电信技术术语及词汇 － P

航空

PABX: Private Automatic Branch Exchange 专用自动交换分机
专用自动交换分机(PABX)是单个企业内部的自动电话交换系统。起初，此种被称为专用交换分机的系统要求使用人工接线员，但在当今几乎所有的专用交换分机都是自动运行的情况下，“PBX”通常与“PABX”相同。

PAD Switching 数据包装拆器交换
数据包装拆器（PAD）交换指的是一种在不同的操作状态下自动将传输耗损键切换进和切换出传输线路的技术。

Pair Cable 对绞电缆
对绞电缆指的是一种内部导体是处于交织状态的电缆。到目前为止，此种电缆是电信中最为常用的电缆。

Pair Gain 成对增益
成对增益指的是通讯系统所服务的用户数量少于该系统所使用的电线对。成对增益可以通过多路技术和聚合技术来实现。

Paired disparity code 成对不等性码 
成对不等性码是一种在电信中所使用的编码。在该编码内，部分或所有的字符均是由按照顺序使用来将总数不等更长序列的数字最小化为两组相对不等的数字代表。

PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation 脉冲调幅
脉冲调幅(PAM)是数据被以一系列周期性重复出现的脉冲振幅来编码的一种信号调幅形式。脉冲调幅没有脉冲编码调幅（PCM）使用的那么频繁。

Parallel Transmission 平行传输
平行传输是一种数据字符比特被同时在几个通道/端口上传输的数据传输方法。在平行传输中，编码信息是在有多个通道/端口的系统中被传输的。第一个端口被用来传输第一个最重要的比特（MSB），第二个端口传输第二个最重要的比特，依此类推下去。

Parity bit 校验位
校验位是为了检测和纠正错误而被插入电信数据流中的用户信息行的额外比特。

Partial Dial Tone 泛拨号音
泛拨号音是电话系统中的持续高音。它被用来提示呼叫方其尚未在实现设定的时间段内（从接收到拨号音开始计算的——永久信号状态）开始拨号，或其没有拨足够的数字（部分拨号状态）。它是一种提示呼叫人挂断后重拨的信号。

Partially Dedicated Access 部分专用通道
部分专用通道，又被称为“交换专用”、“专用切换”、“从入网到断网”和“从断网到入网”，是一种长途电话运营商通道方法。为了呼叫传输过程的第一部分或最后一部分和运营商网络的中间传输部分，非本地呼叫是长途电话运营商通过专用干线设备传输的。

Party Line 分机线路
分机线路是以向每个端口发送有差别的信号的方式服务于两个或两个以上的用户的线路。

Pass Along Method 沿线发送方法
沿线发送方法是一种信号发送方案。按照此种方法，信号发送信息是沿着有事先确定的物理连接的通道被发送的。 

Patch Panel 插线面板
插线面板是一种通常是汇聚在电信室内的，连接本地网络、其他通讯、或电子电气系统的网络端口。插线面板使得连接所有的电缆和地线导体变得容易。涉及连续性、绝缘或传到地面的信号质量的导体功能能够迅速地被交换或检测。

PBX: Private Branch Exchange 专用交换分机
专用交换分机(PBX)是由公司或机构所拥有的小型电话交换机。这些公司机构购买PBX的目的是为了较少从电话供租赁所需的总的电话线的数量。没有PBX，公司就需要每一个安装电话的员工租赁一条电话线路；相反，有了PBX，则只需要按照在一个时间内向外拨号的员工的最大数量租赁线路——通常大约只是分机数量的10％。在PBX系统中，每个电话被连接到PBX。当某个员工拿起电话拨打对外连接号码（通常是9）时，PBX就会将为该员工连接到外部线路。

PCM: Pulse-code Modulation 脉冲编码调制
脉冲编码调制(PCM)是将模拟信号（尤其是语音/图像信号）数字化的取样技术。它每秒钟可以对模拟信号取样8000次，每个取样是用64 Kbps总数中的8比特来表示的。目前，美国和日本采用Mu-law，而欧洲和世界上的国家则采用A-law。

PCV: Path Coding Violation 信道编码错误
信道编码错误(PCV)指的是DS1/T1界面中的一项错误。PCV错误是D4和E1-noCRC格式中的帧同步比特错误，或ESF和E1-CRC格式中的CRC错误。

PDH: Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 准同步数字系列
准同步数字系列(PDH)指的是由相对而言几乎是相同比特率和特征的信号，但不是和普通定时源同步的信号组成的协议。

Peak Load 最大负荷
最大负荷指的是在给定的时间段内信息流量的最大水平。它通常是以一天中流量达到最高值的某一个小时（高峰时间）来表示的。

Peg Count 占线计次
占线计次指的是衡量占以一个或一个以上服务器为一组服务器中的一个服务器的次数。

Permanent Calls 持久性呼叫
持久性呼叫是用于固定端对端呼叫，或PBX(E&M到E&M)之间相互连接，或远程电话分机(FXO到FXS)的专用线路呼叫。

Permanent Signal持久呼叫信号 
持久呼叫信号是持续的高频音。它被用来提示操作员或其他的维修人员对暂时中断服务的线路进行检查测试。处于接通状态的电话系统铃声也有可能会有一个间歇的范围。

PH: Protocol Handler 协议处理器
协议处理器指的是一种安装有提供通讯服务程序的装置。该种通讯服务使得一种设备通过传输和接收该通讯协议所具体规定的数据来将数据发送给另外一个设备。

Phantom Circuit 幻路
幻路是通过重复安装在物理线路终端的线圈的方法从两个物理线路生成的第三个线路。

Phase Distortion 相位失真
相位失真，又被称为延迟失真，是由信号不同频率元素的不一致传输所引起的传输信号的有害的改动。

Phase Shift 相位移动
相位移动指的是时钟和传输数据信号之间的时间上相对位置变得不同步的状况。在使用长电缆的较高传输速度的系统中，电缆安置、温度和其他因素的稍微变动都有可能导致相位的移动并产生高的错误率。

PIC Charges 主交换运营商收费
主交换运营商（PIC）收费指的是本地交换运营商交给主交换运营商(LEC)的费用，并且，通常是由新的交换运营商(IEC)来付费的。如果本地交换运营商向用户收取主交换运营费，新的交换运营商通常会给用户账户记帐。

PIC Freeze 主交换运营商冻结
主交换运营商（PIC）冻结指的是用户可以阻止对其所选择的主长途电话运营商进行非授权的改变的选择权。

PIC Request 主交换运营商请求
主交换运营商请求是发送给本地交换运营商的，要求开启、终止或以某种方式改变自动号码识别（ANI）服务的请求。

PIC Response 主交换运营商回馈 
主交换运营商回馈是针对先前的PIC请求并且标有显示请求是否被执行的回馈编码的、发送给本地交换运营商的回馈记录。

PIC: Point In Call 呼叫状态
呼叫状态指的是在一次呼叫中的某个状态或阶段。例如，被回答、持续时间长、断开等。

PIC: Primary Interexchange Carrier 主交换运营商
主交换运营商指的是当用户拨1＋时，会被自动连接上的长途电话公司。

PICC: Pre-subscribed Inter-exchange Carrier Charge 预先设定交换运营商费用
预先设定交换运营商费用是长途电话公司支付给本地电话公司提供电话线、地下线路、电话杆和其他将每个用户连接到电话网络的设施的费用。长途电话公司为每个订购该长途电话公司服务的固定用户和企业用户支付该项费用。由一个电讯运营商支付给另外一个电讯运营商的PICC费用不需要交税，但如果零售端用户或企业用户没有选择好长途电话公司，那么，本地电话可能就会向其收取预先订购交换运营商服务的费用。在此种情况下，向零售端用户收取的PICC费用是要征收销售税的。

Pilot signal控制信号
在电讯行业中，控制信号是用来实现监视、控制、均衡、连续、同步或参考目的而以单频率在通讯系统中传输的信号。

PINX: Private INtegrated services network eXchange 专用综合服务网络交换
Private INtegrated services network eXchange(PINX) is a PBX or key system which, in a BRI voice application, uses QSIG signaling. 专用综合服务网络交换(PINX)是在BRI语音应用中使用QSIG信令的专用分组交换机或主系统。

PLAR: Private Line, Automatic Ringdown 专线自动回铃
Private Line, Automatic Ringdown (PLAR) is a leased voice circuit that connects two single endpoints together. When either telephone handset is taken off-hook, the remote telephone automatically rings.专线自动回铃(PLAR)是将两个单独终端连接起来的租赁语音线路。当任意一端电话话筒被拿起时，远处的电话就会自动响起。 

Plar-Opx 专线自动回铃－远程分机
Plar-Opx specifies a PLAR Off-Premises eXtension connection. Using this option, the local voice port provides a local response before the remote voice port receives an answer. On FXO interfaces, the voice port will not answer until the remote side answers. 专线自动回铃－远程分机（Plar-Opx）详细说明了专线自动回铃－远程分机。采用它，在远程语音端口接到回答之前，本地的语音端口回发送一个本地回应。

Plesiochronous准同步
Plesiochronous is the term used in telecommunication signal hierarchy. Plesiochronous comes from a combination of Greek words: (1) "Plesio" meaning "close", "near", or "almost the same"; and (2) "synchronous" meaning "happening at the same time", "occurring together", "simultaneous", or "having the same period between occurrences". In telecommunications, Plesiochronous is used to describe any two signals that have the same "nominal rate", but do not originate from the same (identical) timing (clock) source. 准同步是被使用在电讯信号分级结构中的一个术语。该术语是两个希腊语单词复合而成的：（1）“Plesio”的意思是靠近、相近或几乎相同；（2）“synchronous”的意思是同时发生、一起发生、同步运行、或两个事件之间有相同的时间段。在电讯行业中，准同步描述的是任意两个信号名义上速率相同，但却不是产生于相同（同一）的定时（时钟）源情况。

PNP: Private Numbering Plan 专用电话号码编号方案
Private Numbering Plan (PNP) is the telephone numbering plan that defines the format of telephone numbers to be used within a private telephone system. The Private Numbering Plan number normally consists of at least 3 digits, excluding "112". 专用电话号码编号方案(PNP)是规定可以被用在一个专用电话系统内的电话号码格式的电话号码编码方案。它通常包含至少三位数字，但不包括“112”。

POH: Path Overhead 通道开销
Path Overhead (POH) refers to overhead accessed, generated and processed by path-terminating equipment; POH includes 9 bytes of STS POH and, when the frame is VT-structured, 5 bytes of VT (Virtual Tributary)  POH.通道开销指的是通道终止设备所获取、产生和处理的负荷。POH包含9个STS POH字节，并且，当这个帧是 VT结构时，它则包含5个VT字节。

Point Code 端点编码
Point Code (PC) refers a unique address code in telecommunication system that identifies a service provider within a signaling network.在电讯系统中，端点编码指的是识别一个信令系统内服务供应商的特殊的地址编码。

Polling轮流询问
Polling is an access method in which a primary network device inquires, in an orderly fashion, whether secondaries have data to transmit. The inquiry occurs in the form of a message to each secondary that gives the secondary the right to transmit. In telecommunications, polling is a long distance carrier access method in which a non-local call is carried by the long distance carrier via a dedicated trunk facility for either the first or last part of the call's journey, and on the carrier's network for the middle part of the journey. 轮流询问是一种主网络设备以有序的方式询问子网络是否有数据要传输的访问方法。这种询问是采用向每个子网络发送授权进行传输的信息来实现的。在电讯系统中，轮流询问是一种获取长途电话运营商的方法。非本地呼叫的开始部分，最后部分，或在该运营商网络的中间部分是长途电话运营商通过专用干线设备来发送的。

PON: Passive Optic Network无源光网络
Passive Optical Network (PON) refers to a group of ITU-T and IEEE standard technologies, which enable fiber as the first mile (or last mile) to the customer premises. A PON consists of a central office node Optical Line Termination (OLT) at the service providers office and a number of Optical Network Units (ONUs) near end users, and the fibers and splitters between them, called the optical distribution network (ODN). The OLT provides the interface between the PON and the backbone network, while the ONT provides the service interface to the end user. PON is a converged infrastructure that can carry multiple services such as voice (plain old telephony service or voice over IP), data, video, and/or telemetry, in that all of these services are converted and encapsulated in a single packet type for transmission over the PON fiber.无源光网络(PON)指的是一组ITU-T和IEEE标准技术。这些技术将作为第一英里或最后一英里的光纤接到用户住处。一个PON的构成包括：在服务供应商办公地的一个总局节点光线路终端(OLT)，一些靠近终端用户的光网络单元(ONUs)以及处于前两者之间被称为光学配线网络(ODN)的光纤和分裂器。OLT提供了PON和主干网络之间的界面，而ONT提供的是终端用户的服务界面。PON是一种能够传输诸如语音（老式的电话服务或IP语音）、数据、图像和/或遥感勘测的多重服务，并且，所有的上述服务均是被转换和压缩成通过PON光纤传输的单个信息包。

POP: Point Of Presence 汇集点
Point Of Presence (POP) is the physical access location interface between a local exchange carrier and an Interexchange Carrier fiber network. The point to which the telephone company terminates a subscriber's circuit for long distance services or leased line communications.汇集点是本地交换运营商和内部交换运营商光纤网络之间的物理访问位置界面。电话公司可以在该节点终止用户的长途电话服务线路或租赁线路通讯。

Post-dial Delay 拨号后延迟
Post-dial Delay is the time interval between "end of dialing" by the customer and the reception (by the same customer) of the call progress signaling generated by the exchange serving this customer.  The call progressing signals can be the dial tone, a recorded announcement, or the abandon of the call.拨号后延迟是用户“拨号结束”和该用户接收到服务于其的交换机所产生的呼叫进程信令之间的时间。呼叫进程信号可以是：拨号音、自动回复或终止呼叫。

POTS Dial Peer POTS 拨号对等
POTS Dial Peer refers to the dial peer connected via a traditional telephony network (POTS). POTS peers point to a particular voice port on a voice network device. POTS 拨号对等指的是通过传统的电话系统被连接的拨号对等物。它指出了在语音网络设备上的特定语音端口。

POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service 普通老式电话业务
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) is the standard, analog telephone service which remains the basic form of residential and small business telephone service nearly everywhere in the world. Plain Old Telephone Service was originally known as the Post Office Telephone Service in many countries.  It has been available almost since the introduction of the telephone system in the late 19th century, mostly unchanged to the normal user since then despite the introduction of electronic telephone exchanges into the public switched telephone network since the middle of the 20th century. 普通老式电话业务(POTS)是标准的模拟电话服务，并且，在几乎在世界上的任何地方的，它依然是住户和小型企业电话服务的基本形式。起初，普通老式电话业务在许多国家被称为邮局电话服务。从此以后，尽管从二十世纪的中期已将电子电话交换引入公共交换网络，但它从十九世纪后期被应用到电话系统以来，对普通用户的基本上是没有改变的。

PPS: Pulses Per Second 每秒脉冲
Pulses Per Second (PPS) refers to the number of pulses per second and the number of dial pulses per second. It is used as a type of measure in telecommunication and many other applications such as in clock oscillator discipline.每秒脉冲(PPS)指的是在一秒钟内的脉冲或脉冲拨号次数。它是用做电讯和诸如时钟振动律等许多其他方面的应用的一类衡量标准。

PRC: Primary Reference Source 主要参考源
Primary Reference Source(PRC) refers to a telecommunication equipment that provides a timing signal whose long-term accuracy is maintained very well with verification to UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), and whose timing signal may be used as the basis of reference for the control of other clocks within a network. The Primary Reference Source may generate a timing signal completely autonomous of other references, in which case cesium beam technology is suitable. Alternatively, the primary reference source may not be a completely autonomous implementation, in which case it may employ direct control from normal UTC-derived frequency and time services.主参考源(PRC)指的是一种提供计时信号的电讯设备。该信号的长时间的准确性是通过参考国际标准时间来实现的，并且可以在网络内部被作为控制其他时钟的参考基础。不需要其他的参考源，主参考源也可以完全自动产生计时信号，铯束技术便适合于此种情形。在有选择的情况下，主参考源也许并不能完全自动运行，其就可能依靠通常由UTC产生的频率和时间服务来使用直接控制。

Preemption Tone 优先占线音
Preemption Tone is one of the telephone system audible tones that provides to both parties of a connection that is preempted by a priority call from the AUTOVON network. Preemption Tone is 440 Hz and 620 Hz at -18 dBm0/frequency steady for anywhere from three to fifteen seconds.优先占线音是提示线路两端用户某条线路已经被来自AUTOVON网络的优先呼叫所占用。优先占线音是-18 dBm0/频率，440 Hz和620 Hz，持续大约3－15秒。

Presubscription 实现订购
Presubscription refers to a BOC (Bell Operating Company) tariff service that permits each customer served from an equal access EO switching system to automatically route, without the use of access codes, all the customer's interLATA communications to one IC of the customer's choice. The customer may also gain access to other ICs using the appropriate carrier access code, e.g., 10XX. 实现订购指的是贝尔电讯运营公司的一种课税服务。它使得每个有均等地使用EO交换系统的客户不需要采用访问编码就能够自动将所有客户的LATA通讯传输给客户所选择的IC。采用合适的运营商编码，例如，10XX，客户也可以访问其他的IC端口。

PRI: Primary Rate Interface主速率接口
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) is an ISDN interface for primary rate access, which consists of a single 64-kbps D channel plus 23 (T1) or 30 (E1) B channels for voice or data. PRI intended for larger users, such as business users. The other ISDN interface is the Basic Rate Interface (BRI), which is for homes and small businesses.主速率接口是一个适用于主速率通道的ISDN接口，它是由一个单个的64-kbps的D通道再加23个（T1）或30个（E1）语音或数据B通道构成的。主速率接口是针对诸如企业客户这样较大的客户而设计的。其它的ISDN接口是适用于家庭和小型企业的基本速率接口(BRI)。

Primary Path 主通道
Primary Path refers to the preferred route from one switched node to another.主通道是从一个交换节点到另外一个交换节点的优先路径。

Priority Audible Ring 优先呼叫铃声
Priority Audible Ring Tone is one of the telephone system audible tones that replaces normal audible ring for priority calls within the AUTOVON network. Priority Audible Ring is 440 Hz and 480 Hz at -16 dBm0/frequency on for 1.65 seconds and off for .35 seconds.优先呼叫铃声是代替AUTOVON网络中针对优先呼叫的普通铃声的电话系统可闻铃声的一种。优先呼叫铃声是16 dBm0/频率，440 Hz和480 Hz，1.65秒发声然后0.35秒终断。 

Private Line 专用线路
Private Line is a telecommunication service that involves dedicated circuits with private switching arrangements, and/or predefined transmission paths, whether virtual or physical. The purpose of Private Line is to provide communications between specific interested points. 专用线路是一种包含有专用交换设置和/或实现设定的传输通道（虚拟或物理的）的专有线路的电讯服务。专用线路的目的是提供特定相关端点的之间的通讯。

Proceed To Send Tone 继续传输音
Proceed to Send Tone is a steady tone with 480 Hz at -22 dBm0/frequency. It informs the operator that an overseas sender has been seized and the address information (KP-CC-CC-ST) should be transmitted.继续传输音是-22 dBm0/频率，480 Hz的持续音。它提示接线员海外的发送机已经被截获，地址信息(KP-CC-CC-ST)应被继续传送下去。

Proctor Test Set 代理测试集
Proctor Test Set is a tool used by Telco personnel to diagnose problems with phone lines.代理测试集是电讯工作人员用来检测电话线路问题的一种工具。

Property Surcharge 住地额外费用
Property Surcharge is a per-call or per-minute charge assessed on an Operator-Assisted call by the property owner from which the call was placed. This charge is separate from the Call Type Surcharge, and monies from this charge are usually assigned to the property owner as part of the compensation package.住地额外费用是由呼叫经过地的财产所有人为接线员辅助呼叫所评定的每次呼叫或每分钟呼所收取的费用。

Protection Channel 保护信道
Protection Channel(PC) is a standby, fully operational facility, providing diversity for one or several similar channels. When correctly implemented, it can result in improved availability or reliability of the channel, and of the circuits carried on each so protected channel.保护信道是为一个或几个相似的信道提供差异性的处于完全备用工作状态的设施。如果操作正确，它可以提高信道和在每个以此种方式保护的信道中传输的回路的可靠性或可用性。

Provisioning 备用
Provisioning refers to the creation of an active subscriber account, or modification of parameters for an existing subscriber account. Provisioning of a subscriber account includes subscriber account registration and device activation. 备用指的是建立一个有效的用户帐号或修改现有的用户帐号的参数。用户帐号的备用包括用户帐号注册和设备激活两个步骤。

Provisioning Software 备用软件
Provisioning software refers to the software in telecommunication system which configures and records the hardware and software for specific telecommunication services when additions or changes are needed in the network and its elements. It optimizes the use of network elements and available network routes. 备用软件指的是在网络和网络元素需要添加或变化的情况下，电讯系统中安装和记录用于特定电讯服务的硬件和软件。它能够使网络元素和现有的网络路径实现最优化。

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network公共交换电话网络
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is a circuit-switched network that is used primarily for voice communications worldwide, with hundreds of millions subscribers. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital and provides mobile as well as fixed telephone services.公共交换电话网络(PSTN)是主要被数以百万计的用户用来进行全球语音通讯的线路交换网络。当初，PSTN是一个固定线路模拟电话系统，但其现在几乎完全是数字化并且提供移动和固定电话服务。

PTE: Path Terminating Equipment 通道终接设备
Path Terminating Equipment (PTE) refers to a SONET element that terminates a SONET/SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) path.通道终接设备(PTE)指的是终止同步数字分级系统（SONET/SDH）通道的一个SONET元素。

PTS: Public Telephone Service 公共电话服务
Public Telephone Service (PTS), sometimes called plain old telephone service (POTS), is the ordinary telephone service in which a customer has a connection to a central office and can be connected to any other customer of the service. 公共电话服务(PTS)，有时候被称为老式的电话服务(POTS)，是用户与电话总局连接，然后又通过电话总局被连接到其他的用户的普通电话服务。

PTT: Post, Telephone, and Telegraph 邮局、电话和电报
Post, Telephone, and Telegraph(PTT) is the government agency that provides telephone services. PTTs exist in most areas outside North America and provide both local and long-distance telephone services. It is also a term to describe the incumbent, dominant operator in a country, many of which are being or have been privatized.邮局、电话和电报(PTT)是一个提供电话服务的政府机构。在北美以外的大多数地方都有PTT，它既可以提供本地电话服务又可以提供长途电话服务。

Pulse link repeater 脉冲链接转发器
Pulse link repeater is a device in telecommunications that interface concatenated E&M (Ear & Mouth) signal paths.脉冲链接转发器是电讯系统中干扰连接好的E&M信号通道的设备。

Pulsing脉冲调制
Pulsing is the part of signaling that forwards the destination code required to route a call. In telephony, the transmission of address information to a switching office is via pulses (i.e., signals) that originate from the user's equipment. An examples of pulsing methods is DTMF (dual-tone multifrequency).  Rotary dialing is another example in which DC (Direct Current) pulses are generated by a rotary dial.脉冲调制是转发传输呼叫所需的目的地编码的信令的一部分。在电话技术方面，传输给电话交换局的地址信息是通过来自用户设备的的脉冲（即，信号）来实现的，双重音多频率（DTMF）便是脉冲调剂方法的一个例子。旋转拨号是直流电脉冲的另外一个例子。

Push Button Dialing 按钮拨号
Push Button Dialing is the use of buttons on a telephone rather than a rotary dial to address a telephone message to a terminal point on the network. Push button dialing usually enlists two-tone signaling. In AT&T's terminology, the registered trademark "TouchTone" is used. 按钮拨号是使用电话上的按钮而不是旋转拨号来将电话信息发送到网络终端节点。按键拨号通常支持双语音信令。在AT&T术语中采用的是注册商标“按键音”。

Push-to-talk operation 按键即通操作
Push-to-talk operation refers to the method of communication over a speech circuit in which the talker is required to keep a switch operated while talking. Push-to-talk operation can be found in a telephone system or two-way radio systems.按键即通操作指的是通过语音线路的通讯方法，在通话中，要求讲话人保持开关打开。按键即通被应用于电话系统或双线无线电系统中。

PVC: Permanent Virtual Connection 固定虚拟连接
Permanent Virtual Connection(PVC) is the term that describes that path data takes through a virtual network. PVCs are an integral component of many circuits and connections to the Internet.固定虚拟连接(PVC)是一个表示通道数据是通过虚拟网络传输的术语。PVC是与互联网相关的许多线路和连接的综合元素。