

approach; and

Changes paragraph title to Procedure Turn and Hold-in-

lieu of Procedure Turn.

j. 5-4-20. Approach and Landing Minimums; and

5-4-21. Missed Approach

Adds additional information concerning circling missed

approach.

k. 7-5-5. Unmanned Aircraft

Provides updated UAS terminology; and

Changes paragraph title to Unmanned Aircraft Systems.

l. 10-2-4. Emergency Medical Service (EMS)

Multiple Helicopter Operations

Adds new paragraph updating WAAS information

concerning LP and service levels.

m. Appendix 4. Abbreviations/Acronyms

The acronyms AFIS, AGL, LP, NGA, NIDS, NM, and

UAS will be added to the appendix. NIMA will be

removed.

n. Entire publication

Editorial/format changes made throughout the manual.

AIM 7/31/08

Page Control Chart

AIM Change 1

Page Control Chart

July 31, 2008

REMOVE PAGES DATED INSERT PAGES DATED

Checklist of Pages CK-1 through CK-6 . . . . 2/14/08 Checklist of Pages CK-1 through CK-6 . . . . 7/31/08

Table of Contents i through vii . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents i through vii . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

Table of Contents viii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents viii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

Table of Contents ix and x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents ix and x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

1-1-37 through 1-1-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 1-1-37 through 1-1-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

1-2-5 through 1-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 1-2-5 and 1-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

2-3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

2-3-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

2-3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

4-1-8 through 4-1-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-1-8 through 4-1-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

4-5-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-5-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

4-5-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-5-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

4-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-2-5 through 5-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-2-5 through 5-2-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-6 and 5-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-6 and 5-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-4-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-18 through 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-18 through 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

7-5-2 through 7-5-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 7-5-2 through 7-5-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

10-2-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 10-2-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

10-2-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 10-2-16 and 10-2-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

Appendix 4-1 through 4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Appendix 4-1 through 4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

PCG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

PCG A-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG A-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

PCG A-4 through A-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG A-4 through A-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

Index I-1 through I-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Index I-1 through I-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

帅哥

7/31/08 Checklist of Pages AIM Checklist of Pages CK-1 PAGE DATE Cover 2/14/08 Record of Changes NA E of Chg-1 7/31/08 Checklist of Pages CK-1 7/31/08 CK-2 7/31/08 CK-3 7/31/08 CK-4 7/31/08 CK-5 7/31/08 CK-6 7/31/08 Subscription Info 2/14/08 Subs Order Form NA Comments/Corr 2/14/08 Comments/Corr 2/14/08 Basic Flight Info 2/14/08 Publication Policy 2/14/08 Reg & Advis Cir 2/14/08 Table of Contents i 7/31/08 ii 7/31/08 iii 7/31/08 iv 7/31/08 v 7/31/08 vi 7/31/08 vii 7/31/08 viii 7/31/08 ix 7/31/08 x 7/31/08 Chapter 1. Air Navigation Section 1. Navigation Aids 1-1-1 2/14/08 1-1-2 2/14/08 1-1-3 2/14/08 1-1-4 2/14/08 1-1-5 2/14/08 1-1-6 2/14/08 1-1-7 2/14/08 1-1-8 2/14/08 1-1-9 2/14/08 1-1-10 2/14/08 1-1-11 2/14/08 1-1-12 2/14/08 PAGE DATE 1-1-13 2/14/08 1-1-14 2/14/08 1-1-15 2/14/08 1-1-16 2/14/08 1-1-17 2/14/08 1-1-18 2/14/08 1-1-19 2/14/08 1-1-20 2/14/08 1-1-21 2/14/08 1-1-22 2/14/08 1-1-23 2/14/08 1-1-24 2/14/08 1-1-25 2/14/08 1-1-26 2/14/08 1-1-27 2/14/08 1-1-28 2/14/08 1-1-29 2/14/08 1-1-30 2/14/08 1-1-31 2/14/08 1-1-32 2/14/08 1-1-33 2/14/08 1-1-34 2/14/08 1-1-35 2/14/08 1-1-36 2/14/08 1-1-37 7/31/08 1-1-38 7/31/08 1-1-39 7/31/08 1-1-40 7/31/08 1-1-41 7/31/08 Section 2. Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1-2-1 2/14/08 1-2-2 2/14/08 1-2-3 2/14/08 1-2-4 2/14/08 1-2-5 7/31/08 1-2-6 7/31/08 1-2-7 2/14/08 1-2-8 2/14/08 PAGE DATE Chapter 2. Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids Section 1. Airport Lighting Aids 2-1-1 2/14/08 2-1-2 2/14/08 2-1-3 2/14/08 2-1-4 2/14/08 2-1-5 2/14/08 2-1-6 2/14/08 2-1-7 2/14/08 2-1-8 2/14/08 2-1-9 2/14/08 Section 2. Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting 2-2-1 2/14/08 2-2-2 2/14/08 Section 3. Airport Marking Aids and Signs 2-3-1 2/14/08 2-3-2 2/14/08 2-3-3 2/14/08 2-3-4 2/14/08 2-3-5 2/14/08 2-3-6 2/14/08 2-3-7 2/14/08 2-3-8 2/14/08 2-3-9 2/14/08 2-3-10 2/14/08 2-3-11 2/14/08 2-3-12 2/14/08 2-3-13 2/14/08 2-3-14 2/14/08 2-3-15 2/14/08 2-3-16 2/14/08 2-3-17 2/14/08 2-3-18 2/14/08 2-3-19 2/14/08 2-3-20 2/14/08 2-3-21 2/14/08 2-3-22 2/14/08 2-3-23 2/14/08 2-3-24 2/14/08 2-3-25 2/14/08 2-3-26 7/31/08 2-3-27 2/14/08 7/31/08 AIM Checklist of Pages Checklist of Pages CK-2 PAGE DATE 2-3-28 2/14/08 2-3-29 7/31/08 2-3-30 7/31/08 Chapter 3. Airspace Section 1. General 3-1-1 2/14/08 3-1-2 2/14/08 Section 2. Controlled Airspace 3-2-1 2/14/08 3-2-2 2/14/08 3-2-3 2/14/08 3-2-4 2/14/08 3-2-5 2/14/08 3-2-6 2/14/08 3-2-7 2/14/08 3-2-8 2/14/08 3-2-9 2/14/08 Section 3. Class G Airspace 3-3-1 2/14/08 Section 4. Special Use Airspace 3-4-1 2/14/08 3-4-2 2/14/08 Section 5. Other Airspace Areas 3-5-1 2/14/08 3-5-2 2/14/08 3-5-3 2/14/08 3-5-4 2/14/08 3-5-5 2/14/08 3-5-6 2/14/08 3-5-7 2/14/08 3-5-8 2/14/08 3-5-9 2/14/08 Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control Section 1. Services Available to Pilots 4-1-1 2/14/08 4-1-2 2/14/08 4-1-3 2/14/08 4-1-4 2/14/08 PAGE DATE 4-1-5 2/14/08 4-1-6 2/14/08 4-1-7 2/14/08 4-1-8 7/31/08 4-1-9 7/31/08 4-1-10 7/31/08 4-1-11 7/31/08 4-1-12 7/31/08 4-1-13 7/31/08 4-1-14 7/31/08 4-1-15 7/31/08 4-1-16 7/31/08 4-1-17 7/31/08 4-1-18 7/31/08 4-1-19 7/31/08 4-1-20 7/31/08 4-1-21 7/31/08 4-1-22 7/31/08 4-1-23 7/31/08 Section 2. Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques 4-2-1 2/14/08 4-2-2 2/14/08 4-2-3 2/14/08 4-2-4 2/14/08 4-2-5 2/14/08 4-2-6 2/14/08 4-2-7 2/14/08 4-2-8 2/14/08 Section 3. Airport Operations

帅哥

4-3-1 2/14/08 4-3-2 2/14/08 4-3-3 2/14/08 4-3-4 2/14/08 4-3-5 2/14/08 4-3-6 2/14/08 4-3-7 2/14/08 4-3-8 2/14/08 4-3-9 2/14/08 4-3-10 2/14/08 4-3-11 2/14/08 4-3-12 2/14/08 4-3-13 2/14/08 4-3-14 2/14/08 4-3-15 2/14/08 PAGE DATE 4-3-16 2/14/08 4-3-17 2/14/08 4-3-18 2/14/08 4-3-19 2/14/08 4-3-20 2/14/08 4-3-21 2/14/08 4-3-22 2/14/08 4-3-23 2/14/08 4-3-24 2/14/08 Section 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation 4-4-1 2/14/08 4-4-2 2/14/08 4-4-3 2/14/08 4-4-4 2/14/08 4-4-5 2/14/08 4-4-6 2/14/08 4-4-7 2/14/08 4-4-8 2/14/08 4-4-9 2/14/08 4-4-10 2/14/08 4-4-11 2/14/08 Section 5. Surveillance Systems 4-5-1 2/14/08 4-5-2 2/14/08 4-5-3 2/14/08 4-5-4 2/14/08 4-5-5 2/14/08 4-5-6 2/14/08 4-5-7 2/14/08 4-5-8 2/14/08 4-5-9 2/14/08 4-5-10 2/14/08 4-5-11 2/14/08 4-5-12 2/14/08 4-5-13 2/14/08 4-5-14 2/14/08 4-5-15 2/14/08 4-5-16 2/14/08 4-5-17 2/14/08 4-5-18 7/31/08 7/31/08 Checklist of Pages AIM Checklist of Pages CK-3 PAGE DATE Section 6. Operational Policy/ Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore Airspace and the San Juan FIR 4-6-1 2/14/08 4-6-2 7/31/08 4-6-3 2/14/08 4-6-4 2/14/08 4-6-5 2/14/08 4-6-6 2/14/08 4-6-7 2/14/08 4-6-8 2/14/08 4-6-9 2/14/08 4-6-10 2/14/08 4-6-11 2/14/08 Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures Section 1. Preflight 5-1-1 2/14/08 5-1-2 2/14/08 5-1-3 2/14/08 5-1-4 2/14/08 5-1-5 2/14/08 5-1-6 2/14/08 5-1-7 2/14/08 5-1-8 2/14/08 5-1-9 2/14/08 5-1-10 2/14/08 5-1-11 2/14/08 5-1-12 2/14/08 5-1-13 2/14/08 5-1-14 2/14/08 5-1-15 2/14/08 5-1-16 2/14/08 5-1-17 2/14/08 5-1-18 2/14/08 5-1-19 2/14/08 5-1-20 2/14/08 Section 2. Departure Procedures 5-2-1 2/14/08 5-2-2 2/14/08 5-2-3 2/14/08 5-2-4 2/14/08 5-2-5 7/31/08 5-2-6 7/31/08 PAGE DATE 5-2-7 7/31/08 5-2-8 7/31/08 5-2-9 7/31/08 Section 3. En Route Procedures 5-3-1 2/14/08 5-3-2 2/14/08 5-3-3 2/14/08 5-3-4 2/14/08 5-3-5 2/14/08 5-3-6 2/14/08 5-3-7 2/14/08 5-3-8 2/14/08 5-3-9 2/14/08 5-3-10 2/14/08 5-3-11 7/31/08 5-3-12 2/14/08 5-3-13 2/14/08 5-3-14 2/14/08 Section 4. Arrival Procedures 5-4-1 2/14/08 5-4-2 2/14/08 5-4-3 2/14/08 5-4-4 2/14/08 5-4-5 2/14/08 5-4-6 7/31/08 5-4-7 7/31/08 5-4-8 2/14/08 5-4-9 2/14/08 5-4-10 2/14/08 5-4-11 2/14/08 5-4-12 2/14/08 5-4-13 2/14/08 5-4-14 2/14/08 5-4-15 2/14/08 5-4-16 2/14/08 5-4-17 2/14/08 5-4-18 7/31/08 5-4-19 7/31/08 5-4-20 7/31/08 5-4-21 7/31/08 5-4-22 7/31/08 5-4-23 7/31/08 5-4-24 7/31/08 5-4-25 7/31/08 5-4-26 7/31/08 5-4-27 7/31/08 PAGE DATE 5-4-28 7/31/08 5-4-29 7/31/08 5-4-30 7/31/08 5-4-31 7/31/08 5-4-32 7/31/08 5-4-33 7/31/08 5-4-34 7/31/08 5-4-35 7/31/08 5-4-36 7/31/08 5-4-37 7/31/08 5-4-38 7/31/08 5-4-39 7/31/08 5-4-40 7/31/08 5-4-41 7/31/08 5-4-42 7/31/08 5-4-43 7/31/08 5-4-44 7/31/08 5-4-45 7/31/08 5-4-46 7/31/08 5-4-47 7/31/08 5-4-48 7/31/08 5-4-49 7/31/08 5-4-50 7/31/08 5-4-51 7/31/08 5-4-52 7/31/08 Section 5. Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities 5-5-1 2/14/08 5-5-2 2/14/08 5-5-3 2/14/08 5-5-4 2/14/08 5-5-5 2/14/08 5-5-6 2/14/08 5-5-7 2/14/08 Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures 5-6-1 2/14/08 5-6-2 2/14/08 5-6-3 2/14/08 5-6-4 2/14/08 5-6-5 2/14/08 5-6-6 2/14/08 5-6-7 2/14/08 7/31/08 AIM Checklist of Pages Checklist of Pages CK-4 PAGE DATE Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures Section 1. General 6-1-1 2/14/08 Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots 6-2-1 2/14/08 6-2-2 2/14/08 6-2-3 2/14/08 6-2-4 2/14/08 6-2-5 2/14/08 6-2-6 2/14/08 6-2-7 2/14/08 6-2-8 2/14/08 6-2-9 2/14/08 6-2-10 2/14/08 6-2-11 2/14/08 6-2-12 2/14/08 Section 3. Distress and Urgency Procedures 6-3-1 2/14/08 6-3-2 2/14/08 6-3-3 2/14/08 6-3-4 2/14/08 6-3-5 2/14/08 6-3-6 2/14/08 6-3-7 2/14/08 Section 4. Two-way Radio Communications Failure 6-4-1 2/14/08 6-4-2 2/14/08 Section 5. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications 6-5-1 2/14/08 6-5-2 2/14/08

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Chapter 7. Safety of Flight Section 1. Meteorology 7-1-1 2/14/08 7-1-2 2/14/08 7-1-3 2/14/08 7-1-4 2/14/08 7-1-5 2/14/08 7-1-6 2/14/08 PAGE DATE 7-1-7 2/14/08 7-1-8 2/14/08 7-1-9 2/14/08 7-1-10 2/14/08 7-1-11 2/14/08 7-1-12 2/14/08 7-1-13 2/14/08 7-1-14 2/14/08 7-1-15 2/14/08 7-1-16 2/14/08 7-1-17 2/14/08 7-1-18 2/14/08 7-1-19 2/14/08 7-1-20 2/14/08 7-1-21 2/14/08 7-1-22 2/14/08 7-1-23 2/14/08 7-1-24 2/14/08 7-1-25 2/14/08 7-1-26 2/14/08 7-1-27 2/14/08 7-1-28 2/14/08 7-1-29 2/14/08 7-1-30 2/14/08 7-1-31 2/14/08 7-1-32 2/14/08 7-1-33 2/14/08 7-1-34 2/14/08 7-1-35 2/14/08 7-1-36 2/14/08 7-1-37 2/14/08 7-1-38 2/14/08 7-1-39 2/14/08 7-1-40 2/14/08 7-1-41 2/14/08 7-1-42 2/14/08 7-1-43 2/14/08 7-1-44 2/14/08 7-1-45 2/14/08 7-1-46 2/14/08 7-1-47 2/14/08 7-1-48 2/14/08 7-1-49 2/14/08 7-1-50 2/14/08 7-1-51 2/14/08 7-1-52 2/14/08 7-1-53 2/14/08 7-1-54 2/14/08 7-1-55 2/14/08 PAGE DATE 7-1-56 2/14/08 7-1-57 2/14/08 7-1-58 2/14/08 7-1-59 2/14/08 7-1-60 2/14/08 7-1-61 2/14/08 7-1-62 2/14/08 7-1-63 2/14/08 7-1-64 2/14/08 7-1-65 2/14/08 7-1-66 2/14/08 7-1-67 2/14/08 7-1-68 2/14/08 7-1-69 2/14/08 Section 2. Altimeter Setting Procedures 7-2-1 2/14/08 7-2-2 2/14/08 7-2-3 2/14/08 7-2-4 2/14/08 Section 3. Wake Turbulence 7-3-1 2/14/08 7-3-2 2/14/08 7-3-3 2/14/08 7-3-4 2/14/08 7-3-5 2/14/08 7-3-6 2/14/08 7-3-7 2/14/08 7-3-8 2/14/08 Section 4. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests 7-4-1 2/14/08 7-4-2 2/14/08 Section 5. Potential Flight Hazards 7-5-1 2/14/08 7-5-2 7/31/08 7-5-3 7/31/08 7-5-4 7/31/08 7-5-5 7/31/08 7-5-6 7/31/08 7-5-7 7/31/08 7-5-8 7/31/08 7-5-9 7/31/08 7/31/08 Checklist of Pages AIM Checklist of Pages CK-5 PAGE DATE 7-5-10 7/31/08 7-5-11 7/31/08 7-5-12 7/31/08 7-5-13 7/31/08 Section 6. Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports 7-6-1 2/14/08 7-6-2 2/14/08 7-6-3 2/14/08 Chapter 8. Medical Facts for Pilots Section 1. Fitness for Flight 8-1-1 2/14/08 8-1-2 2/14/08 8-1-3 2/14/08 8-1-4 2/14/08 8-1-5 2/14/08 8-1-6 2/14/08 8-1-7 2/14/08 8-1-8 2/14/08 8-1-9 2/14/08 Chapter 9. Aeronautical Charts and Related Publications Section 1. Types of Charts Available 9-1-1 2/14/08 9-1-2 2/14/08 9-1-3 2/14/08 9-1-4 2/14/08 9-1-5 2/14/08 9-1-6 2/14/08 9-1-7 2/14/08 9-1-8 2/14/08 9-1-9 2/14/08 9-1-10 2/14/08 9-1-11 2/14/08 9-1-12 2/14/08 9-1-13 2/14/08 PAGE DATE Chapter 10. Helicopter Operations Section 1. Helicopter IFR Operations 10-1-1 2/14/08 10-1-2 2/14/08 10-1-3 2/14/08 10-1-4 2/14/08 10-1-5 2/14/08 10-1-6 2/14/08 Section 2. Special Operations 10-2-1 2/14/08 10-2-2 2/14/08 10-2-3 2/14/08 10-2-4 2/14/08 10-2-5 2/14/08 10-2-6 2/14/08 10-2-7 2/14/08 10-2-8 2/14/08 10-2-9 2/14/08 10-2-10 2/14/08 10-2-11 2/14/08 10-2-12 2/14/08 10-2-13 2/14/08 10-2-14 2/14/08 10-2-15 2/14/08 10-2-16 7/31/08 10-2-17 7/31/08 Appendices Appendix 1-1 2/14/08 Env NA Appendix 2-1 2/14/08 Appendix 3-1 2/14/08 Appendix 4-1 7/31/08 Appendix 4-2 2/14/08 Appendix 4-3 7/31/08 Appendix 4-4 7/31/08 Appendix 4-5 7/31/08 Pilot/Controller Glossary PCG-1 7/31/08 PCG A-1 2/14/08 PCG A-2 2/14/08 PCG A-3 2/14/08 PCG A-4 7/31/08 PCG A-5 7/31/08 PAGE DATE PGC A-6 7/31/08 PCG A-7 7/31/08 PCG A-8 7/31/08 PCG A-9 7/31/08 PCG A-10 7/31/08 PCG A-11 7/31/08 PCG A-12 7/31/08 PCG A-13 7/31/08 PCG A-14 7/31/08 PCG A-15 7/31/08 PCG A-16 7/31/08 PCG B-1 2/14/08 PCG C-1 2/14/08 PCG C-2 2/14/08 PCG C-3 2/14/08 PCG C-4 2/14/08 PCG C-5 2/14/08 PCG C-6 2/14/08 PCG C-7 2/14/08 PCG C-8 2/14/08 PCG C-9 2/14/08 PCG D-1 2/14/08 PCG D-2 2/14/08 PCG D-3 2/14/08 PCG D-4 2/14/08 PCG E-1 2/14/08 PCG E-2 2/14/08 PCG F-1 2/14/08 PCG F-2 2/14/08 PCG F-3 2/14/08 PCG F-4 2/14/08 PCG F-5 2/14/08 PCG G-1 2/14/08 PCG G-2 2/14/08 PCG H-1 2/14/08 PCG H-2 2/14/08 PCG H-3 2/14/08 PCG I-1 2/14/08 PCG I-2 2/14/08 PCG I-3 2/14/08 PCG I-4 2/14/08 PCG I-5 2/14/08 PCG J-1 2/14/08 PCG K-1 2/14/08 PCG L-1 2/14/08 PCG L-2 2/14/08 PCG L-3 2/14/08 PCG M-1 2/14/08 PCG M-2 2/14/08 7/31/08 AIM Checklist of Pages Checklist of Pages CK-6 PAGE DATE PCG M-3 2/14/08 PCG M-4 2/14/08 PCG M-5 2/14/08 PCG M-6 2/14/08 PCG N-1 2/14/08 PCG N-2 2/14/08 PCG N-3 2/14/08 PCG N-4 2/14/08 PCG O-1 2/14/08 PCG O-2 2/14/08 PCG O-3 2/14/08 PCG O-4 2/14/08 PCG P-1 2/14/08 PCG P-2 2/14/08 PCG P-3 2/14/08 PCG P-4 2/14/08 PCG Q-1 2/14/08 PCG R-1 2/14/08 PCG R-2 2/14/08 PCG R-3 2/14/08 PCG R-4 2/14/08 PCG R-5 2/14/08 PCG R-6 2/14/08 PCG R-7 2/14/08 PCG R-8 2/14/08 PCG S-1 2/14/08 PCG S-2 2/14/08 PCG S-3 2/14/08 PCG S-4 2/14/08 PCG S-5 2/14/08 PCG S-6 2/14/08 PCG S-7 2/14/08 PCG S-8 2/14/08 PCG T-1 2/14/08 PCG T-2 2/14/08 PCG T-3 2/14/08 PCG T-4 2/14/08 PCG T-5 2/14/08 PCG T-6 2/14/08 PCG T-7 2/14/08 PCG U-1 2/14/08 PCG V-1 2/14/08 PCG V-2 2/14/08 PCG V-3 2/14/08 PCG V-4 2/14/08 PCG W-1 2/14/08 PAGE DATE Index I-1 7/31/08 I-2 7/31/08 I-3 7/31/08 I-4 7/31/08 I-5 7/31/08 I-6 7/31/08 I-7 7/31/08 I-8 7/31/08 I-9 7/31/08 I-10 7/31/08 I-11 7/31/08 I-12 7/31/08 Back Cover NA PAGE DATE AIM 2/14/08 Subscription Information Subscription Information This manual is offered for sale on a subscription basis. Order forms are provided at the beginning of this manual, and should be sent to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office P.O. Box 371954 Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 Remittance must be included with all subscription orders. Factors such as postal/freight delivery, printing schedules, and weather conditions may cause shipment delays. If the next issue has not been received at least ten (10) days prior to its effective date (see Publication Schedule on Basic Flight Information page), notify the Superintendent of Documents by telephone (202) 512-1806, or by FAX_(202) 512-2168. Information about the Superintendent of Documents' Subscription Service You can expect to receive a renewal notice approxi- mately 90 days prior to the end of your current subscription. If you wish to renew your subscription, use the form on the renewal notice. Subscription renewals: To be sure that your service continues without interruption, please return your renewal notice promptly. 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Washington, DC 20591 Notice to Editor The following comments/corrections are submitted concerning the information contained in: Paragraph number Title Page Dated _________________ Name Street City State Zip

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Note: DO NOT SEND CHANGE OF ADDRESS INFORMATION OR SUBSCRIPTION ORDERS FOR THE AIM TO THE FAA. It will only delay service. These should be directed to: Superintendent of Documents, Attn: Chief, Mail List Branch, Mail Stop: SSOM, Washington, DC 20402-9373. AIM 2/14/08 Basic Flight Information Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) The Federal Aviation Administration is responsible for insuring the safe, efficient, and secure use of the Nation's airspace, by military as well as civil aviation, for promoting safety in air commerce, for encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology, and for support- ing the requirements of national defense. The activities required to carry out these responsibili- ties include: safety regulations; airspace management and the establishment, operation, and maintenance of a civil-military common system of air traffic control (ATC) and navigation facilities; research and development in support of the fostering of a national system of airports, promulgation of standards and specifications for civil airports, and administration of Federal grants-in-aid for developing public airports; various joint and cooperative activities with the Department of Defense; and technical assistance (under State Department auspices) to other countries. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures This manual is designed to provide the aviation community with basic flight information and ATC procedures for use in the National Airspace System (NAS) of the United States. An international version called the Aeronautical Information Publication contains parallel information, as well as specific information on the international airports for use by the international community. This manual contains the fundamentals required in order to fly in the United States NAS. It also contains items of interest to pilots concerning health and medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, a pilot/controller glossary of terms used in the ATC System, and information on safety, accident, and hazard reporting. This manual is complemented by other operational publications which are available via separate subscriptions. These publications are: Notices to Airmen publication - A publication containing current Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) which are considered essential to the safety of flight as well as supplemental data affecting the other operational publications listed here. It also includes current Flight Data Center NOTAMs, which are regulatory in nature, issued to establish restrictions to flight or to amend charts or published Instrument Approach Procedures. This publication is issued every four weeks and is available through subscrip- tion from the Superintendent of Documents. The Airport/Facility Directory, the Alaska Supplement, and the Pacific Chart Supplement - These publications contain information on airports, communications, navigation aids, instrument landing systems, VOR receiver check points, preferred routes, Flight Service Station/Weather Service telephone numbers, Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) frequencies, part-time surface areas, and various other pertinent special notices essential to air navigation. These publications are available upon subscription from the National Aeronautical Chart- ing Office (NACO) Distribution Division, Federal Aviation Administration, Riverdale, Maryland 20737. Publication Schedule Basic or Change Cutoff Date for Submission Effective Date of Publication Basic Manual 8/30/07 2/14/08 Change 1 2/14/08 7/31/08 Change 2 7/31/08 3/12/09 Change 3 3/12/09 8/27/09 Basic Manual 8/27/09 2/11/10 AIM 2/14/08 Flight Information Publication Policy Flight Information Publication Policy The following is in essence, the statement issued by the FAA Administrator and published in the December 10, 1964, issue of the Federal Register, concerning the FAA policy as pertaining to the type of information that will be published as NOTAMs and in the Aeronautical Information Manual. a. It is a pilot's inherent responsibility to be alert at all times for and in anticipation of all circumstances, situations, and conditions affecting the safe operation of the aircraft. For example, a pilot should expect to find air traffic at any time or place. At or near both civ- il and military airports and in the vicinity of known training areas, a pilot should expect concentrated air traffic and realize concentrations of air traffic are not limited to these places. b. It is the general practice of the agency to adver- tise by NOTAM or other flight information publica- tions such information it may deem appropriate; in- formation which the agency may from time to time make available to pilots is solely for the purpose of as- sisting them in executing their regulatory responsibi- lities. Such information serves the aviation communi- ty as a whole and not pilots individually. c. The fact that the agency under one particular sit- uation or another may or may not furnish information does not serve as a precedent of the agency's respon- sibility to the aviation community; neither does it give assurance that other information of the same or similar nature will be advertised, nor, does it guaran- tee that any and all information known to the agency will be advertised. d. This publication, while not regulatory, provides information which reflects examples of operating techniques and procedures which may be require- ments in other federal publications or regulations. It is made available solely to assist pilots in executing their responsibilities required by other publications. Consistent with the foregoing, it shall be the policy of the Federal Aviation Administration to furnish information only when, in the opinion of the agency, a unique situation should be advertised and not to furnish routine information such as concentrations of air traffic, either civil or military. The Aeronautical Information Manual will not contain informative items concerning everyday circumstances that pilots should, either by good practices or regulation, expect to encounter or avoid. AIM 2/14/08 Regulations and Advisory Circulars Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Code of Federal Regulations and Advisory Circulars Code of Federal Regulations - The FAA publishes the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) to make readily available to the aviation community the regulatory requirements placed upon them. These regulations are sold as individual parts by the Superintendent of Documents. The more frequently amended parts are sold on subscription service with subscribers receiving changes automatically as issued. Less active parts are sold on a single-sale basis. Changes to single-sale parts will be sold separately as issued. Information concerning these changes will be furnished by the FAA through its Status of Federal Aviation Regulations, AC 00-44. Advisory Circulars - The FAA issues Advisory Circulars (ACs) to inform the aviation public in a systematic way of nonregulatory material. Unless incorporated into a regulation by reference, the contents of an advisory circular are not binding on the public. Advisory Circulars are issued in a numbered subject system corresponding to the subject areas of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) (Title 14, Chapter 1, FAA). AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist and Status of Other FAA Publications, contains advisory circulars that are for sale as well as those distributed free-of-charge by the FAA. NOTE- The above information relating to CFRs and ACs is extracted from AC 00-2. Many of the CFRs and ACs listed in AC 00-2 are cross-referenced in the AIM. These regulatory and nonregulatory references cover a wide range of subjects and are a source of detailed information of value to the aviation community. AC 00-2 is issued annually and can be obtained free-of-charge from: U.S. Department of Transportation Subsequent Distribution Office Ardmore East Business Center 3341 Q 75th Avenue Landover, MD 20785 Telephone: 301-322-4961 AC 00-2 may also be found at: http://www.faa.gov under Advisory Circulars. External References - All references to Advisory Circulars and other FAA publications in the Aeronautical Information Manual include the FAA Advisory Circular or Order identification numbers (when available). However, due to varied publication dates, the basic publication letter is not included. EXAMPLE- FAAO JO 7110.65M, Air Traffic Control, is referenced as FAAO JO 7110.65. AIM 2/14/08 i Table of Contents Table of Contents Chapter 1. Air Navigation Section 1. Navigation Aids Paragraph Page 1-1-1. General 1-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-2. Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB) 1-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-3. VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR) 1-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-4. VOR Receiver Check 1-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-5. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) 1-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-6. VHF Omni-directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) 1-1-3 . . . . . . . . . 1-1-7. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) 1-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-8. Navigational Aid (NAVAID) Service Volumes 1-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-9. Instrument Landing System (ILS) 1-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-10. Simplified Directional Facility (SDF) 1-1-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-11. Microwave Landing System (MLS) 1-1-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-12. NAVAID Identifier Removal During Maintenance 1-1-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-13. NAVAIDs with Voice 1-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-14. User Reports on NAVAID Performance 1-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-15. LORAN 1-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-16. VHF Direction Finder 1-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-17. Inertial Reference Unit (IRU), Inertial Navigation System (INS), and Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) 1-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-18. Doppler Radar 1-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-19. Global Positioning System (GPS) 1-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-20. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) 1-1-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-21. GNSS Landing System (GLS) 1-1-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1-22. Precision Approach Systems other than ILS, GLS, and MLS 1-1-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2. Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1-2-1. Area Navigation (RNAV) 1-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2-2. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2-3. Use of Suitable Area Navigation (RNAV) Systems on Conventional Procedures and Routes 1-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2. Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids Section 1. Airport Lighting Aids 2-1-1. Approach Light Systems (ALS) 2-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-2. Visual Glideslope Indicators 2-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-3. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) 2-1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-4. Runway Edge Light Systems 2-1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-5. In-runway Lighting 2-1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-6. Control of Lighting Systems 2-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-7. Pilot Control of Airport Lighting 2-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-8. Airport/Heliport Beacons 2-1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1-9. Taxiway Lights 2-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 AIM AIM 2/14/ii Table of Contents Section 2. Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting Paragraph Page 2-2-1. Aeronautical Light Beacons 2-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2-2. Code Beacons and Course Lights 2-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2-3. Obstruction Lights 2-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3. Airport Marking Aids and Signs 2-3-1. General 2-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-2. Airport Pavement Markings 2-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-3. Runway Markings 2-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-4. Taxiway Markings 2-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-5. Holding Position Markings 2-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-6. Other Markings 2-3-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-7. Airport Signs 2-3-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-8. Mandatory Instruction Signs 2-3-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-9. Location Signs 2-3-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-10. Direction Signs 2-3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-11. Destination Signs 2-3-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-12. Information Signs 2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-13. Runway Distance Remaining Signs 2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3-14. Aircraft Arresting Systems 2-3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 3. Airspace Section 1. General 3-1-1. General 3-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1-2. General Dimensions of Airspace Segments 3-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1-3. Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace Designations 3-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1-4. Basic VFR Weather Minimums 3-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1-5. VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels 3-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2. Controlled Airspace 3-2-1. General 3-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-2. Class A Airspace 3-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-3. Class B Airspace 3-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-4. Class C Airspace 3-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-5. Class D Airspace 3-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2-6. Class E Airspace 3-2-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3. Class G Airspace 3-3-1. General 3-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3-2. VFR Requirements 3-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3-3. IFR Requirements 3-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 4. Special Use Airspace 3-4-1. General 3-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-2. Prohibited Areas 3-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-3. Restricted Areas 3-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-4. Warning Areas 3-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 AIM 7/31/08 AIM 2/14/08 iii Table of Contents Paragraph Page 3-4-5. Military Operations Areas 3-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-6. Alert Areas 3-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4-7. Controlled Firing Areas 3-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5. Other Airspace Areas 3-5-1. Airport Advisory/Information Services 3-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-2. Military Training Routes 3-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-3. Temporary Flight Restrictions 3-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-4. Parachute Jump Aircraft Operations 3-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-5. Published VFR Routes 3-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-6. Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) 3-5-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5-7. National Security Areas 3-5-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control Section 1. Services Available to Pilots 4-1-1. Air Route Traffic Control Centers 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-2. Control Towers 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-3. Flight Service Stations 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-4. Recording and Monitoring 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-5. Communications Release of IFR Aircraft Landing at an Airport Without an Operating Control Tower 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-6. Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-7. Operation Take-off and Operation Raincheck 4-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-8. Approach Control Service for VFR Arriving Aircraft 4-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-9. Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports Without Operating Control Towers 4-1-2 . . . . 4-1-10. IFR Approaches/Ground Vehicle Operations 4-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-11. Designated UNICOM/MULTICOM Frequencies 4-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-12. Use of UNICOM for ATC Purposes 4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-13. Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) 4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-14. Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska FSSs Only 4-1-8 . . . . . . . . . 4-1-15. Radar Traffic Information Service 4-1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-16. Safety Alert 4-1-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-17. Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft 4-1-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-18. Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft 4-1-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-19. Tower En Route Control (TEC) 4-1-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-20. Transponder Operation 4-1-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-21. Hazardous Area Reporting Service 4-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-22. Airport Reservation Operations and Special Traffic Management Programs 4-1-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-23. Requests for Waivers and Authorizations from Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 4-1-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1-24. Weather System Processor 4-1-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2. Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques 4-2-1. General 4-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-2. Radio Technique 4-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-3. Contact Procedures 4-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-4. Aircraft Call Signs 4-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-5. Description of Interchange or Leased Aircraft 4-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 AIM AIM 2/14/iv Table of Contents Paragraph Page 4-2-6. Ground Station Call Signs 4-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-7. Phonetic Alphabet 4-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-8. Figures 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-9. Altitudes and Flight Levels 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-10. Directions 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-11. Speeds 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-12. Time 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-13. Communications with Tower when Aircraft Transmitter or Receiver or Both are Inoperative 4-2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2-14. Communications for VFR Flights 4-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3. Airport Operations 4-3-1. General 4-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-2. Airports with an Operating Control Tower 4-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-3. Traffic Patterns 4-3-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-4. Visual Indicators at Airports Without an Operating Control Tower 4-3-5 . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-5. Unexpected Maneuvers in the Airport Traffic Pattern 4-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-6. Use of Runways/Declared Distances 4-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-7. Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Detection Systems 4-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-8. Braking Action Reports and Advisories 4-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-9. Runway Friction Reports and Advisories 4-3-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-10. Intersection Takeoffs 4-3-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-11. Pilot Responsibilities When Conducting Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) 4-3-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-12. Low Approach 4-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-13. Traffic Control Light Signals 4-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-14. Communications 4-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-15. Gate Holding Due to Departure Delays 4-3-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-16. VFR Flights in Terminal Areas 4-3-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4-3-17. VFR Helicopter Operations at Controlled Airports 4-3-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-18. Taxiing 4-3-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-19. Taxi During Low Visibility 4-3-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-20. Exiting the Runway After Landing 4-3-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-21. Practice Instrument Approaches 4-3-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-22. Option Approach 4-3-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-23. Use of Aircraft Lights 4-3-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-24. Flight Inspection/`Flight Check' Aircraft in Terminal Areas 4-3-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-25. Hand Signals 4-3-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-26. Operations at Uncontrolled Airports With Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)/Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) 4-3-24 . . . . . . . . . Section 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation 4-4-1. Clearance 4-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-2. Clearance Prefix 4-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-3. Clearance Items 4-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-4. Amended Clearances 4-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-5. Coded Departure Route (CDR) 4-4-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-6. Special VFR Clearances 4-4-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-7. Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance Issuance 4-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-8. IFR Clearance VFR-on-top 4-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 AIM 7/31/08 AIM 2/14/08 v Table of Contents Paragraph Page

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4-4-9. VFR/IFR Flights 4-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-10. Adherence to Clearance 4-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-11. IFR Separation Standards 4-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-12. Speed Adjustments 4-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-13. Runway Separation 4-4-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-14. Visual Separation 4-4-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures 4-4-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-16. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS I & II) 4-4-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-17. Traffic Information Service (TIS) 4-4-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-18. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) 4-4-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4-19. Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) 4-4-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5. Surveillance Systems 4-5-1. Radar 4-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-2. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) 4-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-3. Surveillance Radar 4-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR) 4-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-5. Airport Surface Detection Equipment - Model X (ASDE-X) 4-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-6. Traffic Information Service (TIS) 4-5-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5-7. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Services 4-5-14 . . . . . . . . . 4-5-8. Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) 4-5-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 6. Operational Policy/Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore Airspace and the San Juan FIR 4-6-1. Applicability and RVSM Mandate (Date/Time and Area) 4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-2. Flight Level Orientation Scheme 4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-3. Aircraft and Operator Approval Policy/Procedures, RVSM Monitoring and Databases for Aircraft and Operator Approval 4-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-4. Flight Planning into RVSM Airspace 4-6-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-5. Pilot RVSM Operating Practices and Procedures 4-6-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MWA) 4-6-4 . . . . . . . 4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence 4-6-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-8. Pilot/Controller Phraseology 4-6-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-9. Contingency Actions: Weather Encounters and Aircraft System Failures 4-6-8 . . . . . 4-6-10. Procedures for Accommodation of Non-RVSM Aircraft 4-6-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6-11. Non-RVSM Aircraft Requesting Climb to and Descent from Flight Levels Above RVSM Airspace Without Intermediate Level Off 4-6-11 . . . .

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Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures Section 1. Preflight 5-1-1. Preflight Preparation 5-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-2. Follow IFR Procedures Even When Operating VFR 5-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-3. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) System 5-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-4. Flight Plan - VFR Flights 5-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-5. Operational Information System (OIS) 5-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-6. Flight Plan- Defense VFR (DVFR) Flights 5-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-7. Composite Flight Plan (VFR/IFR Flights) 5-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-8. Flight Plan- IFR Flights 5-1-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 AIM AIM 2/14/vi Table of Contents Paragraph Page 5-1-9. IFR Operations to High Altitude Destinations 5-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-10. Flights Outside the U.S. and U.S. Territories 5-1-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-11. Change in Flight Plan 5-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-12. Change in Proposed Departure Time 5-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-13. Closing VFR/DVFR Flight Plans 5-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-14. Canceling IFR Flight Plan 5-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1-15. RNAV and RNP Operations 5-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2. Departure Procedures 5-2-1. Pre-taxi Clearance Procedures 5-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-2. Pre-departure Clearance Procedures 5-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-3. Taxi Clearance 5-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-4. Taxi into Position and Hold (TIPH) 5-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-5. Abbreviated IFR Departure Clearance (Cleared. . .as Filed) Procedures 5-2-2 . . . . . 5-2-6. Departure Restrictions, Clearance Void Times, Hold for Release, and Release Times 5-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-7. Departure Control 5-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2-8. Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) - Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) and Standard Instrument Departures (SID) 5-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3. En Route Procedures 5-3-1. ARTCC Communications 5-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-2. Position Reporting 5-3-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-3. Additional Reports 5-3-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-4. Airways and Route Systems 5-3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-5. Airway or Route Course Changes 5-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-6. Changeover Points (COPs) 5-3-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3-7. Holding 5-3-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 4. Arrival Procedures 5-4-1. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR), Area Navigation (RNAV) STAR, and Flight Management System Procedures (FMSP) for Arrivals 5-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-2. Local Flow Traffic Management Program 5-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-3. Approach Control 5-4-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-4. Advance Information on Instrument Approach 5-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-5. Instrument Approach Procedure Charts 5-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-6. Approach Clearance 5-4-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-7. Instrument Approach Procedures 5-4-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-8. Special Instrument Approach Procedures 5-4-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-9. Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn 5-4-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-10. Timed Approaches from a Holding Fix 5-4-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-11. Radar Approaches 5-4-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-12. Radar Monitoring of Instrument Approaches 5-4-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-13. ILS/MLS Approaches to Parallel Runways 5-4-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-14. Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Dependent) 5-4-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-15. Simultaneous Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Independent) 5-4-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-16. Simultaneous Close Parallel ILS PRM Approaches (Independent) and Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches (SOIA) 5-4-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-17. Simultaneous Converging Instrument Approaches 5-4-43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-18. RNP SAAAR Instrument Approach Procedures 5-4-43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 AIM 7/31/08 AIM 2/14/08 vii Table of Contents Paragraph Page 5-4-19. Side-step Maneuver 5-4-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-20. Approach and Landing Minimums 5-4-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-21. Missed Approach 5-4-47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-22. Visual Approach 5-4-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-23. Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-24. Contact Approach 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-25. Landing Priority 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4-26. Overhead Approach Maneuver 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5. Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities 5-5-1. General 5-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-2. Air Traffic Clearance 5-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-3. Contact Approach 5-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-4. Instrument Approach 5-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-5. Missed Approach 5-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-6. Radar Vectors 5-5-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-7. Safety Alert 5-5-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-8. See and Avoid 5-5-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-9. Speed Adjustments 5-5-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-10. Traffic Advisories (Traffic Information) 5-5-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-11. Visual Approach 5-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-12. Visual Separation 5-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-13. VFR-on-top 5-5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-14. Instrument Departures 5-5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-15. Minimum Fuel Advisory 5-5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5-16. RNAV and RNP Operations 5-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures 5-6-1. National Security 5-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6-2. Interception Procedures 5-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6-3. Law Enforcement Operations by Civil and Military Organizations 5-6-4 . . . . . . . . . . 5-6-4. Interception Signals 5-6-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6-5. ADIZ Boundaries and Designated Mountainous Areas 5-6-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures Section 1. General 6-1-1. Pilot Responsibility and Authority 6-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1-2. Emergency Condition- Request Assistance Immediately 6-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots 6-2-1. Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty 6-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-2. Transponder Emergency Operation 6-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-3. Direction Finding Instrument Approach Procedure 6-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-4. Intercept and Escort 6-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-5. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) 6-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-6. FAA K-9 Explosives Detection Team Program 6-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2-7. Search and Rescue 6-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 AIM AIM 2/14/08 viii Table of Contents Section 3. Distress and Urgency Procedures Paragraph Page 6-3-1. Distress and Urgency Communications 6-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3-2. Obtaining Emergency Assistance 6-3-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3-3. Ditching Procedures 6-3-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3-4. Special Emergency (Air Piracy) 6-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3-5. Fuel Dumping 6-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 4. Two-way Radio Communications Failure 6-4-1. Two-way Radio Communications Failure 6-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4-2. Transponder Operation During Two-way Communications Failure 6-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . 6-4-3. Reestablishing Radio Contact 6-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications 6-5-1. Discrete Emergency Frequency 6-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5-2. Radio Call Signs 6-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5-3. ARFF Emergency Hand Signals 6-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

帅哥

Chapter 7. Safety of Flight Section 1. Meteorology 7-1-1. National Weather Service Aviation Products 7-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-2. FAA Weather Services 7-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-3. Use of Aviation Weather Products 7-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-4. Preflight Briefing 7-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-5. En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) 7-1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-6. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories 7-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-7. Categorical Outlooks 7-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-8. Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) 7-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-9. Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska Only) 7-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-10. Inflight Weather Broadcasts 7-1-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-11. Flight Information Services (FIS) 7-1-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-12. Weather Observing Programs 7-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-13. Weather Radar Services 7-1-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-14. ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance 7-1-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-15. Runway Visual Range (RVR) 7-1-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-16. Reporting of Cloud Heights 7-1-38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-17. Reporting Prevailing Visibility 7-1-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-18. Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets 7-1-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-19. Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) 7-1-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-20. Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) 7-1-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-21. PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing 7-1-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-22. Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms 7-1-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-23. PIREPs Relating to Turbulence 7-1-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-24. Wind Shear PIREPs 7-1-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-25. Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs 7-1-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-26. Microbursts 7-1-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-27. PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity 7-1-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-28. Thunderstorms 7-1-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-29. Thunderstorm Flying 7-1-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIM 2/14/08 ix Table of Contents Paragraph Page 7-1-30. Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) 7-1-58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1-31. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats 7-1-60 . . . . . . . Section 2. Altimeter Setting Procedures 7-2-1. General 7-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2-2. Procedures 7-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2-3. Altimeter Errors 7-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2-4. High Barometric Pressure 7-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2-5. Low Barometric Pressure 7-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3. Wake Turbulence 7-3-1. General 7-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-2. Vortex Generation 7-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-3. Vortex Strength 7-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-4. Vortex Behavior 7-3-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-5. Operations Problem Areas 7-3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures 7-3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-7. Helicopters 7-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-8. Pilot Responsibility 7-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3-9. Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations 7-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 4. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests 7-4-1. Migratory Bird Activity 7-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-2. Reducing Bird Strike Risks 7-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-3. Reporting Bird Strikes 7-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-4. Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities 7-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-5. Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards 7-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4-6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas 7-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5. Potential Flight Hazards 7-5-1. Accident Cause Factors 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-2. VFR in Congested Areas 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-3. Obstructions To Flight 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-4. Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons 7-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-5. Unmanned Aircraft Systems 7-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-6. Mountain Flying 7-5-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-7. Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports 7-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-8. Seaplane Safety 7-5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-9. Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash 7-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-10. Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft 7-5-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-11. Precipitation Static 7-5-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-12. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser) Operations and Reporting Illumination of Aircraft 7-5-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-13. Flying in Flat Light and White Out Conditions 7-5-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5-14. Operations in Ground Icing Conditions 7-5-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 AIM AIM 2/14/x Table of Contents Section 6. Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports Paragraph Page 7-6-1. Aviation Safety Reporting Program 7-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6-2. Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting 7-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6-3. Near Midair Collision Reporting 7-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6-4. Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports 7-6-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .