FSS

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Chapter 9. FAA Weather Services Section 1. General 9-1-1. PURPOSE 9-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1-2. SCHEDULED TRANSMISSION TIMES 9-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2. Pilot Weather Report (UA/UUA) 9-2-1. GENERAL 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-2. PREPARATION FOR TRANSMISSION 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-3. RESPONSIBILITY 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-4. PIREP DISPLAY 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-5. SOLICITING PIREPS 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-6. RECORDING OF PIREP DATA 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-7. DATA TO BE INCLUDED IN PIREPS 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-8. REPORTING TURBULENCE IN PIREPS 9-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-9. REPORTING ICING CONDITIONS IN PIREPS 9-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-10. MEANS USED TO SOLICIT PIREPS 9-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-11. PIREP CLASSIFICATION 9-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-12. PIREP HANDLING 9-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-13. OFFSHORE COASTAL ROUTES 9-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-14. PIREP PREPARATION 9-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-15. PIREP FORMAT 9-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-16. PIREP ENCODING 9-2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2-17. PIREP ORDER 9-2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3. Radar Weather Report (SD/ROB) 9-3-1. GENERAL 9-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3-2. SCHEDULE 9-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 viii Table of Contents

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Section 4. Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FD) Paragraph Page 9-4-1. GENERAL 9-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4-2. LEVELS FORECAST 9-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4-3. SCHEDULES 9-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4-4. DISTRIBUTION 9-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 5. Aviation Terminal Forecast (TAF) 9-5-1. GENERAL 9-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5-2. TERMINAL FORECAST SCHEDULES 9-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 6. Aviation Area Forecast (FA) 9-6-1. GENERAL 9-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6-2. AVIATION AREA FORECAST (FA) SCHEDULE 9-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 7. Severe Weather Forecasts 9-7-1. GENERAL 9-7-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7-2. DISTRIBUTION 9-7-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7-3. SEVERE WEATHER OUTLOOK NARRATIVE (AC) 9-7-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 8. Flight Advisories (SIGMET/WS-AIRMET/WA-Convective SIGMET/WST) 9-8-1. GENERAL 9-8-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8-2. DISTRIBUTION 9-8-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 9. Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) 9-9-1. GENERAL 9-9-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9-2. CROSS-COUNTRY ROUTES 9-9-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 10. Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) 9-10-1. GENERAL 9-10-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10-2. CRITERIA 9-10-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-10-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 11. Center Weather Advisory (CWA) 9-11-1. GENERAL 9-11-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11-2. CRITERIA 9-11-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-11-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 7/31/JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 ix Table of Contents

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Chapter 10. Data Communication Systems Section 1. General 10-1-1. TYPES OF DATA ACCEPTABLE ON FAA DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 10-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1-2. PRIORITY MESSAGES 10-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1-3. GENERAL NOTICES 10-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1-4. GROUP CODES 10-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1-5. MESSAGE FORMATS 10-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1-6. WMSCR NEGATIVE RESPONSE MESSAGES 10-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 11. Airport Lighting and Visibility Aids Section 1. General 11-1-1. AIRPORT LIGHTING 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-2. OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-3. ROTATING BEACON 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-4. APPROACH LIGHTS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-5. ALS INTENSITY SETTINGS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-6. SEQUENCED FLASHING LIGHTS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-7. RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-8. CHANGING LIGHTED RUNWAYS 11-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-9. SIMULTANEOUS APPROACH AND RUNWAY EDGE LIGHT OPERATION 11-1-2 . . . 11-1-10. MALSR ODALS 11-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-11. HIRL ASSOCIATED WITH MALSR 11-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-12. MEDIUM INTENSITY RUNWAY LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-13. HIGH INTENSITY RUNWAY, RUNWAY CENTERLINE, AND TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-14. HIRL CHANGES AFFECTING RVR 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-15. HIGH SPEED TURNOFF LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-16. RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-17. TAXIWAY LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-18. VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATORS (VASIS) 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-19. VISIBILITY AIDS - GENERAL 11-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-20. RVR/RVV 11-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1-21. OPERATION OF LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR 11-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Chapter 12. Interphone Communications Section 1. General Paragraph Page 12-1-1. PURPOSE 12-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1-2. INTERPHONE TRANSMISSION PRIORITIES 12-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1-3. PRIORITY INTERRUPTION 12-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1-4. MESSAGE INITIATION 12-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1-5. MESSAGE TERMINATION 12-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 x Table of Contents Chapter 13. NAVAID Monitoring Section 1. General 13-1-1. PURPOSE 13-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1-2. DUTIES 13-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1-3. MALFUNCTIONS 13-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1-4. AIRCRAFT REPORTED MALFUNCTIONS 13-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1-5. ADJUSTMENTS TO NAVAIDS 13-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1-6. NAVAID FLIGHT CHECK 13-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1-7. MONITORING OF NAVAIDS BY TECHNICAL OPERATIONS SERVICES PERSONNEL 13-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Chapter 14. Phraseology Section 1. General 14-1-1. PURPOSE 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-2. PHRASEOLOGY 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-3. WORDS AND PHRASES 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-4. ANNOUNCING MISSING ITEMS 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-5. ICAO PHONETICS 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-6. RELAY OF ATC COMMUNICATIONS 14-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-7. EXPEDITIOUS COMPLIANCE 14-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-8. WEATHER PHRASEOLOGY 14-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-9. WEATHER REMARKS 14-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-10. WEATHER ADVISORIES 14-1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-11. RADAR 14-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-12. WINDS AND TEMPERATURES ALOFT FORECAST (FD) 14-1-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-13. NUMBER USAGE 14-1-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-14. FACILITY IDENTIFICATION 14-1-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-15. AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION 14-1-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-16. AIRCRAFT TYPES 14-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-17. AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT CODES 14-1-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-18. AIRWAYS AND ROUTES 14-1-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-19. NAVAID TERMS 14-1-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-20. NAVAID FIXES 14-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1-21. RUNWAY CONDITIONS 14-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendices Paragraph Page APPENDIX A. ICAO FLIGHT PLANS Appendix A-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX B. Q SIGNALS Appendix B-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PILOT/CONTROLLER GLOSSARY PCG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX I-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 7/31/JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 1-1-1 General

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Chapter 1. Introduction Section 1. General 1-1-1. PURPOSE This order prescribes procedures and phraseology for use by air traffic personnel providing flight services. Flight service specialists are required to be familiar with the provisions of this order that pertain to their operational responsibilities and to exercise their best judgment if they encounter situations that are not covered. 1-1-2. DISTRIBUTION This order is distributed to selected offices in Washington headquarters, regional offices, service area offices, the William J. Hughes Technical Center, the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center, all air traffic field facilities, international aviation field offices, and interested aviation public. 1-1-3. CANCELLATION FAA Order 7110.10S, Flight Services, dated February_16,_2006, and all changes to it are canceled. 1-1-4. EXPLANATION OF CHANGES Changes incorporated into this basic order as well as changes submitted in the future are found in the explanation of changes page(s). It is advisable to retain these page(s) throughout the duration of the basic order. If further information is desired, direct questions through the appropriate facility/service area office staff to Flight Services Safety and Operations Support, Operational Procedures. 1-1-5. EFFECTIVE DATE a. This order is effective February_14,_2008. b. This order and its changes are scheduled to be published to coincide with AIRAC dates. The effective dates will be: Publication Schedule Basic or Change Cutoff Date for Submission Effective Date of Publication JO 7110.10T 8/30/07 2/14/08 Change 1 2/14/08 7/31/08 Change 2 7/31/08 3/12/09 Change 3 3/12/09 8/27/09 JO 7110.10U 8/27/09 2/11/10 c. Facilities shall notify service area office distribution officers if orders or changes are not received at least 30_days prior to effective dates. 1-1-6. RECOMMENDATION FOR PROCEDURAL CHANGES a. Submit recommended changes directly to the facility management. b. Procedural changes will not be made to this order until software for Model 1 Full Capacity (M1FC), AISR and the Operational and Supportabil- ity Implementation System (OASIS) has been adapted to accomplish the revised procedures. 1-1-7. SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION This publication may be purchased from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Address subscription inquiries to: Superintendent of Documents Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Telephone: (202) 512-1800 Internet: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/index.html FAA air traffic publications are also available on the FAA's web site at http://www.faa.gov/atpubs/ JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 1-2-1 Terms of Reference Section 2. Terms of Reference 1-2-1. WORD MEANINGS As used in this manual, the words listed below have the following meanings: a. “Shall” or an action verb in the imperative sense means a procedure is mandatory. b. “Should” means a procedure is recommended. c. “May” or “need not” means a procedure is optional. d. “Will” means futurity, not a requirement for application of a procedure. e. Singular words include the plural. f. Plural words include the singular. g. “Aircraft” means the airframe, crew members, or both. h. “Altitude” means indicated altitude mean sea level (MSL), flight level (FL), or both. i. “Miles” means nautical miles unless otherwise specified and means statute miles in conjunction with visibility. j. “Time,” when used for ATC operational activities, is the hour and the minute/s in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Change to the next minute is made at the minute plus 30 seconds, except time checks are given to the nearest quarter minute. The word “local” or the time zone equivalent shall be stated when local time is given during radio and telephone communications. The term “ZULU” may be used to denote UTC. 1-2-2. NOTES Statements of fact or of an explanatory nature and relating to the use of directive material have been identified and worded as “Notes.” 1-2-3. JO 7110.10 CHANGES a. Each reprinted, revised, or additional page will show the change number and the effective date of the change. b. Bold lines in the margin of the text will mark the location of all changes except editorial corrections. 1-2-4. ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations authorized for use in the application of the procedures in this order are those contained in FAAO_JO_7340.2, Contractions. NOTE- In this order, the abbreviation M1 identifies Model 1 Full Capacity procedures, AISR identifies AISR procedures, and OASIS identifies Operational and Supportability Implementation System procedures. Additional abbrevi- ations associated with OASIS are: WINGS - Weather Information and Navigational Graphics System, and WIND - Weather Information Network Display. 1-2-5. EXAMPLES Any illustration used which serves to explain subject material is identified as an “Example.” 1-2-6. PHRASEOLOGY Phraseology depicted in this order is mandatory. NOTE- Exceptions to this para are referenced in para 5-1-1, and para_14-1-2 Note. 7/31/08 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 1-3-1 Responsibility Section 3. Responsibility 1-3-1. PROCEDURAL APPLICATIONS Apply the procedures in this order, except when other procedures are contained in a letter of agreement (LOA) or other appropriate FAA documents, provided they only supplement this order and any standards they specify are not less than those in this order. NOTE1. Pilots are required to abide by applicable provisions of 14 CFR or any other pertinent regulations regardless of the application of any procedure in this order. 2. FAAO JO 7210.3, Facility Operation and Administra- tion, contains administrative instructions pertaining to these letters and documents. 1-3-2. DUTY PRIORITY Because there are many variables involved, it is impossible to provide a standard list of duty priorities that apply to every situation. Each set of circumstances must be evaluated on its own merit, and when more than one action is required, personnel shall exercise their best judgment based on the facts and circumstances known to them. Action which appears most critical from a safety standpoint should be performed first. a. The following order of duty priorities is offered as a guideline. 1. Emergency Situations. 2. Inflight Services. 3. Preflight Services. b. Emergency situations are those where life or property is in immediate danger. Inflight services are those provided to or affecting aircraft in flight or otherwise operating on the airport surface. This includes services to airborne aircraft, such as NAVAID monitoring and restoration, LAA, delivery of ATC clearances, advisories or requests, issuance of military flight advisory messages, EFAS, NOTAM, SAR communications searches, flight plan handling, transcribed or live broadcasts, weather observations, PIREPs, and pilot briefings. Preflight services are those which directly affect aircraft operations but which are provided prior to actual departure and usually by telephone. These include pilot briefings, recorded data, flight plan filing/processing, and aircraft operational reservations. 1-3-3. DUTY FAMILIARIZATION AND TRANSFER OF POSITION RESPONSIBILITY The transfer of position responsibility shall be accomplished in accordance with appropriate facility directives each time the operational responsibility for a position is transferred from one specialist to another. The relieving specialist and the specialist being relieved shall share equal responsibility for the completeness and accuracy of the position relief briefing. a. Purpose. This para prescribes the method and the step-by-step process for conducting a position relief briefing and transferring position responsibility from one specialist to another. b. Discussion. 1. In all operational facilities, the increase in traffic density and the need for the expeditious movement of air traffic without compromising safety have emphasized the importance of the position relief process. Major problems occur whenever there is a heavy reliance upon mem ory unsupported by routines or systematic reminders. This procedure addresses the complete task of transferring position responsibility and the associated relief briefing. 2. Position relief unavoidably provides added workload for specialists at the time of relief. The intent of this procedure is to make the transfer of position responsibility take place smoothly and to ensure a complete transfer of information with a minimum amount of workload. The method takes advantage of a self-briefing concept in which the relieving specialist obtains needed status information by reading from the Status Information Areas to begin the relief process. Up-to-the-minute informa- tion relating to the provision of flight services to pilots and aircraft in flight requires verbal exchanges between specialists during the relief process. The method also specifies the point when the transfer of position responsibility occurs. 3. In the final part of the relief process, the specialist being relieved monitors and reviews the JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 1-3-2 Responsibility position to ensure that nothing has been overlooked or incorrectly displayed and that the transfer of position responsibility occurred with a complete briefing. c. Terms. The following terms are important for a complete understanding of this procedure: 1. Status Information Areas. Manual or auto- mated displays of the current status of position-re- lated equipment and operational conditions or procedures. 2. Written Notes. Manually recorded items of information kept at designated locations on the positions of operation are elem ents of Status Information Areas. 3. Checklist. An ordered listing of items to be covered in a position relief. d. Precautions. 1. Specialists involved in the position relief process should not rush or be influenced to rush. 2. During position operation, each item of status information which is or may be an operational factor for the relieving specialist should be recorded as soon as it is operationally feasible so that it will not be forgotten or incorrectly recorded. 3. Extra care should be taken when more than one specialist relieves or is being relieved from a position at the same time; e.g., combining or decombining positions. e. Responsibilities. The specialist being relieved shall be responsible for ensuring that any pertinent status information of which he/she is aware is relayed to the relieving specialist and is either: 1. Accurately displayed in the Status Informa- tion Areas for which he/she has responsibility, or 2. Relayed to the position having responsibility for accurately displaying the status information. Prior to accepting responsibility for a position, the relieving specialist shall be responsible for ensuring that any unresolved questions pertaining to the operation of the position are resolved. The specialists engaged in a position relief shall conduct the relief process at the position being relieved, unless other procedures have been established and authorized by the facility air traffic manager. f. Step-By-Step Process of Position Relief. 1. Preview of the Position RELIEVING SPECIALIST (a) Follow the checklist and review the Status Information Areas. NOTE- This substep may be replaced by an authorized preduty briefing provided an equivalent review of checklist items is accomplished. (b) Observe position equipment, operational situation, and the work environment. (c) Listen to voice communications and observe other operational actions. (d) Observe current and pending aircraft and vehicular traffic and correlate with flight and other movement information. (e) Indicate to the specialist being relieved that the position has been previewed and that the verbal briefing may begin. NOTE- Substeps (b), (c), and (d) may be conducted concurrently or in order. 2. Verbal Briefing SPECIALIST BEING RELIEVED (a) Review with the relieving specialist, the checklist, Status Information Areas, written notes, and other prescribed sources of information, and advise of known omissions, updates, and inac- curacies. Also brief the relieving specialist on the abnormal status of items not listed on the Status Information Areas, as well as on any items of special operational interest calling for verbal explanation or additional discussion. (b) Brief on traffic, if applicable. (c) Completely answer any questions asked. (d) Observe overall position operation. If assistance is needed, provide or summon it as appropriate. (e) Sign off the position in accordance with existing directives or otherwise indicate that the relief process is complete. REFERENCE- FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 2-2-3, Duty Familiarization and the Transfer of Position Responsibility. RELIEVING SPECIALIST (f) Ask questions necessary to ensure a complete understanding of the operations situation. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 1-3-3 Responsibility (g) Make a statement or otherwise indicate to the specialist being relieved that position responsibil- ity has been assumed. (h) Sign on the position unless a facility directive authorizes substep (g) above. (i) Check, verify, and update the information obtained in steps 1 and 2. g. Check position equipment in accordance with existing directives. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-1-1 General Chapter 2. Broadcast Procedures Section 1. General 2-1-1. TYPES OF BROADCASTS Weather and flight information shall be broadcast/ recorded by one or more of the following categories: a. Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB). (Alaska only.) b. Telephone Inform ation Briefing Service (TIBS). c. Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS). d. Meteorological Information for Aircraft in Flight (VOLMET ICAO). 2-1-2. SPEECH RATE Data shall be spoken at a rate of 100 to 120 words-per-minute. 2-1-3. INTERRUPTION OF BROADCAST Interrupt broadcast only when you believe that a pilot requires immediate attention; e.g., to issue an airport advisory. When a pilot calls during a broadcast: a. Broadcast for a short interval on the frequency to which the pilot is listening simultaneously with the broadcast frequencies, and complete the aircraft contact immediately after the broadcast. b. If the pilot repeats the call, interrupt the broadcast and answer the call. 2-1-4. REDUCING RECORDED WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICES Recorded weather information services (TWEB and TIB S) may be reduced during the hours of 1800-0600 local time only. Resumption of full broadcast service should be adjusted seasonally to coincide with daylight hours. During the period of reduced broadcast, record a statement indicating when the broadcast will be resumed and to contact Flight Service for weather briefing and other services. PHRASEOLOGY- THE TIBS RECORDING IS SUSPENDED. REGULAR RECORDED WEATHER SERVICE WILL BE RESUMED AT (time) ZULU/ (time) LOCAL. FOR PILOT WEATHER BRIEFING AND OTHER SERVICES CONTACT A FLIGHT SERVICE FACILITY (phone number or additional telephone instructions, as appropriate). PHRASEOLOGY- THE TWEB RECORDING IS SUSPENDED. REGULAR RECORDED WEATHER SERVICE WILL BE RESUMED AT (time) ZULU/ (time) LOCAL. FOR PILOT WEATHER BRIEFING AND OTHER SERVICES CONTACT A FLIGHT SERVICE FACILITY (frequency or phone number, as appropriate). 2-1-5. ANNOUNCING MISSING ITEMS With the exception of RVR, announce the word “MISSING” when any items or components of a weather report are not reported, or in place of unreadable or obviously incorrect items or portions of weather reports. If the complete report is not available for broadcast, state the location and the word “MISSING.” When appropriate, instead of speaking the name of several locations with missing reports, announce: “OTHER SCHEDULED REPORTS MISSING.” NOTE- On occasion, a parameter from an automated observation may be reported as missing in the body of the report but is available as a manually reported parameter in the remarks section. When the report is spoken, include the manually reported element in its proper sequence within the report. 2-1-6. WEATHER REPORT PHRASEOLOGY Use the following phraseology and procedures for radio-telephone communications and broadcast of surface weather observations: a. Location. 1. Announce the geographic name (not the identifier) once for broadcasts. 2. When the location name is duplicated within 500 miles, follow the location name with the state name. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-1-2 General EXAMPLE“Wilmington, North Carolina.” “Wilmington, Delaware.” 3. When weather reports originate at more than one airport at the same geographical location, identify the airport. EXAMPLE“Chicago Midway.” “Chicago O'Hare.” 4. Where it is considered necessary and is requested by the military base commander, broadcast military observations by stating the location, the name of the airport if different, and the controlling military branch. EXAMPLE“Fort Riley, Marshall Army Air Field.” “Andrews Air Force Base.” “Norfolk Naval Air Station.” b. Automated Observation. If AUTO appears after the date/time element, follow the location announce- ment with the phrase “AUTOMATED.” PHRASEOLOGY(Location) AUTOMATED. c. Special Reports. If a special report is available at the time of the broadcast, follow the location with the words “SPECIAL REPORT, (last two digits of the time) OBSERVATION.” d. Wind Direction and Speed. Announce wind direction and speed by stating the word WIND followed by the separate digits of the wind direction to the nearest 10 degrees and the separate digits of the speed. A “G” between two wind speed values is announced as GUSTS. Broadcast local wind as it appears in the report. Announce the variability of wind at the end of the wind group. (See TBL 2-1-1.) TBL 2-1-1 Wind Direction and Speed Wind Phraseology VRB04KT WIND VARIABLE AT FOUR. 00000KT WIND CALM. 26012KT WIND TWO SIX ZERO AT ONE TWO. 29012KT 260V320 WIND TWO NINER ZERO AT ONE TWO WIND VARIABLE BETWEEN TWO SIX ZERO AND THREE TWO ZERO. 30008KT WIND THREE ZERO ZERO AT EIGHT. 36012G20KT WIND THREE SIX ZERO AT ONE TWO GUSTS TWO ZERO. e. Visibility. Announce visibility as follows: (See TBL 2-1-2.) TBL 2-1-2 Visibility Contraction Phraseology M1 /4SM VISIBILITY LESS THAN ONE QUARTER. 0SM VISIBILITY ZERO. 1 /16SM VISIBILITY ONE SIXTEENTH. 1 /8SM VISIBILITY ONE EIGHTH. 3 /4SM VISIBILITY THREE QUARTERS. 11 /2SM VISIBILITY ONE AND ONE-HALF. 8SM VISIBILITY EIGHT. 25SM VISIBILITY TWO FIVE. NOTE- When visibility is less than 3 miles and variable, the variable limits will be reported in the remarks. f. RVR. When RVR is reported, announce in accordance with TBL 2-1-3. Omit RVR when it is not reported. Do not announce as missing. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-1-3 General TBL 2-1-3 RVR Contraction Phraseology R16/M0600FT RUNWAY ONE SIX VISUAL RANGE LESS THAN SIX HUNDRED. R17L/2400V 3000FT RUNWAY ONE SEVEN LEFT VISUAL RANGE VARIABLE BETWEEN TWO THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED AND THREE THOUSAND. R28L/3500FT RUNWAY TWO EIGHT LEFT VISUAL RANGE THREE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED. R35R/P6000FT RUNWAY THREE FIVE RIGHT VISUAL RANGE MORE THAN SIX THOUSAND. Note: “R-V-R” may be spoken in lieu of “visual range.” g. Weather Elements. TBL 2-1-4 depicts sample phraseology for weather element contractions. Intensity refers to precipitation, not descriptors. Proximity is spoken after the phenomenon to which it refers. Descriptors are spoken ahead of weather phenomenon with the exception of “showers” which is spoken after the precipitation. Table TBL 2-1-8 contains a complete list of weather elements and appropriate phraseology. TBL 2-1-4 Examples of combining intensity, descriptors and weather phenomenon. Contractions Phraseology BLSN BLOWING SNOW. FZDZ FREEZING DRIZZLE. FZRA FREEZING RAIN. -FZRAPL LIGHT FREEZING RAIN, ICE PELLETS. MIFG SHALLOW FOG. SHRA RAIN SHOWERS. +TSRA THUNDERSTORM, HEAVY RAIN (SHOWERS)1. TSRA THUNDERSTORM, RAIN. +TSRAGR THUNDERSTORM, HEAVY RAIN, HAIL. -SHRA LIGHT RAIN SHOWERS. SHSN SNOW SHOWERS. VCSH SHOWERS IN THE VICINITY. 1 Since thunderstorms imply showery precipitation, “showers” may be used to describe precipitation that accompany thunderstorms. h. Ceiling and sky coverage. 1. Broadcast Sky Coverage in the same order as reported on the weather observation. Announce ceiling as follows: (See TBL 2-1-5.) TBL 2-1-5 Ceiling and Sky coverage Contraction Phraseology BKN000 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED. BKN000 CEILING LESS THAN FIVE ZERO BROKEN. FEW0001 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED. FEW000 FEW CLOUDS AT LESS THAN FIVE ZERO. SCT0001 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED. SCT000 LESS THAN FIVE ZERO SCATTERED. (lowest layer aloft) BKN/ OVC (precede with) CEILING. VV INDEFINITE CEILING. 1 Surface-based obscurations. Requires remarks, i.e. RMK FG SCT000, FU BKN000, etc.  No remark means the layer is aloft. 2. State cloud heights in tens, hundreds and/or thousands of feet. (See TBL 2-1-6.) TBL 2-1-6 Cloud Heights Number Phraseology 0001 ZERO. 003 THREE HUNDRED. 018 ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED. 200 TWO ZERO THOUSAND. 1 Spoken as zero only when used with VV. NOTE- When the ceiling is less than 3,000 feet and variable, the variable limits will be reported in the remarks. 3. Announce sky conditions as indicated. (See TBL 2-1-7.) TBL 2-1-7 Sky Conditions Contraction Phraseology BKN (height) BROKEN. CLR1 CLEAR BELOW ONE TWO THOUSAND. FEW FEW CLOUDS AT (height). SCT (height) SCATTERED. SKC CLEAR. OVC (height) OVERCAST. 1 Automated weather reports. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-1-4 General TBL 2-1-8 Weather Elements QUALIFIER WEATHER PHENOMENA INTENSITY or PROXIMITY 1 DESCRIPTOR 2 PRECIPITATION 3 OBSCURATION 4 OTHER 5 - Light MI Shallow DZ Drizzle BR Mist PO Well- Developed Dust/Sand Whirls BC Patchy RA Rain FG Fog SQ Squalls Moderate (No Qualifier) DR Low Drifting SN Snow FU Smoke FC +FC Funnel Cloud, Tornado or Waterspout BL Blowing SG Snow Grains DU Dust SS Sandstorm + Heavy SH Showers IC Ice Crystals SA Sand DS Duststorm TS Thunderstorm PL Ice Pellets HZ Haze VC In the Vicinity FZ Freezing GR Hail PY Spray PR Partial GS Small Hail or Snow Pellets (_1/4”) VA Volcanic Ash UP *Unknown Precipitation * Automated stations only.

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4. The following are examples of broadcast phraseology of sky and ceiling conditions: (See TBL 2-1-9.) TBL 2-1-9 Sky and ceiling conditions Condition Phraseology BKN000 BKN010 BKN050 RMK FG BKN000 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED, CEILING ONE THOUSAND BROKEN, FIVE THOUSAND BROKEN. FOG OBSCURING FIVE TO SEVEN EIGHTS OF THE SKY. BKN010 CEILING ONE THOUSAND BROKEN. SCT000 SCT020 OVC035 RMK FG SCT000 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED, TWO THOUSAND SCATTERED, CEILING THREE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED OVERCAST. FOG OBSCURING THREE TO FOUR EIGHTS OF THE SKY. SCT020 OVC250 TWO THOUSAND SCATTERED, CEILING TWO FIVE THOUSAND OVERCAST. VV000 INDEFINITE CEILING ZERO. VV012 INDEFINITE CEILING ONE THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-1-5 General i. Temperature and Dew Point. Announce temper- ature and dew point in degrees Celsius. Temperatures below zero are preceded with an M and are announced by prefixing the word MINUS to the values. When the temperature and dew point spread is greater than 3 degrees, broadcast only the temperature. (See TBL 2-1-10.) TBL 2-1-10 Temperature and Dew Point Value Phraseology 02/M01 TEMPERATURE TWO, DEW POINT MINUS ONE. 14/09 TEMPERATURE ONE FOUR. 36/34 TEMPERATURE THREE SIX, DEW POINT THREE FOUR. j. Altimeter Setting. Announce the four digits of the altimeter setting. (See TBL 2-1-11.) TBL 2-1-11 Altimeter Setting Phraseology A2989 ALTIMETER TWO NINER EIGHT NINER. A3025 ALTIMETER THREE ZERO TWO FIVE. k. Remarks. Announce pertinent remarks. Do not broadcast additive data or other information intended for NWS analysis or processing that does not contribute to the description of the weather occurring at the station. (See TBL 2-1-12.) TBL 2-1-12 Remarks Remarks Phraseology ACSL OVR RDG SW STANDING LENTICULAR ALTOCUMULUS OVER RIDGE SOUTHWEST. FG SCT000 FOG OBSCURING THREE TO FOUR EIGHTHS OF SKY. FU SCT012 SMOKE LAYER ONE THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED SCATTERED. SCT020 V BKN TWO THOUSAND SCATTERED VARIABLE BROKEN. OCNL LTGCG OHD TS OHD MOV E OCCASIONAL LIGHTNING CLOUD TO GROUND OVERHEAD. THUNDERSTORM OVERHEAD MOVING EAST VIS 3/4V1 1/2 VISIBILITY VARIABLE BETWEEN THREE QUARTERS AND ONE AND ONE HALF. VIS NE 3 S 2 VISIBILITY NORTHEAST THREE, SOUTH TWO. 2-1-7. CURRENT DATA An aviation surface report is considered current for 1_hour beyond the standard time of observation (H+00) unless superseded by a special or local observation or by the next hourly report. Do not broadcast obsolete data. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-2-1 Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB) (Alaska Only) Section 2. Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB) (Alaska Only) 2-2-1. GENERAL a. Transcribed weather broadcast service provides continuous aeronautical and meteorological informa- tion on L/MF and VOR facilities. b. At TWEB equipment locations controlling two or more VORs, the one used least for ground-to-air communications, preferably the nearest VOR, may be used as a TWEB outlet simultaneously with the NDB facility. Where this is accomplished, capability to manually override the broadcast shall be provided for emergency communications. 2-2-2. CONTENT User needs should dictate the content of these recordings. Required items are denoted with an asterisk (*). a. *Introduction. State the preparation time. PHRASEOLOGY- TRANSCRIBED AVIATION WEATHER BROADCAST PREPARED AT (time) ZULU. b. *Adverse Conditions. Extracted from WST, WS, WA, CWA and AWW. PHRASEOLOGY- WEATHER ADVISORIES ARE IN EFFECT FOR (adverse conditions) OVER (geographical area) (summary). c. Synopsis. A brief statement describing the type, location, and movement of weather systems and/or masses which might affect the route or the area. d. TWEB Route Forecasts. Broadcast from appropriate forecast data. Include the valid time of forecasts. PHRASEOLOGY- ROUTE FORECAST(S) VALID UNTIL (time) ZULU. e. Winds Aloft Forecast. Broadcast winds aloft forecast for the location nearest to the TWEB. The broadcast should include the levels from 3,000 to 12,000 feet, but shall always include at least two forecast levels above the surface. PHRASEOLOGY- WINDS ALOFT FORECAST VALID UNTIL (time) ZULU. (Location) (Altitude) (direction) AT (speed). f. Radar Reports (RAREP). Use local or pertinent RAREPs. If the facility has access to real time weather radar equipment, summarize observed data using the RAREPs to determine precipitation type, intensity, movement, and height. g. *Surface Weather Reports. Record surface reports as described in para 2-1-6, Weather Report Phraseology. 1. Broadcast local reports first, then the remainder of the reports beginning with the first station east of true north and continuing clockwise around the TWEB location. 2. Announce the location name of a surface report once. (a) Surface weather broadcast introduction: PHRASEOLOGY- AVIATION WEATHER, (4 digits of time), ZULU OBSERVATIONS. (b) Special weather reports: PHRASEOLOGY(Location name) SPECIAL REPORT (last 2 digits of time) OBSERVATION, (weather report). h. *Density Altitude. Include temperature and the statement “CHECK DENSITY ALTITUDE” as part of the surface weather broadcast for any station with a field elevation of 2,000 feet MSL or above that meets the following criteria: (See TBL 2-2-1.) TBL 2-2-1 Density Altitude Field Elevation Temperature (C) 2,000-2,999 29 degrees or higher 3,000-3,999 27 degrees or higher 4,000-4,999 24 degrees or higher 5,000-5,999 21 degrees or higher 6,000-6,999 18 degrees or higher 7,000-higher 16 degrees or higher i. Pilot Weather Reports. Summarize PIREPs and, if the weather conditions meet soliciting require- ments, append a request for PIREPs. 1. Summary. PHRASEOLOGY- PILOT WEATHER REPORTS SUMMARY (text). JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-2-2 Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB) (Alaska Only) 2. *Request for PIREPs, if applicable. (See para_9-2-5, Soliciting PIREPs.) PHRASEOLOGY- PILOT WEATHER REPORTS ARE REQUESTED (location, area) FOR (cloud tops, icing, turbulence, etc.). j. *ALNOT Alert Announcement, if applicable. PHRASEOLOGY- OVERDUE AIRCRAFT ALERT, (time) ZULU (aircraft identification), (color), (type), DEPARTED (airport) VIA (route), (destination). LAST KNOWN POSITION (state last known position). THIS AIRCRAFT IS OVERDUE. ALL AIRCRAFT ARE REQUESTED TO MONITOR ONE TWO ONE POINT FIVE FOR E-L-T SIGNAL. INFORM THE NEAREST F-A-A FACILITY OF ANY INFORMATION REGARDING THIS AIRCRAFT. k. *Closing statement. PHRASEOLOGY- FOR NOTAM, MILITARY TRAINING ACTIVITY, OR OTHER SERVICES, CONTACT A FLIGHT SERVICE STATION. 2-2-3. TESTING TWEB EQUIPMENT When TWEB equipment is to be tested, broadcast an advisory to this effect. Care shall be exercised to ensure no obsolete information is broadcast during a testing period. 2-2-4. SERVICE MAY BE SUSPENDED TWEB service may be suspended: a. For routine maintenance only during periods when weather conditions within 100 miles of the broadcast outlet are equal to or better than a ceiling of 3,000 feet and visibility of 5 miles. b. When the equipment fails. If a malfunction occurs in the recording or control unit but the tape transport unit remains operative, continue broadcast- ing current data. Remove data as it becomes obsolete. 2-2-5. MONITORING a. At TWEB equipment locations, listen to at least one complete TWEB cycle each hour. Check for completeness, accuracy, speech rate, and proper enunciation. Correct any noted irregularities. b. If practical: 1. The control facility shall monitor the transmissions through local outlet. 2. The AFSS/FSS associated with a remote outlet shall monitor the transmissions for a sufficient period each hour to assure voice quality and clarity. c. Promptly correct or inform the TWEB facility of any irregularities. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-3-1 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) for Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS) Section 3. Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) for Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS) 2-3-1. GENERAL a. TIBS provides a continuous telephone record- ing of meteorological and/or aeronautical informa- tion. 1. TIBS shall contain: (a) Area and/or route briefings. (b) Airspace procedures, if applicable. (c) Special announcements, if applicable. 2. TIBS should also contain, but not be limited to: (a) Surface observations (METARs). (b) Terminal forecasts (TAFs). (c) Winds/temperatures aloft forecasts. NOTE- User needs should dictate the content of these recordings. b. Each AFSS shall provide at least four route and/or area briefings. As a minimum, area briefings should encompass a 50 NM radius. Each briefing should require the pilot to access no more than two channels which shall be route and/or area specific. Pilots shall have access to NOTAM data through one of the following: 1. Area or route briefings. 2. On separate channels which are designated specifically for NOTAM. 3. By access to a briefer. c. Separate channels shall be designated for each route, area, local meteorological/aeronautical in- formation, special event, airspace procedures, etc. EXAMPLE201 Houston local area (75 NMR) 202 Houston to New Orleans 203 Houston to Brownsville 204 Houston to Midland 205 Houston to Dallas/Ft. Worth 206 Houston area surface observations 207 Houston area terminal forecasts 208 Houston to Shreveport 209-224 (Facility discretion as user needs dictate) 2-3-2. AREA/ROUTE BRIEFING PROCEDURES Service is provided 24 hours a day, but may be reduced in accordance with para 2-1-4. Recorded information shall be updated as conditions change; e.g., conditions improve from IFR to MVFR or from MVFR to VFR, or conditions decrease from VFR to MVFR or from MVFR to IFR. Area and route forecast channels shall be updated whenever material is updated. a. Introduction. State the preparation time and the route and/or the area of coverage. The service area may be configured to meet the individual facility's needs; e.g., 50 NM radius, route oriented. NOTE- For the purpose of TIBS broadcasts, an area briefing may be a geographic location not defined by a nautical mile radius, for example, NORTHWEST NEBRASKA. PHRASEOLOGY- THIS RECORDING PREPARED AT (time) LOCAL or (time) ZULU. BRIEFING SUMMARY FOR: A (number of miles) NAUTICAL MILE RADIUS OF (location), or (location not defined by nautical mile radius), or THE ROUTE FROM (location) TO (location). b. Adverse Conditions. Include WST, WS, WA, CWA, AWW, UUA and any other available information that may adversely affect flight in the route/area. PHRASEOLOGY- WEATHER ADVISORIES ARE IN EFFECT FOR (adverse conditions) OVER (geographic area) (text). c. VFR Not Recommended Statement. Include this recommendation when current or forecast conditions, surface or aloft, would make flight under visual flight rules doubtful. PHRASEOLOGY- V-F-R FLIGHT NOT RECOMMENDED (location) DUE TO (conditions). d. Synopsis. A brief statement describing the type, location, and movement of weather systems and/or masses which might affect the route or the area. This JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-3-2 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) for Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS) element may be combined with adverse conditions and/or the VNR element, in any order, when it will help to more clearly describe conditions. e. Current Conditions. Include current weather conditions over the route/area and PIREPs on conditions reported aloft. NOTE- When communicating weather information on the TIBS broadcast or telephone, specialists may announce cloud heights in either group form or in hundreds or thousands of feet, such as, seventeen thousand or one seven thousand. f. Density Altitude. Include the statem ent “CHECK DENSITY ALTITUDE” as part of the surface weather broadcast for any weather reporting point with a field elevation of 2,000 feet MSL or above that reaches the criteria found in TBL 2-2-1. g. En Route Forecast. Include forecast informa- tion from appropriate data; e.g., FA Synopsis, TAFs and weather advisories. h. Winds Aloft. Include winds aloft as forecast for the route/area as interpolated from forecast data for the local and/or the adjacent reporting locations for levels through 12,000 feet. The broadcast should include the levels from 3,000 to 12,000 feet, but shall always include at least two forecast levels above the surface. i. Request for PIREPs. When weather conditions within the area or along the route meet requirements for soliciting PIREPs (para 9-2-5), include a request in the recording. PHRASEOLOGY- PILOT WEATHER REPORTS ARE REQUESTED. CONTACT FLIGHT WATCH OR FLIGHT SERVICE, AS APPROPRIATE. j. NOTAM information that affects the route/area may be included as part of the briefing, on a separate channel, or obtained by direct contact with a pilot weather briefer. k. Military Training Activity. Include a statement in the closing announcement to contact a briefer for information on military training activity. l. Closing Announcement. The closing announce- ment shall be appropriate for the facility equipment and the mode of operation; e.g., refer to the appropriate channel or briefer for NOTAM and military training activity information. 2-3-3. MONITORING a. Manually prepared meteorological recordings shall be monitored immediately after recording and as necessary to insure accuracy of data. Non-meteor- ological recordings shall be monitored and checked for quality and accuracy immediately after recording and once each shift. After each recording, the TIBS shall be checked for availability by calling 1-800-WX-BRIEF or a locally designated phone number. Subsequent checks may be accomplished using local monitoring. b. Automated TIBS products shall be monitored once each shift to ensure clarity and accuracy. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-4-1 Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS) Section 4. Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS) 2-4-1. GENERAL a. Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS) is a continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories including summarized AWWs, SIGMETs, convective SIGMETs, CWAs, AIRMETs, and urgent PIREPs. b. The HIWAS broadcast area is defined as that area within 150 NM of HIWAS outlets assigned to your facility. 2-4-2. PRIORITY HIWAS broadcast shall not be interrupted/delayed except for emergency situations, when an aircraft requires immediate attention, or for reasonable use of the voice override capability on specific HIWAS outlets in order to use the limited RCO to maintain en route communications. The service shall be provided 24 hours a day. a. Make the following announcement if there are no hazardous weather advisories in the HIWAS broadcast area. PHRASEOLOGY- THIS RECORDING PREPARED AT (time) ZULU. THERE ARE NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER ADVISORIES WITHIN A ONE-FIVE-ZERO NAUTICAL MILE RADIUS OF THIS HIWAS OUTLET. b. The update recording shall be completed as soon as practicable, but not more than 15 minutes from time of receipt of new hazardous weather information. 2-4-3. CONTENT Record hazardous weather information occurring within the HIWAS broadcast area. The broadcast shall include the following elements: a. Statement of introduction including the appro- priate area(s) and a recording time. PHRASEOLOGY- HIWAS WITHIN A ONE-FIVE-ZERO NAUTICAL MILE RADIUS OF (geographic area) RECORDED AT (time) ZULU (text). NOTE- Border facilities shall append “in domestic U.S. airspace” to the geographical area text in the introduction statement. b. Statement of hazardous weather, including WSTs, WSs, WAs, UUAs, AWWs, and CWAs. c. Request for PIREPs, if applicable. (See para 9-2-5.) PHRASEOLOGY- PILOT WEATHER REPORTS ARE REQUESTED. d. Recommendation to contact AFSS/FSS/ FLIGHT WATCH for additional details concerning hazardous weather. PHRASEOLOGY- CONTACT FLIGHT WATCH OR FLIGHT SERVICE, AS APPROPRIATE, FOR ADDITIONAL DETAILS. 2-4-4. BROADCAST PROCEDURES a. Upon receipt of new hazardous weather information: 1. HIWAS facilities shall update the HIWAS broadcast. 2. Make a HIWAS update announcement once on all communications/NAVAID frequencies except on emergency, EFAS, and navigational frequencies already dedicated to continuous broadcast services. Delete reference to Flight Watch when those services are closed. PHRASEOLOGY- ATTENTION ALL AIRCRAFT, HAZARDOUS WEATHER ADVISORY UPDATE FOR (geographical area) IS AVAILABLE ON HIWAS, OR CONTACT FLIGHT WATCH, OR FLIGHT SERVICE. b. In the event that a HIWAS broadcast area is out of service, make the following announcement on all communications/NAVAID frequencies except on emergency, EFAS, and navigational frequencies already dedicated to continuous broadcast services: PHRASEOLOGY- ATTENTION ALL AIRCRAFT, HAZARDOUS WEATHER ADVISORY UPDATE IS AVAILABLE FROM FLIGHT WATCH OR FLIGHT SERVICE. NOTE- Simultaneous announcements may cause heterodyne JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 2-4-2 Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS) problems on multiple outlets having the same frequency and announcements may have to be rebroadcast to insure compliance. 2-4-5. SUSPENSION HIWAS broadcasts shall not be suspended for routine maintenance during periods when weather advisories have been issued for the HIWAS outlet area. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 3-1-1 General Chapter 3. Pilot Briefing Section 1. General 3-1-1. DEFINITION Pilot weather briefings are defined as “The translation of weather observations and forecasts, including surface, upper air, radar, satellite, and pilot reports into a form directly usable by the pilot or flight supervisory personnel to formulate plans and make decisions for the safe and efficient operation of aircraft.” These briefings shall also include informa- tion on NOTAM, flow control, and other items as requested. 3-1-2. PREDUTY REQUIREMENTS Before assuming pilot briefing duties, familiarize yourself sufficiently with aeronautical and meteoro- logical conditions to effectively provide briefing service. This includes: a. General locations of weather causing systems and general weather conditions for the entire contiguous United States and/or other briefing areas, as appropriate; e.g., Alaska, Hawaii, Mexico, Canada, Puerto Rico. b. Detailed information of current and forecast weather conditions for the geographical area deemed significant by the facility air traffic manager. c. Other pertinent items; e.g., NOTAM, MTR/ MOA activity. REFERENCE- Accomplish this in accordance with FAAO JO 7110.10, Para 1-3-3 and pertinent facility directives. 3-1-3. PREFLIGHT BRIEFING DISPLAY Provide a preflight briefing display for specialist/pi- lot use. The contents and method of display shall be based on individual facility requirements; e.g., available equipment, space. Additional displays, as required, shall be provided to ensure availability of information at all inflight and preflight positions. At the discretion of facility management, provide a separate display for pilot use. All material in such displays shall be kept updated. REFERENCE- Enhance facsimile charts in accordance with FAAO JO 7110.10, Para 3-1-4. 3-1-4. WEATHER DISPLAY PRODUCTS a. The weather graphic display should include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following analysis, prognosis, and data products: 1. Weather Depiction. 2. Surface Analysis. 3. Forecast Winds Aloft. 4. Current Winds Aloft. 5. National Radar Summary. 6. 850 MB. 7. 700 MB. 8. 500 MB. 9. 300 MB. 10. 200 MB. 11. Composite Moisture Stability Chart (Lifted Index, Precipitable Water, Freezing Level-Mean Relative Humidity). 12. 12- and 24-hour low level significant weather prognosis. 13. High level significant weather prognosis. 14. 36- and 48-hour surface prognosis. NOTE- Because of presentation limitations and techniques, some interim system products may not take on the same appearance as conventional facsimile products. During the transition into a national graphic weather display system (GWDS) program, some flexibility of product display, format, and content may be authorized. b. The utility of charts is greatly enhanced by coloring and shading. Use the symbols and colors shown in subparas 3d and e, on all weather chart displays. Facsimile products used for closed circuit television (CCTV) may be highlighted to accentuate the displays. In addition, to allow for the greatest contrast between shaded areas and symbology, different colors may be required to enhance color weather graphic systems. c. Map features. (See FIG 3-1-1.) d. Precipitation and obstruction to vision. (See FIG 3-1-2.) JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 3-1-2 General FIG 3-1-1 Map Features Chart FIG 3-1-2 Precipitation and Obstruction To Vision Chart e. The facsimile products which cannot be displayed shall be retained for specialist/pilot use. f. Interpret and summarize weather radar video displays and issue pertinent information on observed/ reported weather areas. 1. Use all available radar data and PIREPs to determine intensity, tops, area of coverage, move- ment, etc. REFERENCE- Pilot/Controller Glossary, Radar Weather Echo Intensity Levels. 2. Identify data obtained from sources other than radar video display by source and time of observation. 3. To the extent possible, define area of coverage in relation to VORs or airways for the route structure being flown. Airports or geographic points may be used to assist the pilot in relating coverage to route of flight or destination. EXAMPLE“A broken line of weak to intense echoes covers an area along and three zero miles east of a line from the Crazy Woman V-O-R to the Riverton V-O-R. Average tops between two-six thousand and three-four thousand. This line is increasing in intensity. Movement has been from northwest to southeast at three zero knots. The line includes an intense echo one five miles in diameter on Victor Two Ninety-eight forty-eight miles southeast of the JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 3-1-3 General Worland V-O-R, tops four three thousand. There are no known echoes within three-zero nautical miles of Victor Eight-five or Victor Two Ninety-eight south at this time.” 3-1-5. FORECASTS, WARNINGS, AND ADVISORIES a. Use only weather forecasts, warnings, and advisories issued by an NWS office (including CWSUs), the U.S. military, foreign governments, or FAA owned or leased graphics systems. b. Use the information in the Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) for preduty briefings, background, and supplemental information only. The MIS is a traffic flow planning product and is not to be used as an integral part of a briefing presentation. c. The OUTLOOK section of WSTs includes meteorological discussion information. Extract pertinent forecast data concerning convective activity location, movement, and intensity for briefing purposes. Do not provide discussion type information unless requested by the pilot. d. When an NWS forecast meets amendment criteria, request assistance from the appropriate NWS office. 3-1-6. UNAVAILABILITY OF DATA Use all available means to obtain the data required to brief pilots to their destination. If a complete briefing cannot be provided due to circuit problems or missing data, inform the pilot of this fact. Brief to the extent possible. As appropriate, furnish the pilot with the telephone number of another AFSS/FSS, or advise the pilot of the time you expect the data to be available. 3-1-7. TYPE OF BRIEFING TO BE CONDUCTED Provide the pilot with the type of briefing requested; i.e., standard, abbreviated, or outlook. When it is not clear initially which type briefing is desired, provide the first one or two items requested, and then ascertain if the pilot would like a standard briefing. If a standard briefing is requested, conduct the briefing in accordance with para 3-2-1. If the pilot does not desire a standard briefing, provide either an abbreviated briefing in accordance with para 3-2-2, or an outlook briefing, in accordance with para 3-2-3. 3-1-8. RECORDING PILOT BRIEFINGS a. FSS. Use FAA Form s 7233-1, 7233-2, 7233-5, and 7230-21 for recording pilot briefings. Document the briefing by one of the following methods: 1. FAA Form 7233-2. Use a separate form each day. Two or more forms may be used simultaneously at different operating positions. Complete boxes 1 through 3 on each form. Enter appropriate data in columns 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (if pertinent), and 9. The pilot's name may be substituted for the aircraft identification if unknown. As applicable, enter OTLK (outlook briefing), AB (abbreviated briefing), and/or VNR in column 8. 2. FAA Form 7233-1. Check the “pilot briefing” block, fill in specialist initials, and time started. As applicable, also enter AB, OTLK, and/or check the VNR block. 3. FAA Forms 7233-5/7230-21. Enter PB in block 14 if a briefing is provided. As applicable, also enter AB, OTLK, and/or VNR in the same block. b. M1. Pilot briefings are logged and stored on the DD file for accountability. The required elements are: PB (DESTINATION), (ACID), REMARKS. NOTE- If current partial exists for the proposed flight, DESTINATION and ACID are optional. EXAMPLE- PB Preflight Briefing logged using current partial. PB DSM Preflight Briefing logged bypassing destination in current partial. PB ,,VNR Preflight Briefing logged using current partial, with remarks added. PB DSM,, VNR Preflight Briefing logged bypassing destination in current partial, with remarks added. PB DSM,N1,VNR Preflight Briefing logged bypassing destination and ACID in current partial, with remarks added. c. OASIS. Pilot briefings are logged using the Briefing Log dialog box and stored in a history file for retrieval. The required elements for OASIS logging acceptance for a pilot weather brief are ACID and flight rules. As applicable, enter OTLK (outlook briefing), AB (abbreviated briefing), and/or VNR in the “Remarks” text box. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 3-1-4 General NOTE- Data used in the briefing request and contained in the Briefing Menu (Area, Region, Route, Selected Location), Flight Plan, or Flight Workspace dialog boxes will be automatically populated into the Briefing Log dialog box. Additional data to complete the Briefing Log may be entered directly into the Briefing Log dialog box. Detailed instructions are contained in the WINGS online help and the WINGS System Users Guide. d. Where recorders are used, facility management may limit entries on pilot briefing records to those required for facility use. e. Where fast-file recorders are used and the pilot states the source of a briefing on the recorder, it shall be entered in the remarks field of the flight plan. EXAMPLE- PB/DCA PB/DUATS JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 3-2-1 Preflight Pilot Briefing

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Section 2. Preflight Pilot Briefing 3-2-1. CONDUCT OF STANDARD BRIEFING a. Brief by translating, interpreting, and summa- rizing available data for the intended flight. Do not read individual weather reports or forecasts unless, in your judgment, it is necessary to emphasize an important point or unless specifically requested to do so by the pilot. Obtain the following information if it is pertinent and not evident or already known: 1. Type of flight planned. 2. Aircraft identification or pilot's name. 3. Aircraft type. 4. Departure point. 5. Route of flight. 6. Destination. 7. Flight altitude(s). 8. ETD and ETE. Pilot briefer shall issue the following cautionary advisory to a pilot planning a flight outside of United States controlled airspace, unless the pilot states “I have the international cautionary advisory.” PHRASEOLOGY- CHECK DATA AS SOON AS PRACTICAL AFTER ENTERING FOREIGN AIRSPACE, AS OUR INTERNATIONAL DATA MAY BE INACCURATE OR INCOMPLETE. b. Using all sources of weather and aeronautical information, provide the following data when it is applicable to the proposed flight. Provide items 1 through 8 in the sequence listed except as noted. 1. Adverse Conditions. Include this element when meteorological or aeronautical conditions are reported or forecast that might influence the pilot to alter the proposed flight. Emphasize conditions that are particularly significant, such as low level wind shear, thunderstorms, reported icing, frontal zones along the route of flight, airport closures, air traffic delays, etc. Weather advisories (WS, WA, WST, CWA, and AWW) shall be given by stating the type of advisory followed by the pertinent information. EXAMPLE``An AIRMET is in effect until 1400 for possible moderate turbulence below 10,000 feet over the mountainous area of southern California.” 2. VFR Flight Not Recommended (VNR). Include this statement when VFR flight is proposed and sky conditions or visibilities are present or forecast, surface or aloft, that in your judgment would make flight under visual flight rules doubtful. Describe the conditions, affected locations, and times. EXAMPLE``There are broken clouds along the entire route between niner and one one thousand feet at the present time. With the approach of a cold front, these clouds are forecast to become overcast and to lower to below seven thousand with mountains and passes becoming obscured. V-F-R flight is not recommended between Salt Lake City and Grand Junction after two two zero zero ZULU.” ``V-F-R flight is not recommended in the Seattle area until early afternoon. The current weather at Seattle is indefinite ceiling three hundred sky obscured, visibility one, mist, and little improvement is expected before one eight zero zero ZULU.” NOTE- This recommendation is advisory in nature. The decision as to whether the flight can be conducted safely rests solely with the pilot. 3. Synopsis. Provide a brief statement describ- ing the type, location, and movement of weather systems and/or air masses which might affect the proposed flight. This element may be combined with adverse conditions and/or the VNR element, in any order, when it will help to more clearly describe conditions. 4. Current Conditions. Summarize from all available sources reported weather conditions applicable to the flight. This element may be omitted if the proposed time of departure is beyond 2 hours unless the information is requested by the pilot. NOTE1. If the surface meteorological observation originates from an automated observation facility and is presented as a singular report, follow the location announcement with the phrase ``AUTOMATED.” JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 3-2-2 Preflight Pilot Briefing 2. The briefer should provide sufficient automated surface observation information when requested by the pilot or when deemed pertinent to the briefing. 5. En Route Forecast. Summarize from ap- propriate data (Area Forecast) TAFs, prognosis charts, weather advisories, etc., forecast conditions applicable to the proposed flight. Provide the information in a logical order; i.e., climb out, en route, and descent. 6. Destination Forecast. Provide the destina- tion forecast including significant changes expected within 1 hour before and after the ETA. 7. Winds Aloft. Provide forecast winds aloft for the proposed route using degrees of the compass. Interpolate wind directions and speeds between levels and stations as necessary. Provide temperature information on request. NOTE- OASIS will interpolate wind direction and speed between levels and stations as necessary if an altitude is provided. 8. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM). (a) Provide available NOTAM (L) (Flight Plan Area), NOTAM (D), and Prohibited Areas P-40, P-49, P-56, and the Special Flight Rules Area for Washington, DC, information pertinent to the flight. (b) For M1FC and OASIS facilities, provide Flight Data Center (FDC) NOTAM which are pertinent to the proposed flight and are not already carried in the Notices to Airmen publication. NOTE- OASIS separates Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) NOTAM from other FDC and General FDC NOTAM in the Weather and Aeronautical Briefing Window under a separate tabbed page labeled TFR. (c) For nonautomated Alaska FSS facilities, provide FDC NOTAM within 400 NM radius of your facility which are pertinent to the proposed flight and are not already carried in the Notices to Airmen publication. NOTE- If approved by the Flight Services Operations Area Office, the area may be adjusted to meet user requirements. (d) Combine this elem ent with current conditions when it would be logical and advanta- geous to do so. 9. ATC Delays. Inform the pilot of any known ATC delays and/or any flow control advisories on hand that might affect the proposed flight. 10. Request for PIREPs. Include this element when, in your judgment, a report of actual inflight conditions is beneficial or when conditions meet criteria for solicitation of PIREPs (para 9-2-5). Advise the pilot to contact Flight Watch or Flight Service to report en route conditions. 11. EFAS. When appropriate, inform pilots of the availability of Flight Watch for weather updates; e.g., thunderstorms, icing. 12. Upon request. (a) In addition to pertinent D NOTAM, provide information available to your position of operation on Special Use Airspace (SUA), SUA related airspace (i.e., Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspace (ATCAA)) and military training route (MTR) activity within your flight plan area plus an additional 100 NM extension. For all SUA and MTR data requests, advise the pilot that information may be incomplete and to contact the appropriate ATC facility for additional information while in flight. NOTE1. Pertinent D NOTAM include: Restricted Areas, Refueling Tracks, Prohibited Areas P-40, P-49, P-56, and the Special Flight Rules Area for Washington, DC. 2. For air to ground positions utilize information obtained from Special Use Airspace/In-Flight Service Enhancement (SUA/ISE) and Model 1 Full Capacity/Op- erational and Supportability Implementation System (M1FC/OASIS). For all other positions utilize informa- tion obtained from M1FC/OASIS. 3. SUA and related airspace includes the following types of airspace: Alert Area, Military Operations Area (MOA), Prohibited Area, Restricted Area, Refueling Anchor, Warning Area and Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspace (ATCAA). MTR data includes the following types of airspace: IFR Training Routes (IR), VFR Training Routes (VR), Slow Training Routes (SR) and Aerial Refueling Tracks (AR). (b) Review the appropriate aeronautical publications and inform the pilot of pertinent NOTAM, special notices, and other information about Prohibited Areas P-40, P-49, P-56, and the Special Flight Rules Area for Washington, DC, when pertinent to the flight. (c) Provide approximate density altitude data. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 3-2-3 Preflight Pilot Briefing (d) Provide information regarding such items as air traffic service and rules, customs/immigration procedures, ADIZ rules, SAR, Flight Watch, etc. (e) Provide LORAN C NOTAM. REFERENCE- FAAO 7930.2, Para 5-3-7c, NOTAM (D) NAVAID. (f) Provide military NOTAM. REFERENCE- FAAO 7930.2, Para 8-3-1, Military NOTAM Availability. (g) Provide GPS Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) Aeronautical Informa- tion. RAIM information shall be provided 1-hour before to 1-hour after the ETA, or a time frame requested by the pilot. (h) Provide runway friction measurement NOTAMs. (i) Provide Special FDC instrument approach procedure changes. 3-2-2. CONDUCT OF ABBREVIATED BRIEFING Provide an abbreviated briefing when a pilot requests information to supplement mass disseminated data; update a previous briefing; or when the pilot requests that the briefing be limited to specific information. Pilot briefers shall issue the following cautionary advisory to a pilot planning a flight outside of United States controlled airspace, unless the pilot states “I have the international cautionary advisory”: PHRASEOLOGY- CHECK DATA AS SOON AS PRACTICAL AFTER ENTERING FOREIGN AIRSPACE, AS OUR INTERNATIONAL DATA MAY BE INACCURATE OR INCOMPLETE. Conduct abbreviated briefings as follows: a. When a pilot desires specific information only, provide the requested information. If adverse conditions are reported or forecast, advise the pilot of this fact. Provide details on these conditions in accordance with subpara 3-2-1b1, at the pilot's request. b. When a pilot requests an update to a previous briefing, obtain from the pilot the time the briefing was received and necessary background information. To the extent possible, limit the briefing to appreciable changes in meteorological and aeronauti- cal conditions since the previous briefing. c. When a pilot requests information to supple- ment data obtained through AFSS/FSS mass dissemination media, obtain pertinent background information, the specific items required by the pilot, and provide the information in the sequence listed in subpara 3-2-1b. d. Solicit PIREPs in accordance with subpara 3-2-1b10. e. When a pilot requests to file a flight plan only, ask if he/she requires the latest information on adverse conditions along the route of flight. If he/she responds ``yes”: 1. Provide information on adverse conditions pertinent to the intended route of flight. 2. Provide details on these conditions in accordance with subpara 3-2-1b1. 3-2-3. CONDUCT OF OUTLOOK BRIEFING a. Provide an outlook briefing when the proposed departure is 6 hours or more from the time of the briefing. Conduct the briefing in accordance with subpara 3-2-1b, but limit the briefing to forecast data applicable to the proposed flight. Omit items 2, 4, and 7 through 11 unless specifically requested by the pilot or deemed pertinent by the briefer. b. When the proposed flight is scheduled to be conducted beyond the valid time of the available forecast material, provide a general outlook and then advise the pilot when complete forecast data will be available for the proposed flight. Upon request transfer the call to, or furnish the telephone number of the appropriate NWS office. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-1-1 General Chapter 4. Inflight Services Section 1. General 4-1-1. INFLIGHT SERVICES Inflight services are those provided to or affecting aircraft inflight or otherwise operating on the airport surface. This includes services to airborne aircraft, such as NAVAID monitoring and restoration, LAA, delivery of ATC clearances, advisories or requests, issuance of military flight advisory messages, EFAS, NOTAM, SAR communications searches, flight plan handling, transcribed or live broadcast, weather observations, PIREPs, and pilot briefings. NOTE- Provide inflight services in accordance with the procedures in this chapter to aircraft on a “first come, first served” basis, as circumstances permit. 4-1-2. EN ROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE (EFAS/FLIGHT WATCH) A service specifically designed to provide, upon pilot request, timely weather information pertinent to the type of flight, intended route of flight, and altitude. NOTE- The facilities providing this service are listed in the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD). 4-1-3. OPERATIONAL PRIORITY a. Emergency situations are those where life or property are in immediate danger. Aircraft in distress have priority over all other aircraft. b. Provide priority service to civilian air ambu- lance (LIFEGUARD), or military air evacuation (AIR EVAC, MED EVAC) flights. When requested by the pilot, provide notifications to expedite ground handling of patients, vital organs, or urgently needed medical materials. Assist the pilots of air ambulance/ evacuation aircraft to avoid areas of significant weather and turbulent conditions. NOTE- Air carrier/Air taxi usage of “Lifeguard” call sign indicates that operational priority is requested. c. Provide maximum assistance to search and rescue (SAR) aircraft performing a SAR mission. d. Provide special handling as required to expedite Flight Check and SAFI aircraft. 4-1-4. INFLIGHT WEATHER BRIEFING Upon request, provide the pilot with an inflight weather briefing, in accordance with the procedure outlined in Chapter 3, Section 2. The following cautionary advisory shall be issued to a pilot planning a flight outside of United States controlled airspace, unless the pilot states “I have the international cautionary advisory.” PHRASEOLOGY- CHECK DATA AS SOON AS PRACTICAL AFTER ENTERING FOREIGN AIRSPACE, AS OUR INTERNATIONAL DATA MAY BE INACCURATE OR INCOMPLETE. 4-1-5. INFLIGHT EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS a. Inflight equipment malfunctions include partial or complete failure of equipment which may affect either safety and/or the ability of the flight to proceed. Specialists may expect reports from pilots regarding VOR, ADF, Low Frequency Navigation Receivers, impairment of air-ground communications capabili- ty, or other equipment deemed appropriate by the pilot. b. When a pilot reports a flight equipment malfunction, determine the nature and extent of any assistance desired. c. Provide maximum assistance possible consis- tent with equipment, workload, and any special handling requested. d. Relay to other specialists or facilities who will subsequently handle the aircraft all pertinent details concerning the aircraft and any special handling requested or being provided. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-2-1 Data Recording Section 2. Data Recording 4-2-1. TYPES OF DATA RECORDED a. M1FC/OASIS entry for: 1. Flight plans and related messages. 2. Logging pilot briefings and aircraft contacts. 3. Service A/B messages. b. AISR/manual functions strip marking. 4-2-2. METHODS OF RECORDING DATA a. In M1FC and OASIS facilities, entries are made directly into the computer. NOTE- Inflight positions may use locally approved written procedures to record data during heavy traffic periods, however, aircraft contact information should be logged in the computer system as soon as practical. b. AISR facilities use FAA Form 7230-21 or FAA Form 7233-5 to record flight progress data or inflight pilot briefs. Flight notification messages may be used as substitutes for strips. c. Use control/clearance symbols, abbreviations, location identifiers, and contractions for recording position reports, traffic clearances, and other data, where appropriate, in M1FC or OASIS entries and on flight progress strips. When recording data, you may use: 1. Plain language markings to supplement data when it will aid in understanding the recorded information. 2. Locally approved contractions and identifiers for frequently used terms and local fixes not listed in either FAAO JO 7340.2, Contractions or FAAO JO_7350.8, Location Identifiers. Use only within your facility, not on data or interphone circuits. All locally approved contractions and identifiers shall be placed in facility files for record and reference purposes. 3. Plain sheets of paper to record information when the use of flight progress strips is not feasible. 4. Blank paper to record lengthy ATC clear- ances or in the case of numerous contacts with the same aircraft; e.g., orientation or emergencies. d. To prevent misinterpretation of data hand printed on flight progress strips, use the standard hand-printed characters shown in FIG 4-2-1. FIG 4-2-1 Hand-Printed_Characters_Chart 7/31/08 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-2-2 Data Recording NOTE- A slant line crossing through the numeral zero and an underline of the letter “S” on handwritten portions of flight progress strips are required only when there is reason to believe the lack of these markings could lead to a misunderstanding. A slant line through the numeral zero is required on all weather data. e. To correct or update data, draw a horizontal line through it and write the correct information adjacent to it. f. Do not erase any item. 4-2-3. IFR/VFR/DVFR FLIGHT PLAN RECORDING a. Use FAA Form 7233-1 to record flight plans in an AISR facility, and forward information on flight plan modifications, cancellations, activations, and closures to the appropriate position for handling. b. M1FC VFR/DVFR Flight Plan. The following commands are normally used in the performance of VFR/DVFR flight plan functions. 1. Flight Plan Filing. (See TBL 4-2-1.) TBL 4-2-1 Flight Plan Filing Command Result FP Displays blank domestic flight plan mask. (Fill in mask) Enter flight plan elements as required. GI Transmits flight plan. 2. Flight Plan Modification. (See TBL 4-2-2.) TBL 4-2-2 Flight Plan Modification Command Result FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID. (Modify data) Flight plan elements as required using TAB key. STPM Existing flight plan replaced by modified flight plan on proposed list. STIM Existing flight plan replaced by modified flight plan on inbound list. 3. Cancel Flight Plan. (See TBL 4-2-3.) TBL 4-2-3 Cancel Flight Plan Command Result FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID. CX Flight plan cancelled. CX (remarks) Flight plan cancelled with remarks. NOTE- A cancelled flight plan is one that has not been activated. 4. Flight Plan Activation. (See TBL 4-2-4.) TBL 4-2-4 Flight Plan Activation Command Result FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID. (Change P Time to D Time) Prepares Flight plan for transmission. GI Flight notification is transmitted. 5. Flight Plan Closure. When closing a VFR flight plan, obtain departure point and destination, if not already known. (See TBL 4-2-5.) NOTE- OASIS VFR/DVFR Flight Plan. Use the flight plan functions to record domestic VFR/DVFR flight plan filing, modification, cancellation, activation and closure data. Detailed instructions are contained in the WINGS online help and the WINGS System Users Guide. TBL 4-2-5 Flight Plan Closure Command Result CL ACID Flight plan closed. CL ACID, (remarks) Flight plan closed with remarks. c. M1FC IFR Flight Plans. The following com- mands are normally used in the performance of IFR flight plan functions. 1. Flight Plan Filing. (See TBL 4-2-6.) TBL 4-2-6 Flight Plan Filing Command Result FP Displays blank domestic flight plan mask. (Fill in mask) Enter flight plan elements as required. GI Transmits flight plan with route validation. GI RO Transmits flight plan by-passing route validation. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-2-3 Data Recording 2. Flight Plan Modification. (See TBL 4-2-7.) TBL 4-2-7 Flight Plan Modification Command Result FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID. (Modify data) Modify flight plan elements as required using TAB key. STPM Existing flight plan replaced by modified flight plan on proposed list. 3. Cancel Flight Plan. (See TBL 4-2-8.) NOTE- OASIS IFR Flight Plan. Use the flight plan functions to record IFR flight plan filing, modification and cancellation data. Detailed instructions are contained in the WINGS online help and the WINGS System Users Guide. TBL 4-2-8 Cancel Flight Plan Command Result FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID. CX Flight plan cancelled. CX (remarks) Flight plan cancelled with remarks. 4-2-4. PILOT WEATHER REPORTS a. PIREPs are formatted for input into M1FC by the use of “Display PIREP entry format (WY)” keyword. The following commands are required to transmit PIR EPs via the PIR EP mask. (See TBL 4-2-9.) TBL 4-2-9 PIREP Entry Command Result WY Displays the PIREP entry format mask. Formulate PIREP using either the free form area of the mask, or the mask, but not both. GI(s) (1) Transmits to the AWPs. (2) Generates P alert flag at all terminals enabled for P alerts within FSDPS family. b. In an AISR facility, use FAA Form 7110-2 or material deemed appropriate. c. PIREPs are formatted for input into OASIS by using a Transmit PIREP dialog box. A properly formatted pilot report will generate an Auto Update alarm at designated workstations. 4-2-5. LOGGING AIRCRAFT CONTACTS a. M1FC. Aircraft contacts and inflight briefings are logged and stored on the DD file for accountability. The required elements are: 1. Inflight Briefing (IB). 2. Type of Flight (TOF). 3. Type of Service (TOS). 4. ACID. 5. Remarks. EXAMPLE- IB (TOF),(TOS),(ACID), REMARKS. NOTE- If current partial exists, ACID is optional. (See TBL 4-2-10.) TBL 4-2-10 Type of Flight TOF (TYPE OF FLIGHT) IC IFR AIR CARRIER IG IFR GENERAL IM IFR MILITARY IT IFR AIR TAXI VC VFR AIR CARRIER VG VFR GENERAL VM VFR MILITARY VT VFR AIR TAXI Example: “IGI” = IFR General ICAO. For DVFR, replace “V” with “D.” For ICAO, add “I” to TOF. TOS (TYPE OF SERVICE) A ACFT contact & airport advisory AB ACFT contact, airport advisory & briefing B ACFT contact & briefing BLANK ACFT contact (See TBL 4-2-11.) JO 7110.10T 2/14/4-2-4 Data Recording TBL 4-2-11 Contacts & Inflight Briefings CB This is used to log general information in the DD file without adding to the traffic count. Current partial is by-passed. IB DG,,N1234, “Remarks” ACFT contact, DVFR General, ACID in current partial by-passed. IB IG,,,ALSTG ACFT contact, IFR General, Remarks. IB IGI,B,N1,VNR ACFT contact, IFR General ICAO, Briefing, ACID in current partial by-passed, Remarks. IB VM,B,, “Remarks” ACFT contact, VFR Military, Briefing. IB VG,A,, “Remarks” ACFT contact, VFR General, Airport Advisory. IB ,,N1,Remarks This is used to log additional radio contacts. b. OASIS. Aircraft contacts and inflight briefings are logged and stored in the history files for accountability. NOTE- ACID and Flight Rules are required to log an inflight briefing or aircraft contact. c. In the REMARKS block, locally approved contractions and identifiers may be used for frequently used terms not listed in either FAAO JO_7340.2, Contractions or FAAO JO 7350.8, Location Identifiers. d. If the inflight position is recorded, you may limit entries in the REMARKS to those necessary for your use. 4-2-6. FLIGHT PROGRESS STRIPS (FAA FORMS 7230-21 AND 7233-5) a. When officially used to record inflight data, use flight progress strips to record: 1. Aircraft contacts. 2. ATC clearances. 3. Pilot briefings on airborne aircraft. 4. Other operationally significant items. b. Use one flight progress strip for each flight, and record all contacts with that flight on the same strip. If supplemental strips are needed for additional writing space, keep the original and supplemental strips together and consider them as one strip. 4-2-7. FLIGHT PROGRESS STRIPS AND ENTRY DATA a. Flight progress strip. (See FIG 4-2-2.) FIG 4-2-2 Flight Progress Strip b. Flight progress strip entry. (See FIG 4-2-3.) 3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 7/31/08 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-2-5 Data Recording FIG 4-2-3 Strip Entry 1 FIG 4-2-4 Strip Entry 2 FIG 4-2-5 Flight Progress Strip Flight progress strip Item and Information. (See TBL 4-2-12.) JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-2-6 Data Recording TBL 4-2-12 Item and Information Item Information 1 ACID (To identify IFR aircraft piloted by solo USAF under-graduate pilot, the letter Z will be added to aircraft ID on the flight progress strip. Do not use the suffix in ground-to-air communications.) 2 Type of aircraft/special equipment. 3 TAS and altitude (IFR). Altitude (VFR/DVFR, if known). 4 Departure point. 5 Route of flight. 6 Destination. 7 Actual departure time, or Time VFR flight plan activated. 8 ETA at destination. 9 Estimated time of fuel exhaustion. 10 Type of flight. 11 Action time; e.g., overdue time, fuel exhaustion time, LR contact time. 12 Time of contact with pilot. 13 Information received from pilot/another facility. 14 Data issued to the aircraft. Flight progress strip abbreviation. (See TBL 4-2-13) TBL 4-2-13 Abbreviation Abbreviation Meaning _ Over Flight. ↓Inbound Flight. _ Outbound Flight. I IFR. IR Island Reporting. D DVFR. LR Lake Reporting. S SVFR. V VFR. MR Mountain Reporting. SR Swamp Reporting. Flight progress strip abbreviation. (See TBL 4-2-14) TBL 4-2-14 Abbreviation Abbreviation Meaning A AIRMET (WA). AA Airport Advisory. CWT Caution Wake Turbulence. DA Decided Against Flight. DD Decided to Delay Flight. DW Downwind. FP Filed Flight Plan. IC Incomplete Briefing. PB Pilot Brief. RY Runway. S SIGMET (WS) and/or Convective SIGMET (WST). VNR VFR Flight not recommended (Pilot Brief). c. Record ATC instructions and clearances completely and exactly. d. Summarize other data using approved symbols and contractions.

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e. Do not record issuance of altimeter setting unless that is the only information provided during the contact. f. When flight notification messages are used to record flight progress data, cut or tear the paper to fit the strip holder. Enter items 10 through 14 in the corresponding numbered location illustrated in FIG 4-2-4. 4-2-8. AIRCRAFT CONTACTS a. Use a flight progress strip, the aircraft proposal, or flight notification message to record information on aircraft contacts. Inflight and flight watch contacts may be logged in either M1FC or OASIS equipment, on flight progress strips, or on facility approved alternate forms. b. If the station has the aircraft's flight plan, enter FP in space 14 to show FAA Form 7233-1 is filed in the facility. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-2-7 Data Recording c. If there is no flight plan on file for the aircraft contacting the station, obtain and post the following: 1. ACID. 2. Type of flight. 3. Time of contact. 4. Aircraft contact record. 5. Other items which are operationally signifi- cant. d. If the inflight position is recorded, you may limit entries in the aircraft contact portion of the strip to those necessary for your use. TBL 4-2-15 Clearance Abbreviation Abbreviation Meaning A Cleared to airport (point of intended landing). B Center clearance delivered. C ATC clears (when clearance relayed through non-ATC facility). CAF Cleared as filed. D Cleared to depart from the fix. F Cleared to the fix. H Cleared to hold and instructions issued. L Cleared to land. N Clearance not delivered. O Cleared to the outer marker. PD Cleared to climb/descend at pilot's discretion. Q Cleared to fly specified sectors of a NAVAID defined in terms of courses, bearings, radials, or quadrants within a designated radius. T Cleared through (for landing and takeoff through intermediate point). V Cleared over the fix. X Cleared to cross (airway, route, radial) at (point). Z Tower jurisdiction.

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4-2-9. CONTROL SYMBOLOGY a. Use authorized control and clearance symbols or abbreviations for recording clearances, reports, and instructions. b. The following tables contain abbreviation and control information symbols. (See TBL 4-2-15 and TBL 4-2-16.) TBL 4-2-16 Miscellaneous Abbreviation Abbreviation Meaning BC Back course approach. CT Contact approach. FA Final approach. GPS GPS approach. I Initial approach. ILS ILS approach. MA Missed approach. MLS MLS approach. NDB Nondirectional radio beacon approach. OTP VFR conditions-on-top. PA Precision approach. PT Procedure turn. RH Runway heading. RP Report immediately upon passing (fix/altitude). RX Report crossing. SA Surveillance approach. SI Straight-in approach. TA TACAN approach. TL Turn left. TR Turn right. VA Visual approach. VR VOR approach. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-2-8 Data Recording FIG 4-2-6 Control Information Symbols Chart 1 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-2-9 Data Recording FIG 4-2-7 Control Information Symbols Chart 2 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 4-3-1 Radio Communications