RMIT飞行训练课件－Straight & Level 直线水平飞行

航空

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航空

Straight & Level
Aim: To learn the principles and considerations of
straight and level flight, and how to maintain it
Application:
•Used in the cruise segment
•Shortest distance between two points
•Improve passenger comfort
Overview
• Revision
• Definitions
• Principles
• Considerations
• Air Exercise
• Review
Revision
• Control Effects
Revision
• Control Effects
• Bernoulli’s Theorem
PT = PD + PS
Revision
• Control Effects
• Bernoulli’s Theorem
• Lift
L  AoA  IAS
L = CL ½V2 S
AIRSPEED
L 
Revision
• Control Effects
• Bernoulli’s Theorem
• Lift
• Aerofoil
Definitions
• Centre of Pressure (CoP)
The total reaction of the aerodynamic forces
around the aerofoil can be considered to
act through the CoP
+
_
Lift
Definitions
• Centre of Gravity
The point through which the entire aircraft
weight acts
Definitions
Lift
• Lift is produced by a pressure differential
• Acts perpendicular to the relative airflow through
the centre of pressure
Weight
• Acts vertically downwards towards the centre of
the Earth
• Equal to mass x gravity
Definitions
Thrust
• Produced by the propeller through the
propeller shaft
Drag
• Opposes thrust, enemy of flight
• Parallel to the relative airflow
Definitions
• Moment
Equal to force x distance
Definitions
SUMMARY
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Lift
Principles
Couple Moments
• Caused by the interaction of the two forces
separated by a horizontal distance
Weight
Thrust Drag
Lift
T/D couple
L/W couple
Elevator down force.
Pivot Point
Principles
DRAG
Two Main types:
1. Parasite Drag
2. Induced Drag
Principles
Parasite Drag
• Skin Friction
DRAG due to FRICTION FORCES
Principles
Parasite Drag
• Skin Friction
• Form Drag
DRAG DRAG
DRAG due to FLOW SEPARATION
Principles
Parasite Drag
• Skin Friction
• Form Drag
• Interference Drag
Principles
Parasite Drag Follows the “SQUARE RULE”
Parasite
Drag
Low speed cruise High speed cruise
EXAMPLE
•If we double our
airspeed then we will
have 2 x 2 the drag
 4 Times the drag
Principles
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+ + + + + +
Low Pressure
High Pressure
VORTICES
Induced Drag
• Is a by-product
of AoA
Principles
INDUCED DRAG INCREASES WITH
DECREASING SPEED
Induced Drag
Airspeed
High AoA / Low IAS
Induced drag
Low AoA / High IAS
Induced drag
Principles
TOTAL DRAG - Summary
Slow Fast
DRAG
AIRSPEED
Induced Drag
Parasite drag
TOTAL DRAG
Minimum Drag
Best L/D Ratio
Considerations
• Stability
Displacement
Displacement
Ball
returns
STABLE
Displacement
UNSTABLE
Ball
remains
NEUTRAL
Considerations
LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
Considerations
LATERAL STABILITY
Lift
Weight
Pendulous effect of
offset lift and weight
corrects the roll.
Lift
Horizontal lift component
causes a side slip.
Relative airflow strikes the
down going wing at a higher
AoA which corrects the roll.
Considerations
DIRECTIONAL STABILITY
Aerodynamic
Force
Air Exercise
• Slow Cruise
• 1800RPM + 2 fingers  80KIAS
• Normal Cruise
• 2100RPM + 4 fingers  110KIAS
• Fast Cruise
• 2300RPM + 5 fingers  120KIAS
• From Climb From Descent Monitor – Using
Attitude
Lookout
Attitude
Performance
Airmanship
• LOOKOUT
• Smooth throttle and control movements
• Correct Handover/Takeover procedure
• Monitor engine gauges
Review
Review
Slow Fast
DRAG
AIRSPEED
Induced Drag
Parasite drag
TOTAL DRAG
Minimum Drag
Best L/D Ratio

tigertiany

学习学习！！！

adamhou

楼主威武！全部收藏学习了！

猪也能飞

收藏学习！感谢楼主

xy8701

谢谢楼主，我正准备去RMIT读书