AIRBORNE AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST EQUIPMENT

航空

游客，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请回复

航空

AC 21-45(0)  APRIL 2007
AIRWORTHINESS APPROVAL OF AIRBORNE
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE
BROADCAST EQUIPMENT
CONTENTS
1.  
References 1
2.  
Purpose 1
3.  
Status of this AC 1
4.  
Definitions and Acronyms 2
5.  
Background 3
6.  
Applicability 3
7.  
Related Australian Reading Materials 4
8.  
Functional Requirement 4
9.  
Design, Development and Approval       of Aircraft Modifications 8 Appendix A 11 References 11 Appendix B 13 ADS-B OUT Data 13 Appendix C 14 Self Evaluation Checklist 14

Appendix D  15 Approved Equipment 15
1.  REFERENCES
Refer to Appendix A to this AC.
2.  PURPOSE
This AC is intended to define the airborne component of the 1090 Megahertz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) data link for use in Australia, and provide guidance and advice for the airworthiness approval of aircraft equipment proposed to support that use.
3.  STATUS OF THIS AC
This is the first AC to be written on this matter.
ACs should always be read in conjunction with the referenced regulations.
4.
DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS  
5.
BACKGROUND

AC  CASA Advisory Circular  
ADS-B  Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast  
AEEC  Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee  
AFM  Aircraft Flight Manual  
ARINC  Aeronautical Radio, Inc  
ATC  Air Traffic Control  
ATSO  Australian Technical Standard Order  
BARO  Barometric sourced data  
EASA  European Aviation Safety Agency  
ETSO  EASA Technical Standard Order  
EUROCAE  European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment  
FAA  Federal Aviation Administration (of the United States)  
GNSS  Global Navigation Satellite System  
GPS  Global Positioning System  
HAE  Height Above Ellipsoid  
HFOM  Horizontal Figure of Merit  
HIL  Horizontal Integrity Limit  
HPL  Horizontal Protection Limit  
IATA  International Air Transport Association  
ICAO  International Civil Aviation Organization  
JAA  Joint Aviation Authority of Europe  
JTSO  JAA Technical Standard Order  
MASPS  Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards  
MEL  Minimum Equipment List  
MMR  Multi Mode Receiver  
MODE S  Mode Select (a transponder format to allow discrete interrogation and data link capability/ selective interrogation mode of SSR  
MOPS  Minimum Operational Performance Standards  
MSL  Mean Sea Level  
NAC  Navigation Accuracy Category  
NACP  Navigation Accuracy Category for Position  
NIC  Navigation Integrity Category  
NUC  Navigation Uncertainty Category  
POH  Pilot’s Operating Handbook  
RAIM  Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring  
RTCA  RTCA, Inc (formerly Radio Technical Committee for Aeronautics)  
SIL  Surveillance Integrity Level  
SPI  Special Position Identification  
SSR  Secondary Surveillance Radar  
TSOA  FAA Technical Standard Order Authorisation  
TSO  FAA Technical Standard Order  
5.1 ADS-B is a surveillance application that periodically transmits aircraft parameters, such as identification, pressure altitude, position and position integrity, via a broadcast data link that is available to any receiver, either airborne or ground-based, within range of the transmitter.
5.2 ADS-B information is broadcast without any knowledge of which users may be receiving it and without the expectation of an acknowledgement or reply.  
5.3 As an automatic system, ADS-B requires no flight crew or controller action for the information to be transmitted. The surveillance-type information broadcast is dependent on the aircraft’s navigation system and the broadcast capability of the source emitter.
5.4 An ADS-B “out” system consists of the following components:  
(a)
a transmitting subsystem that includes message generation and transmission functions at the source aircraft; and
(b)
the data link broadcast medium.  

5.5
The sources of the transmitted information, as well as the user applications, are not considered to be part of the ADS-B system, but their performance needs to be considered when defining overall ADS-B system performance.  
6.
APPLICABILITY

6.1
This AC is applicable to all Australian aircraft and visiting foreign aircraft wishing to transmit ADS-B information in Australia.  
7.
RELATED AUSTRALIAN READING MATERIALS

.
AC 21-15(0) Supplementary Type Certificate - Certification
.
AC 21-36(0) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Equipment: Airworthiness Guidelines
.
AC 21-601(0) Australian Technical Standard Order Authorisation
.
ATSO-C1004 Airborne Mode A/C Transponder Equipment with Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) Transmit Only Equipment
.
ATSO-C1005 Airborne Stand-Alone Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) Transmission Capability
Note 1: Appendix A to this AC contains a list of ADS-B documentation references.
Note 2: Visit the CASA website www.casa.gov.au/rules/1998casr for access to the ACs.
8. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT
8.1 ADS-B Avionics
8.1.1 For an aircraft to be ADS-B capable, it requires:
.
appropriate data sources, and
.
an ADS-B transmitter to broadcast the data in a predetermined standard format.
8.2 ADS-B Transmitter
8.2.1 The ADS-B transmitter needs to comply with the minimum performance standards detailed in RTCA Document DO-260A Para 2.2.
8.2.2 For ADS-B data to be universally usable, it needs to be transmitted in the formats and characteristics defined in the following standards:
.
ICAO Annex 10, Amendment 77;
.
RTCA/DO-260; or
.
RTCA/DO-260A.
8.2.3 To be useable for ATC surveillance in a “radar like” manner, ADS-B transmitters must transmit the following minimum data set:  
.
Position (in extended squitter surface position message and in extended squitter airborne position message);
.
Position Integrity Information (e.g. NUC, NIC etc, value transmitted in the “TYPE” code in extended squitter surface position message and in extended squitter airborne position message);
.
Pressure Altitude (in extended squitter airborne position message, GNSS height may also be transmitted in this message when barometric altitude is not available);
.
Identity (in extended squitter identity and category message); and
.
Version Number, SIL and NACP in aircraft operational status message, if the avionics equipment is RTCA/DO-260A compliant.
8.2.4 To provide a more comprehensive data set to other stations, transmission of the following data is highly desirable, as it is used by the Australian ATC system:
.
SPI Indication (in Surveillance Status Subfield of ADS-B airborne position messages);
.
Emergency Flag (in Surveillance Status Subfield of ADS-B airborne position messages);
.
Emergency Priority Status Information (may be broadcast in Extended Squitter Aircraft Status Message, RTCA/DO-260 or RTCA/DO-260A, or the Target State and Status Message RTCA/DO-260A);
.
Velocity Information (Extended Squitter Velocity Message or Surface Position Message);
.
GNSS height (GNSS Altitude Difference From Barometric Altitude in Extended Squitter Velocity Message); and
.
Vertical rate (in Extended Squitter Velocity Message).
Note: Transmission of SSR ATC 4 digit octal Mode A code in ADS-B messages is not required. It may however, be transmitted in “Test messages” in accordance with RTCA/DO-260A.
8.2.5 Additional ADS-B data, defined in ICAO Annex 10, Amendment 77 or RTCA/DO-260 or RTCA/DO-260A, may also be transmitted.  
8.2.6 Equipment marked as compliant with ATSO-C1004, ATSO-C1005, TSO-C166, or TSO C166a, are considered capable of transmitting data described above in the correct formats.   
8.2.7 Transponders marked as compliant with the following standards:
.
AEEC – ARINC 718A;
.
TSO C112;
.
ED73B;
.
JTSO-2C112a; or
.
ETSO-2C112a
may be capable of transmitting this information in the correct formats. Functional testing of the installation would be required to confirm compliance.   
8.2.8 ADS-B transmitters should also be compliant with the following :
.
For transmitters that also operate as ATC transponders:
-ATSO-C1004 (Type G1 only);
-ATSO-1C74c;  
-TSO-C112 and compliant with RTCA/DO-181C; or
-EUROCAE ED73B or RTCA/DO-181C.
.
Non-transponder ADS-B transmitters:
-ATSO-C1005.
8.2.9 RTCA/DO-260 compliant ADS-B transmitters use the Horizontal Protection Limit/Horizontal Integrity Limit (HPL/HIL) data from the GNSS receiver as the highest priority data source for determination of Navigation Uncertainty Category (NUC).  
For RTCA/DO-260 compliant transmitters, ADS-B transmitters may use the Horizontal Figure of Merit (HFOM) data from the GNSS receiver during periods of HPL non-availability due to operational reasons (e.g. satellite geometry, etc).  
For RTCA/DO-260A compliant transmitters, HPL is used for determination of Navigation Integrity Category (NIC) and HFOM is used for determination of Navigation Accuracy Category (NAC).
8.2.10 It is desirable that the flight crew are able to disable the ADS-B function on instruction from ATC without disabling the operation of the ATC transponder function.
8.2.11 Transmitter antenna installation needs to comply with guidance for installation of ATC transponders to ensure satisfactory functioning.
8.3 ADS-B data sources (Mandatory)
8.3.1 The following section describes the minimum data necessary for ADS-B transmitters to function in the ATC environment (for more detailed requirements including references see Appendix B to this AC). Each category is essential to ensure the message being transmitted has all the relevant data necessary to enable separation to be calculated. Failure to comply may render the prospective operator unable to obtain the benefits of ADS-B separation.
8.4 Positional data
8.4.1 Accurate positional data is essential for the ADS-B system to operate in a “radar like manner” and be the basis for the allocation of separation between aircraft. Valid GNSS data input provides an acceptable accuracy and integrity for separation purposes with the delivery of position information at a periodic interval of less than or equal to 1 second.  
8.4.2 GNSS equipment compliant with TSO-C145a, TSO-C146a or an equivalent standard acceptable to CASA are suitable for use with ADS-B.  
8.4.3 Particular navigation packages that do not have a TSOA, but can be demonstrated to achieve the accuracy and integrity values required, may be acceptable to CASA. In assessing the suitability of GNSS avionics that do not have a TSO-C145a/146a authorisation, CASA may consider the system differences to the standards documented in RTCA/DO-229C (or later version), with particular regard to the following criteria:
.
The system’s capability of delivering position information with a periodic interval of at least one second; and
.
The system can continuously output the HPL value to the ADS-B transmitter or notify the pilot of an interruption due to availability issues (RAIM); and
.
If the system is intended primarily as a pilot navigation system with positional information being provided to the ADS-B system, it needs to meet the requirements of AC 21-36(0); and
.
The system takes advantage of GPS selective availability being set to zero.
8.5 Positional integrity data
8.5.1 HPL integrity data needs to be provided to the ADS-B transmitter from the GNSS receiver on the same interface as the positional data. This data is typically available as ARINC429 label 130.
8.5.2 HFOM data shall be provided to the transponder on the same interface as the HPL data. HFOM typically uses ARINC429 label 247.
A RTCA/DO-260A compliant installation will use the HFOM value to calculate NAC.
In some cases, such as during rare periods of inadequate satellites, HPL may not be delivered to the interface. In this case, a RTCA/DO-260 compliant installation may use the HFOM value to generate NUC during the period of HPL non-availability.
8.5.3 In the case of RTCA/DO-260A compliant installations, the SIL is intended to reflect the integrity of the navigation source of the position information broadcast.  Where position integrity is based on HPL and the SIL cannot be unambiguously determined and set dynamically, the value should be set to 2. During periods where HPL is not available, the NIC should be set to 0 (zero), and the NAC should reflect the accuracy of the broadcast position.
8.6 Pressure altitude
8.6.1 Pressure altitude provided to transponders is to be in accordance with existing requirements for ATC transponders. It is preferable that 25 foot altitude encoding is used. This data is typically available on ARINC429 label 203.
8.7 Identity
8.7.1 Identity information is to be provided to the transponder so that the information is identical to the filed flight plan. This information may be provided from:  
.
a flight management system;  
.
a pilot control panel; or
.
for aircraft which always operates with the same flight identity (e.g. using registration as a callsign), it may be programmed into equipment at installation.
8.8 ADS-B data sources (Desirable)
8.8.1 GNSS altitude. GNSS altitude should be provided from an approved GNSS receiver to the ADS-B transmitter. Typically this data is available as GNSS Height (HAE) ARINC429 label 370 or GNSS Alt (MSL) ARINC429 label 076.
8.8.2 Vertical rate (GNSS or Barometric). Vertical rate may be provided from either a GNSS receiver or from a pressure source:  
.
GNSS vertical rate should be provided from an approved GNSS receiver, and is typically available as ARINC429 label 165, or
.
Barometric vertical rate. Barometric (BARO) vertical rate is typically available as ARINC429 label 212.
Note: The most accurate source should be used.
8.8.3 Velocity Information. Ground speed from an approved GNSS receiver in the form of East/West Velocity and North/South Velocity should be provided. This would be typically available as ARINC429 label 174.
8.8.4 SPI Indication. For ATC transponders, the SPI capability is integrated into the transponder functionality and is controlled from the transponder control panel.  For non transponder implementations, a discrete input or a control panel may be provided to trigger the SPI indication.
8.8.5
Emergency indicator.  For ATC transponders the emergency declaration capability is integrated into the transponder functionality and is controlled from the transponder control panel. For non transponder implementations a discrete input or a control panel may be provided to trigger the emergency and/or to indicate the type of emergency.
9.  
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND APPROVAL OF AIRCRAFT MODIFICATIONS

9.1 Compliance
9.1.1 When utilising this guidance material for the approval of an ADS-B installation, in accordance with Regulation 35 of CAR 1988 or a Supplemental Type Certificate under CASR Subpart 21.E, the following need to be considered:
.
The applicant will need to submit, to CASA, a compliance statement that shows how
the criteria of this guidance material has been satisfied, together with evidence resulting
from the activities described in this section.
.
Compliance with the airworthiness requirements for intended function and safety may be demonstrated by equipment qualification, safety analysis of the interface between the ADS-B equipment and data sources, equipment cooling verification and ground tests. To support the approval application, design data will need to be submitted showing that the requirements for ADS-B operation have been complied with.
.
The safety analysis of the interface between the ADS-B system and its data sources should show no unwanted interaction under normal or fault conditions.
9.1.2 FAA AC 120-86 provides additional guidance by providing general information and acceptable methods of compliance for the certification, airworthiness, and operational approval of certain aircraft surveillance systems and selected associated aviation applications.
9.1.3 A self-evaluation checklist to assist in determining compliance is included at Appendix C to this AC.
9.2 Ramp Test
9.2.1 The functionality for ADS-B “out” application may be demonstrated by ground testing, using ramp test equipment where appropriate, that verifies:   
.
system operation;
.
the aircraft derived data in the transmitted messages including integrity data; and
.
functioning of system fault detectors if any fitted.
9.3 Equivalent Installations
9.3.1 A current list of approved equipment can be found at Appendix D.
9.4 Flight Manual
9.4.1 The Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) or the Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH), whichever is applicable, should provide at least the following information:
.
A statement that the transponder system(s) complies with the criteria of ICAO Annex 10 Amendment 77 regarding extended squitter and any necessary procedures for expected operations (e.g. the need to enter Flight ID) for use with ATC.
9.5 Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
9.5.1 The MEL should indicate that ADS-B OUT is not mandatory (at this time).
9.6 Maintenance
9.6.1 Maintenance tests should include a periodic verification check of aircraft ADS-B data including the ICAO 24 bit aircraft address (colloquially known as the 24-bit Mode S address) using suitable ramp test equipment. A check of the ICAO 24 bit aircraft address should be made in the event of a change of the registration mark of the aircraft (this is especially necessary following change in State of registration) or whenever a transponder is replaced.
9.6.2 Where possible, maintenance tests should check the correct functioning of system fault detectors (if any).
9.6.3 The maximum period between ADS-B maintenance tests of the ADS-B transmitter should be the same as for ATC transponders and all transponders fitted to the aircraft should be checked.
9.7 Crew Operating Instructions
9.7.1 Crew Operating Instructions for the ADS-B system should emphasise the need to use the ICAO-defined format for entry of the Aircraft Identification or Registration mark as applicable to the flight. The shortened format commonly used by airlines (a format used by International Air Transport Association (IATA)) is not compatible with the ground systems of the air traffic services.
James Coyne Acting General Manager Manufacturing, Certification and New Technologies Office
Intentionally Blank
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
AUSTRALIAN
Source  Title  Reference  Version  Date  
CASA  Certification and airworthiness requirements for aircraft and parts  CASR Part 21  December 2005  
Approval of design of modification or repair  Regulation 35 of CAR 1988   December 2005  
Supplemental Type Certificate - Certification  AC 21-15  (0)  August 1999  
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Equipment: Airworthiness Guidelines  AC 21-36  (0)  April 2005  
Australian Technical Standard Order Authorisation  AC 21-601  (0)  July 2005  
Airborne Mode A/C Transponder Equipment with Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) Transmit Only Equipment  ATSO-C1004   October 2003  
Airborne Stand-Alone Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) Transmission Capability  ATSO-C1005   December 2004  
INTERNATIONAL
Source  Title  Reference  Version  Date  
ICAO  Aeronautical Communications (Digital Data Communication Systems)  Annex 10 Volume III  Amdt. 77  July 2002  
Aeronautical Communications (Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance Systems)  Annex 10 Volume IV  Amdt. 77  July 2000  
Manual of the Secondary Surveillance Radar System (SSR)  Doc 9684 AN/951  Third Edition  2004  
Procedures for Air Traffic Services - Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)  Doc 4444  Amdt 4  24 November 2005  
EUROCAE / RTCA  Guidelines for Approval of the Provision and Use of Air Traffic Services Supported by data communications  EUROCAE ED 78A, or  December 2000  
RTCA/DO-264   December 2000  
MASPS for Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Area Navigation  EUROCAE ED-75B or  December 2003  
RTCA/DO-236B   October 2003  
MASPS for ADS-B   RTCA/DO-242A   June 2002  
MOPS for 1090MHz for ADS-B  EUROCAE ED-102, or  November 2000  
RTCA/DO-260/260A   September 2000/ April 2003  
Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Secondary Surveillance Radar Mode S Transponders  EUROCAE ED-73B  January 2003  
Minimum Aviation System Performance  RTCA/DO-289   September 2003  
Standards for Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA)  
Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System/ Mode Select (ATCRBS/Mode S) Airborne Equipment  RTCA/DO-181C   June 2001  
Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards for Survelliance Transmit Processing (STP)  RTCA/DO/302   December 2006  
Safety, Performance and Inter-operability Requirements Document for the ADS-B Non-Radar-Airspace (NRA) Applications  RTCA/DO/303   December 2006  
FAA  Technical Standard Order for Mode S Extended Squitter Note: This standard of transponder does not provide the full functionality required. However, the RTCA/Document has been updated to DO-181C that defines an acceptable standard. It is expected that the FAA TSO will be updated  TSO-C112  (Based on RTCA/DO-181)  February 1986  
Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Service - Broadcast (TIS-B) Equipment Operating on the Radio Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz)  TSO-C166 TSO-C166a   September 2004 December 2006  
Guidelines for Design Approval of Aircraft Data communications  AC 20-140  August 1999  
Aircraft Surveillance Systems and Applications   AC 120-86  September 2005  
EASA/JAA  Minimum Operational Performance Specification for SSR Mode S Transponders. (Adopts Eurocae ED-73A). Note: This JTSO is being updated to version B based on EUROCAE document ED-73B.  ETSO-2C112a, formerly  JTSO-2C112a  24 October 2003  
APPENDIX B ADS-B OUT DATA Table 1: Required Characteristics of Mandatory ADS-B “Out” Data
Item  Parameter  Range  Minimum Resolution  Accuracy Limits  Maximum Data Age at Transmission  Remarks ADS-B transmitter specification  
1  Identity/Call Sign  8 characters  N/A  N/A  60 seconds  ICAO Annex 10, Vol IV, para 3.1.2.9  
2  Position  Any latitude and longitude on earth  - 2 seconds  ICAO Annex 10, Vol IV, para 3.1.2.8.6.6 and Vol III, Part I, App to Chap 5 para 2.3.2.3  
3  Pressure Altitude  -1000 ft to maximum certificated altitude of aircraft plus 5000 ft  100 ft (Gillham’s code) or 25 ft as provided by the source  As the installed sensor   2 seconds  ICAO Annex 10, Vol IV, para 3.1.2.6.5.4 referenced to 1013.25 hPa and Vol III, Part I, App to Chap 5 para 2.3.2.4  
4  Integrity Value  Value 0-9  1  N/A  2 seconds  ICAO Annex 10, Vol III, Part I, App to Chap 5 para 2.3.1  
Table 2: Required Characteristics of Desirable ADS-B “Out” Data
1  SPI Indication  
2  Emergency Flag  
3  Emergency Type Indicator  
4  Velocity Information  - - 2 seconds  ICAO Annex 10, Vol IV, para 3.1.2.8.6.6 and Vol III, Part I, App to Chap 5 para 2.3.5  
5  GNSS Height  
6  Vertical rate (GNSS/BARO)  
APPENDIX C
SELF EVALUATION CHECKLIST
ADS-B Transmitter Manufacturer & Model number  
GNSS positional source Manufacturer & Model number  
GNSS receiver TSO  TSO C145a/ TSO C146a / Other  
If not TSO C145a or TSO C146a compliant  . Not required until June 2012, refer CAO 20.18. Confirm supports Fault Detection Exclusion (FDE) . Confirm outputs HPL or HIL . Is BARO aiding provided to GNSS receiver?  
Transmitter Message formats compliant with (Circle one)  . ICAO Annex 10, Amendment 77; or . DO-260; or . DO-260A or TSO C166  
Transmitter characteristics compliant with (Circle one)  . ATSO-C1004 (Type G1 only); or . ATSO-1C74c . TSO-C112 and compliant with DO-181c; or . ETSO-2C11;2 or . ED73B or DO-181 . ATSO-C1005  
HPL is provided to ADS-B transmitter on same interface as GNSS positional data and tested  YES/NO  
Suitable barometric encoder (pressure altitude) data provided to transmitter and tested?  YES/NO  
Uses aircrafts own ATC transponder antenna?  YES/NO  
If not using the aircrafts own ATC antenna, has antenna been mounted in accord with transponder mounting rules?  YES/NO  
Flight ID source installed and tested? (Circle one)  Programmed/ pilot entry panel/ Flight Management System interface  
Optional data supported and tested (Circle those verified)  SPI indication Emergency flag Ground track / Ground speed velocity vector Emergency type indicator GNSS height GNSS vertical rate BARO vertical rate  
APPENDIX D
APPROVED EQUIPMENT
The current list of approved equipment can be found at the following website address:
http://casa.gov.au/rules/1998casr/021/021c45eqptlist.pdf