balance平衡

航空

balance平衡

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航空

A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
• Table of contents
• Flight operations duties
• European Applicable Regulation
• General
• General aircraft limitations
• Payload Range
• Operating limitations
• In flight performance
• One engine inoperative performance
• Flight planning
• Weight and Balance
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
BALANCE :
 1. Limits
 2. Expression
 3. Calculation
 4. The Index method
 5. Operational limits
 6. Balance and fuel consumption
JAR OPS 1 Sub-part J
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
CG
mg
Forward
limit
manoeuvrability
Aft
limit
stability
 Certified limits :
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
BALANCE :
 1. Limits
 2. Expression
 3. Calculation
 4. The Index method
 5. Operational limits
 6. Balance and fuel consumption
JAR OPS 1 Sub-part J
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Origin chosen by
the manufacturer
O
MAC
 Balance is expressed in percent of MAC
MAC : Mean Aerodynamic Chord
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
O
a
l
CG
 Characteristics of the MAC
 its length : l
 the station of its leading edge : a
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
X
2.540 m
a = 17.8015 m
l = 4.1935 m
O
Z
 Example :
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
O
a
l
mg
CG
d
B% = 100 d - a
l
 Balance is expressed in percent of MAC :
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
x
a = 17.8015 m
l = 4.1935 m
d = 18.800 m
B% = 100 d - a
l
2.540 m
B% = 23.8%
 Example :
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
BALANCE :
 1. Limits
 2. Expression
 3. Calculation
 4. The Index method
 5. Operational limits
 6. Balance and fuel consumption
JAR OPS 1 Sub-part J
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
O
mg
CG
d
m1g
d1
m2g
d2
mig
di
mgd = mbgdb +m1gd1 +..........migdi+ .....mngdn
m = mb + m1 + ...... + mi + .......mn
mbg
db
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
C% = 100
 midi
m - a
l
mgd = mbgdb +m1gd1 +..........migdi+ .....mngdn
m = mb + m1 + ...... + mi + .......mn
d =  midi
m
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
BALANCE :
 1. Limits
 2. Expression
 3. Calculation
 4. The Index method
 5. Operational limits
 6. Balance and fuel consumption
JAR OPS 1 Sub-part J
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Index = moment
 with a new origin O' (D : station of O')  mg (d-D)
I = A +mg
B (d - D) A & B
constant
O'
D
O CG
d
corrected in order to obtain a number between 0 and 100 :
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Example :
 A320 : D = 19 m A = 40 B = 1000g
O O'
D
CG
d
I = 40 + m
1000(d - 19)
Weighing  OEM = 39400 kg d = 18.8 m
OEM Index = 32.1
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
The aeroplane is divided in several zones : cargo
compartments; pax compartments; fuel tanks...
For each zone, a given mass mi (10 pax or 1000 kg)
located at di (CG of this zone) produces a variation
of Index Ii.
 OEM Index calculation :
from the weighing of the aeroplane
TOM Index calculation :
algebraic sum of the OEM Index and the Index due to
the loading of the aeroplane :
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Any mass located into
a zone ahead of O'
produces a negative I
Any mass located into
a zone behind O'
produces a positive I
Ii = (di - D) mig
B
O’
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
CGO 01 1000kg
CGO 02
CGO 03
Cabin OA 10 pax
Cabin OB No influence
Cabin OC
 TOM Index calculation
Index
2000kg
1000kg
1500kg
12 Pax
60 Pax
30 Pax
I(oem)
I(zfm)
Fuel +12
I(tom) Index
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
I = A +mg
B (a - D +l B%
100
)
I = A +mg
B (d - D) B% = 100 d - a
+ l
Balance vs mass and TOM Index is given by
parametrized straight lines :
 Balance determination regarding TOM Index
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Index
A Index
B1% Bn%
0
mass
mmin
Aft certified limit
Fwd certif. lim
I(tom)
tom
B%
 Balance determination regarding TOM Index
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
BALANCE :
 1. Limits
 2. Expression
 3. Calculation
 4. The Index method
 5. Operational limits
 6. Balance and fuel consumption
JAR OPS 1 Sub-part J
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
B1% Bn% Index
0
mmin
Aft certified limit
Fwd certif. lim.
mass
Operational limits
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Operational limits to compensate deviations and
errors :
weighing errors, unaccounted modifications and/or
equipment variations
deviation of the actual CG, or in the distribution, of fuel,
baggage, cargo, actual passenger seating
deviation caused by the in-flight movement of the cabin
crew, pantry equipment and passengers
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Weight (kg) INDEX
1000 +3.76
2000 +2.69
3000 +1.63
4000 +0.57
5000 -0.35
6000 -1.21
7000 -1.97
8000 -2.66
9000 -3.19
10000 -3.25
11000 -2.79
12000 -1.84
13000 -2.27
14000 -3.64
15000 -5.19
16000 -6.75
17000 -8.29
18000 -9.85
FULL -11.14
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
BALANCE :
 1. Limits
 2. Expression
 3. Calculation
 4. The Index method
 5. Operational limits
 6. Balance and fuel consumption
JAR OPS 1 Sub-part J
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
CG
Wing
Lift
Pitch down
Download
 Influence of balance on fuel consumption
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Backward CG
If CG goes backward :
• Stabilizer download 
• Wing lift 
• AoA 
• Drag 
 fuel consumption 
 Influence of balance on fuel consumption
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Index
mass
ZFM balance
TOM balance
Outer tanks fueling
Inner tanks fueling
Center tank fueling
Auxiliary tank fueling
 Influence of balance on fuel consumption :
example A310
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Index
mass
Taxi, Take off,
climb to 20500 ftTransfer towards
H stabilizer tank
Forward transfert
Crossing down FL 200 :
fast forward transfer
Approach and
landing
Backward transfer
every 5 mn
 Influence of balance on fuel consumption :
example A310

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lenny

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shengjie199199

 

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tsi_07

谢谢斑竹，太感谢了

bocome

in flight performance 空中性能

tissle

好资料，学习中。。。