GEN 2. TABLES AND CODES
GEN 2.1 Measuring System, Time System,
and Aircraft Markings
1. Units of Measurement
1.1_The following table identifies the units of
measurement that have been selected for use in
messages transmitted by all U.S. aeronautical
stations, in the U.S. AIP, NOTAM dissemination, and
other publications.
2. Time System
2.1_Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is used in the
Air Traffic and Communication services provided
and in most documents published by the Aeronautical
Information Services.
2.2_When local mean time is used, it will be so
indicated as local standard time (LST). See
FIG GEN 2.1-1 for a depiction of the standard time
zones within the continental U.S.
3. Geodetic Reference Datum
3.1_All published geographic coordinates indicating
latitude and longitude are expressed in terms of the
World Geodetic System - 1984 (WGS-84) geodetic
reference datum._
4. Nationality and Registration Marks
4.1_The nationality mark for the aircraft registered in
the U.S. is the letter N, followed by a series of
numbers or a series of numbers and letters.
TBL GEN 2.1-1
For Measurements of: Units used:
Distance used in navigation, position reporting, etc. - generally in
excess of 2 to 3 nautical miles
Nautical miles and tenths
Relatively short distances such as those relating to aerodrome (e.g.,
runway lengths)
Feet
Altitudes, elevations and heights Feet
Horizontal speed, including wind speed Knots
Vertical speed Feet per minute
Wind direction for landing and taking off Degrees magnetic
Wind direction except for landing and taking off Degrees true
Visibility, including runway visual Statute miles or feet
Altimeter Setting Inches of mercury
Temperature Degrees Fahrenheit
Weight Pounds
Time Hours and minutes, the day of 24 hours
beginning at midnight Coordinated Universal
Time
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.1-2
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 2.1-1
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.2-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 2.2 Abbreviations Used in AIS Publications
NOTE -An “s” may be added for plural. ICAO indicates ICAO usage.
A
/ and
AAS airport advisory service
A/C approach control
ICAO: AAP -approach control;
AC -altocumulus
ACFT aircraft
ACR air carrier
ADF automatic direction finder
AER approach end runway
AFIS Automatic Flight Information Service
AFT after
AGL above ground level
AHRS Attitude Heading Reference System
AIM Aeronautical Information Manual
ALS approach light system
ALSF-1 standard 2400’ high-intensity approach
lighting system with sequenced flashers
(Category I configuration)
ALSF-2 standard 2400’ high-intensity approach
lighting system with sequenced flashers
(Category II configuration)
ALSTG altimeter setting
ALT altitude
ALTM altimeter
ALTN alternate
AMDT amendment
ICAO: AMD -amendment
APCH approach
APCHG approaching
APRX approximate
APV approve or approved or approval
ARPT airport
ICAO: AD -aerodrome
ARR arrive or arrival
ARSR air route surveillance radar
ARTCC air route traffic control center
ASDE airport surface detection equipment
ASPH asphalt
ATCT air traffic control tower
ATD along-track distance
ASR airport surveillance radar
ATIS automatic terminal information service
AVBL available
AWY airway
B
BC back course
BCN beacon
BCST broadcast
BLDG building
BRG bearing
BTN between
BYD beyond
C
CAT category
ICAO: CAT -clear air turbulence
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CFR crash fire rescue
CLNC clearance
ICAO: CLR -clear/cleared to/clearance
CLSD close or closed or closing
CMSND commissioned
CNTR center
CNTRLN centerline
ICAO: CL -centerline
COMLO compass locator
CONST construction
CPTY capacity
CRS course
CTC contact
ICAO: CTR -control zone
D
ICAO: D -danger area
ICAO: D -downward (tendency in RVR
during previous 10 minutes)
DALGT daylight
DCMSND decommissioned
31 JULY 08
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.2-2
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
DDT runway weight bearing capacity for
aircraft with double dual-tandem type
landing gear
DEGS degrees
ICAO: C -degrees Celsius (Centigrade)
F -degrees Fahrenheit
DEP depart; departure
ICAO: DEP -depart/departure/departure
message
DF direction finder
ICAO: DF -I am connecting you to the station
you request
DH decision height
DME UHF standard (TACAN compatible distance measuring equipment)
ICAO: DME -distance meaning equipment
DSPLCD displaced
DSTC distance
ICAO: DIST -distance
DT runway weight bearing capacity for
aircraft with dual-tandem type landing
gear
DURG during
ICAO: DRG -during
DVFR defense visual flight rule
DW runway weight bearing capacity for
aircraft with dual-wheel type landing
gear
E
E east
ICAO: E -east/east longitude
EFAS en route flight advisory service
ELEV elevation
EMAS Engineered Materials Arresting System
EMERG emergency
EQUIP equipment
ICAO: EQPT -equipment
ETA estimated time of arrival
ETE estimated time en route
EXCP except
ICAO: EXC-except
EXTD extend or extended
F
FAF final approach fix
FAR Federal Aviation Regulation
FDC flight data center
Fl/P flight information (permanent)
Fl/T flight information (temporary)
FL flight level
FM fan marker
FM from
ICAO: FM -from; FM -from (followed by
time weather change is forecast to
begin)
FREQ frequency
FRQ frequent
FSS Flight Service Station
FT feet
G
GOVT government
GP glide path
ICAO: GP -glide path
GS glide slope
ICAO: GS -ground speed; GS -small hail
and/or snow pellets
GWT gross weight
H
HAA height above airport
HAT height above touchdown
ICAO: HGT -height/height above
HIRL High intensity runway lights
HOL holiday
HWY highway
I
IAF initial approach fix
IAP instrument approach procedure
ICAO: INA -initial approach
IDENT identification
ICAO: ID -identifier/identification/identify
IF intermediate fix
ICAO: IF -intermediate approach fix
IFR instrument flight rules
IFSS international flight service station
ILS instrument landing system
INFO information
INOP inoperative
INS Inertial Navigation System
INT intersection
INTL international
INTST intensity
31 JULY 08
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.2-3
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
IRU Inertial Reference Unit
ISMLS interim standard microwave landing
system
J
J-bar jet runway barrier
K
KHZ kilohertz
L
L left (used only to designate rwys;
e.g., rwy 12L)
ICAO: L -left/runway identification/locator
LAT latitude
LB pounds (weight)
LCTD located
LDA localizer type directional aid
ICAO: LDA -landing distance available LLZ
-localizer
LDIN lead-in lighting system
LGTD lighted
LMM compass locator at ILS middle marker
LNDG landing
ICAO: LDG -landing
LOC localizer
ICAO: LOC-localizer or locally or location or
located
LOM compass locator at ILS outer marker
LONG longitude
LRCO limited remote communications outlet
M
MAA maximum authorized altitude
MAG magnetic
MAINT maintain, maintenance
ICAO: MNTN -maintain;
MAINT -maintenance
MALS medium intensity approach light system
MALSR medium intensity approach light system
with runway alignment indicator lights
MAP missed approach point
ICAO: MAP -aeronautical maps and charts
MAX maximum
MCA minimum crossing altitude
MDA minimum descent altitude
MEA minimum en route IFR altitude
MHZ megahertz
MIN minimum or minute
MIRL medium intensity runway edge lights
MLS microwave landing system
MM middle marker ILS
MOCA minimum obstruction clearance altitude
MRA minimum reception altitude
MSA minimum safe altitude
MSL mean sea level
MUNI municipal
N
N north
NA not authorized
NATL national
NAVAID navigational aid
NDB nondirectional radio beacon
NM nautical mile(s)
NOPT no procedure turn required
NR number
O
OBSTN obstruction
ODALS omnidirectional approach lighting
system
OM outer marker ILS
OPER operate
OPN operation
ICAO: OPR -operator/operate/operative/
operating/operational
ORIG original
OTS out of service
OVRN overrun
P
PAR precision approach radar
PAT pattern
PCN pavement classification number
PERMLY permanently
POB persons on board
PPR prior permission required
PROC procedure
Q
QUAD quadrant
R
R right (used only to designate rwys; e.g.,
rwy 19R)
ICAO: R -received (acknowledgement of
receipt)/red/restricted area (followed by
identification)/right (runway
identification)
31 JULY 08
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.2-4
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
RADAR radio detection and ranging
RAPCON radar approach control (USAF)
RCAG remote communications air/ground
RCLS runway centerline lights system
ICAO: RCL -runway centerline
RCO remote communications outlet
RCV receive
RCVG receiving
REIL runway end identifier lights
REQ request
RNAV area navigation
RRP runway reference point
RSTRD restricted
RTS returned to service
RVR runway visual range
RVRM runway visual range midpoint
RVRR runway visual range rollout
RVRT runway visual range touchdown
RVV runway visibility values
RWY runway
ICAO: RWY-runway
S
S runway weight bearing capacity for
aircraft with single-wheel type landing
gear
S south
ICAO: S -south/south latitude
SDF simplified directional facility
SEC second
SFC surface
SFL sequenced flashing lights
SI straight-in approach
ICAO: STA -straight-in approach
SM statute mile(s)
SR sunrise
SS sunset
ICAO: SS -sandstorm
SSALF simplified short approach lighting
system with sequenced flashers
SSALR simplified short approach lighting
system with runway alignment indicator
lights
SSALS simplified short approach lighting
system
STOL short take-off and landing runway
ICAO: STOL -short takeoff and landing
SVC service
ICAO: SVC -service message
T
T true (after a bearing)
ICAO: T -temperature
TAC terminal area chart
TACAN UHF navigational facility -
omnidirectioal course and distance
information
ICAO: TACAN -VHF tactical navigational
aid
TAS true air speed
ICAO: TMA -TERMINAL CONTROL
AREA
TCH threshold crossing height
TFC traffic
THR threshold
THRU through
ICAO: THRU -through/I am connecting you
to another switchboard
TKOF take-off
TEMPRLY temporarily
TMPRY temporary/temporarily
ICAO: TEMPO -Temporary/temporarily
TPA traffic pattern altitude
TRACON terminal radar approach control
TRML terminal
TRSA terminal radar service area
TSNT transient
TWEB transcribed weather broadcast
TWR tower
TWY taxiway
U
UAS Unmanned Aircraft System
UAVBL unavailable
UHF ultra high frequency
UNLGTD unlighted
UNMON unmonitored
UNSKED unscheduled
UNUSBL unusable
ICAO: U/S -unserviceable
31 JULY 08
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.2-5
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
V
VASI visual approach slope indicator
VCNTY vicinity
VDP visual descent point
VFR visual flight rules
VHF very high frequency
VOR VHF omni-directional radio range
VORTAC Combined VOR and TACAN system
(collocated)
VOT a VOR Receiver testing facility
VSBY visibility
ICAO: VIS - visibility
W
W west
WEA weather
ICAO: WX - weather
WKDAY weekday
WKEND weekend
WPT waypoint
WS Weather Service
WT weight
Z
Z Coordinated Universal Time
ICAO: UTC - Coordinated Universal Time
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.3-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 2.3 Chart Symbols
Aeronautical chart symbols are published in the Chart
Users Guide published by the National Aeronautical
Charting Office (NACO).
Copies are available at the following address:
NACO Distribution Division
Federal Aviation Administration
Riverdale, MD 20737-1199.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.4-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 2.4 Location Indicators
Location identifiers authorized by the Federal
Aviation Administration, Department of the Navy,
and Transport Canada and U.S. airspace fixes and
procedure codes are published in FAA Order_7350.7,
Location Identifiers. This publication may be
purchased as a subscription from the U.S. Government Printing Office.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.5-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 2.5 List of Radio Navigation Aids
A listing of navigation aids is not available. See
individual aeronautical charts for specific information.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.6-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 2.6 Conversion Tables
TBL GEN 2.6-1
ft/M
ft 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0 0.30 0.61 0.91 1.22 1.52 1.83 2.13 2.44 2.74
10 3.05 3.35 3.66 3.96 4.27 4.57 4.88 5.18 5.49 5.79
20 6.10 6.40 6.71 7.01 7.32 7.62 7.92 8.23 8.53 8.84
30 9.14 9.45 9.75 10.06 10.36 10.67 10.97 11.28 11.58 11.89
40 12.19 12.50 12.80 13.11 13.41 13.72 14.02 14.33 14.73 14.94
50 15.24 15.54 15.85 16.15 16.46 16.76 17.07 17.37 17.68 17.98
60 18.29 18.59 18.90 19.20 19.51 19.81 20.12 20.42 20.73 21.03
70 21.34 21.64 21.95 22.25 22.56 22.86 23.16 23.47 23.77 24.08
80 24.38 24.69 24.99 25.30 25.60 25.91 26.21 26.52 26.82 27.13
90 27.43 27.74 28.04 28.35 28.65 28.96 29.26 29.57 29.87 30.18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 30.48 33.53 36.58 39.62 42.67 45.72 48.77 51.82 54.86 57.91
200 60.96 64.01 67.06 70.10 73.15 76.20 79.25 82.30 85.34 88.39
300 91.44 94.49 97.54 100.53 103.63 106.68 109.73 112.78 115.82 118.87
400 121.92 124.97 128.02 131.06 134.11 137.16 140.21 143.26 146.30 149.35
500 152.40 155.45 158.50 161.54 164.59 167.64 170.69 173.74 176.78 179.83
600 182.88 185.93 188.98 192.02 195.07 198.12 201.17 204.22 207.26 210.31
700 213.36 216.41 219.46 222.50 225.55 228.60 231.65 234.70 237.74 240.79
800 243.84 246.89 249.94 252.98 256.03 259.09 262.13 265.18 268.22 271.27
900 274.32 277.37 280.42 283.42 268.51 289.56 292.61 295.66 298.70 301.75
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1000 304.80 335.28 365.76 396.24 426.72 457.20 487.68 518.16 548.64 579.12
2000 609.60 640.08 670.56 701.04 731.52 762.00 792.48 822.96 853.44 883.92
3000 914.40 944.88 975.36 1005.8 1036.3 1066.8 1097.3 1127.8 1158.2 1188.7
4000 1219.2 1249.7 1280.2 1310.6 1341.6 1371.6 1402.1 1432.6 1463.0 1493.5
5000 1524.0 1554.5 1585.0 1615.4 1645.9 1676.4 1706.9 1737.4 1767.8 1798.3
6000 1828.8 1859.3 1889.8 1920.2 1950.7 1981.2 2011.7 2042.2 2072.6 2103.1
7000 2133.6 2164.1 2194.6 2225.0 2255.5 2286.0 2316.5 2347.0 2377.4 2407.9
8000 2438.4 2468.9 2499.4 2529.8 2560.3 2590.8 2621.3 2651.8 2682.2 2712.7
9000 2743.2 2773.7 2804.2 2834.6 2865.1 2895.6 2926.1 2956.6 2987.0 3017.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
10000 3048.0 3352.8 3657.6 3962.4 4267.2 4572.0 4876.8 5181.6 5486.4 5791.2
20000 6096.0 6400.8 6705.6 7010.4 7315.2 7620.0 7924.8 8229.6 8534.4 8839.2
30000 9144.0 9448.8 9753.6 10058 10363 10668 10937 11278 11582 11887
40000 12192 12497 12802 13106 13411 13716 14021 14326 14630 14935
50000 15240 15545 15850 16154 16459 16764 17069 17374 17678 17983
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.6-2
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
TBL GEN 2.6-2
M/ft
M 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0 3.28 6.56 9.84 13.12 16.40 19.68 22.97 26.25 29.53
10 32.81 36.09 39.37 42.65 45.93 49.21 52.49 55.77 59.05 62.34
20 65.62 68.90 72.18 75.46 78.74 82.02 85.30 88.58 91.86 95.14
30 98.42 101.70 104.99 108.27 111.55 114.83 118.11 121.39 124.67 127.95
40 131.23 134.51 137.79 141.07 144.36 147.64 150.92 154.20 157.48 160.76
50 164.04 167.32 170.60 173.88 177.16 180.44 183.72 187.01 190.29 193.57
60 196.85 200.13 203.14 206.69 209.97 213.25 216.53 219.81 223.09 226.38
70 229.66 232.94 236.22 239.50 242.78 246.06 249.34 252.62 255.90 259.18
80 262.46 265.74 269.03 272.31 275.59 278.87 282.15 285.43 288.71 291.99
90 295.27 298.55 301.83 305.11 308.40 311.68 314.96 318.24 321.52 324.80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 328.08 360.89 393.70 426.50 459.31 492.12 524.93 557.74 590.54 623.35
200 656.16 688.97 721.78 754.58 787.39 820.20 853.01 885.82 918.62 951.43
300 984.24 1017.0 109.9 1082.7 1115.5 1148.3 1181.1 1213.9 1246.7 1279.5
400 1312.3 1345.1 1377.9 1410.7 1443.6 1476.4 1509.2 1542.0 1574.8 1607.6
500 1640.4 1673.2 1706.0 1738.8 1771.6 1804.4 1837.2 1870.1 1902.9 1935.7
600 1968.5 2001.3 2034.1 2066.9 2099.7 2132.5 2165.3 2198.1 2230.9 2263.8
700 2296.6 2329.4 2362.2 2395.0 2427.8 2460.6 2493.4 2562.2 2559.0 2591.8
800 2624.6 2657.4 2690.3 2723.1 2755.9 2788.7 2821.5 2854.3 2887.1 2919.9
900 2952.7 2985.5 3018.3 3051.1 3084.0 3116.8 3149.6 3182.4 3215.2 3248.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1000 3280.8 3608.0 3937.0 4265.0 4593.1 4921.2 5249.3 5577.4 5905.4 6233.5
2000 6561.6 6889.7 7217.8 7545.8 7873.9 8202.0 8530.1 8858.2 9186.2 9514.3
3000 9842.4 10170 10499 10827 11155 11483 11811 12139 12467 12795
4000 13123 13451 13779 14107 14436 14764 15092 15420 15748 16076
5000 16404 16732 17060 17388 17716 18044 18372 18701 19029 19357
6000 19685 20013 20341 20669 20997 21325 21653 21981 22309 22638
7000 22966 23294 23622 23950 24278 24606 24934 25262 25590 25918
8000 26246 26574 26903 27231 27559 27887 28215 28543 28871 29199
9000 29527 29855 30183 30511 30840 31168 31496 31824 32152 32480
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.6-3
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
TBL GEN 2.6-3
INTERNATIONAL NAUTICAL MILES TO STATUTE MILES
1 nautical mile = 6,076.10 feet or 1,852 meters 1 statute mile = 5,280 feet or 1,609.35 meters
NM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0.000 1.151 2.302 3.452 4.603 5.754 6.905 8.055 9.206 10.357
10 11.508 12.659 13.809 14.960 16.111 17.262 18.412 19.563 20.714 21.865
20 23.016 24.166 25.317 26.468 27.619 28.769 29.920 31.071 32.222 33.373
30 34.523 35.674 36.825 37.976 39.126 40.277 41.428 42.579 43.730 44.880
40 46.031 47.182 48.333 49.483 50.634 51.785 52.936 54.087 55.237 56.388
50 57.539 58.690 59.840 60.991 62.142 63.293 64.444 65.594 66.745 67.896
60 69.047 70.197 71.348 72.499 73.650 74.801 75.951 77.102 78.253 79.404
70 80.554 81.705 82.856 84.007 85.158 86.308 87.459 88.610 89.761 90.911
80 92.062 93.213 94.364 95.515 96.665 97.816 98.967 100.118 101.268 102.419
90 103.570 104.721 105.871 107.022 108.173 109.324 110.475 111.625 112.776 113.927
TBL GEN 2.6-4
STATUTE MILES TO INTERNATIONAL NAUTICAL MILES
SM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0.000 0.869 1.738 2.607 3.476 4.345 5.214 6.083 6.952 7.821
10 8.690 9.559 10.428 11.297 12.166 13.035 13.904 14.773 15.642 16.511
20 17.380 18.249 19.118 19.986 20.855 21.724 22.593 23.462 24.331 25.200
30 26.069 26.938 27.807 28.676 29.545 30.414 31.283 32.152 33.021 33.890
40 34.759 35.628 36.497 37.366 38.235 39.104 39.973 40.482 41.711 42.580
50 43.449 44.318 45.187 46.056 46.925 47.794 48.663 49.532 50.401 51.270
60 52.139 53.008 53.877 54.746 55.615 56.484 57.353 58.222 59.091 59.959
70 60.828 61.697 62.566 63.435 64.304 65.173 66.042 66.911 67.780 68.649
80 69.518 70.387 71.256 72.125 72.994 73.863 74.732 75.601 76.470 77.339
90 78.208 79.077 79.946 80.815 81.684 82.553 83.422 84.291 85.160 86.029
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.6-4
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
TBL GEN 2.6-5
CONVERSION TABLE - NM/ft
NM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0 607 1215 1822 2430 3037 3645 4252 4860 5467
1 6075 6682 7289 7897 8504 9112 9719 10327 10934 11542
2 12149 12757 13364 13971 14579 15186 15794 16401 17009 17616
3 18224 18831 19439 20046 20653 21261 21868 22476 23083 23691
4 24298 24906 25513 26121 26728 27335 27943 28550 29158 29765
5 30373 30980 31588 32195 32803 33410 34017 34625 35232 35840
6 36447 37055 37662 38270 38877 39485 40092 40700 41307 41914
7 42522 43129 43737 44344 44952 45559 46167 46774 47328 47989
8 48596 49204 49811 50419 51026 51634 52241 52849 53456 54064
9 54671 55278 55886 56493 57101 57708 58316 58923 59531 60138
TBL GEN 2.6-6
CONVERSION TABLE - ft/NM
ft 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0 0.016 0.033 0.049 0.066 0.082 0.099 0.115 0.132 0.148
1000 0.165 0.181 0.197 0.214 0.230 0.247 0.263 0.280 0.296 0.313
2000 0.329 0.346 0.362 0.379 0.395 0.411 0.428 0.444 0.461 0.477
3000 0.494 0.510 0.527 0.543 0.560 0.576 0.593 0.609 0.625 0.642
4000 0.658 0.675 0.691 0.708 0.724 0.741 0.757 0.774 0.790 0.806
5000 0.823 0.839 0.856 0.872 0.889 0.905 0.922 0.938 0.955 0.971
6000 0.988 1.004 1.020 1.037 1.053 1.070 1.086 1.103 1.119 1.136
7000 1.152 1.169 1.185 1.202 1.218 1.234 1.251 1.267 1.284 1.300
8000 1.317 1.333 1.350 1.366 1.383 1.399 1.416 1.432 1.448 1.465
9000 1.481 1.498 1.514 1.531 1.547 1.564 1.580 1.597 1.613 1.629
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
10000 1.646 1.811 1.975 2.140 2.304 2.469 2.634 2.798 2.963 3.127
20000 3.292 3.457 3.621 3.786 3.950 4.115 4.280 4.444 4.609 4.773
30000 4.938 5.103 5.267 5.432 5.596 5.761 5.926 6.090 6.255 6.419
40000 6.584 6.749 6.913 7.078 7.242 7.407 7.572 7.736 7.901 8.065
50000 8.230 8.395 8.559 8.724 8.888 9.053 9.218 9.382 9.547 9.711
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.6-5
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
TBL GEN 2.6-7
MB/INS °C/°F
MB INS MB INS MB INS °C °F °C °F °C °F
948 27.99 982 29.00 1016 30.00 -60 -76.0 -15 15 30 86.0
949 28.02 983 29.03 1017 30.03 -59 -74.2 -14 6.8 31 87.8
950 28.05 984 29.06 1018 30.06 -58 -72.4 -13 8.6 32 89.6
951 28.08 985 29.09 1019 30.09 -57 -70.6 -12 10.4 33 91.4
952 28.11 986 29.12 1020 30.12 -56 -68.8 -11 12.2 34 93.2
953 28.14 987 29.15 1021 30.15 -55 -67.0 -10 14.0 35 95.0
954 28.17 988 29.18 1022 30.18 -54 -65.2 -9 15.8 36 96.8
955 28.20 989 29.21 1023 30.21 -53 -63.4 -8 17.6 37 98.6
956 28.23 990 29.23 1024 30.24 -52 -61.6 -7 19.4 38 100.4
957 28.26 991 29.26 1025 30.27 -51 -59.8 -6 21.2 39 102.2
958 28.29 992 29.29 1026 30.30 -50 -58.0 -5 23.0 40 104.0
959 28.32 993 29.32 1027 30.33 -49 -56.2 -4 24.8 42 105.8
960 28.35 994 29.35 1028 30.36 -48 -54.4 -3 26.6 42 107.6
961 28.38 995 29.38 1029 30.39 -47 -52.6 -2 28.4 43 109.4
962 28.41 996 29.41 1030 30.42 -46 -50.8 -1 30.2 44 111.2
963 28.44 997 29.44 1031 30.45 -45 -49.0 0 32.0 45 113.0
964 28.47 998 29.47 1032 30.47 -44 -47.2 1 33.8 46 114.8
965 28.50 999 29.50 1033 30.50 -43 -45.4 2 35.6 47 116.6
966 28.53 1000 29.53 1034 30.53 -42 -43.6 3 37.4 48 118.4
967 28.56 1001 29.56 1035 30.56 -41 -41.8 4 39.2 49 120.2
968 28.59 1002 29.59 1036 30.59 -40 -40.0 5 41.0 50 122.0
969 28.61 1003 29.62 1037 30.62 -39 -38.2 6 42.8 51 123.8
970 28.64 1004 29.65 1038 30.65 -38 -36.4 7 44.6 52 125.6
971 28.67 1005 29.68 1039 30.68 -37 -34.6 8 46.4 53 127.4
972 28.70 1006 29.71 1040 30.71 -36 -32.8 9 48.2 54 129.2
973 28.73 1007 29.74 1041 30.74 -35 -31.0 10 50.0 55 131.0
974 28.76 1008 29.77 1042 30.77 -34 -29.2 11 51.8 56 132.8
975 28.79 1009 29.80 1043 30.80 -33 -27.4 12 53.6 57 134.6
976 28.82 1010 29.83 1044 30.83 -32 -25.6 13 55.4 58 136.4
977 28.85 1011 29.86 1045 30.86 -31 -23.8 14 57.2 59 138.2
978 28.88 1012 29.88 1046 30.89 -30 -22.0 15 59.0 60 140.0
979 28.91 1013 29.91 1047 30.92 -29 -20.2 16 60.8 61 141.8
980 28.94 1014 29.94 1048 30.95 -28 -18.4 17 62.6 62 143.6
981 28.97 1015 29.97 1049 30.98 -27 -16.6 18 64.4 63 145.4
1050 31.01 -26 -14.8 19 66.2 64 147.2
-24 -11.2 21 69.8 66 150.8
-23 -9.4 22 71.6 67 152.6
-22 -7.6 23 73.4 68 154.4
-21 -5.8 24 75.2 69 156.2
-20 -4.0 25 77.0 70 158.0
-19 -2.2 26 78.7
-18 -0.4 27 80.6
-17 1.4 28 82.4
-16 3.2 29 84.2
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.6-6
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
TBL GEN 2.6-8
litres/imperial gallons litres/U.S. gallons
L IMP L IMP L IMP L U.S. L U.S. L U.S.
1 .22 41 9.02 81 17.82 1 .26 41 10.83 81 21.40
3 .66 43 9.46 83 18.26 3 .79 43 11.36 83 21.93
4 .88 44 9.68 84 18.48 4 1.06 44 11.63 84 22.19
5 1.10 45 9.90 85 18.70 5 1.32 45 11.89 85 22.46
6 1.32 46 10.12 86 18.92 6 1.59 46 12.15 86 22.72
7 1.54 47 10.34 87 19.14 7 1.85 47 12.42 87 22.99
8 1.76 48 10.56 88 19.36 8 2.11 48 12.68 88 22.35
9 1.98 49 10.78 89 19.58 9 2.38 49 12.95 89 23.51
10 2.20 50 11.00 90 19.80 10 2.64 50 13.21 90 23.78
11 2.42 51 11.22 91 20.02 11 2.91 51 13.47 91 24.04
12 2.64 52 11.44 92 20.24 12 3.17 52 13.74 92 24.31
13 2.86 53 11.66 93 20.46 13 3.44 53 14.00 93 24.57
14 3.08 54 11.88 94 20.68 14 3.70 54 14.27 94 24.84
15 3.30 55 12.10 95 20.90 15 3.96 55 14.53 95 25.10
16 3.52 56 12.32 96 21.12 16 4.23 56 14.80 96 25.36
17 3.74 57 12.54 97 21.34 17 4.49 57 15.06 97 25.63
18 3.86 58 12.76 98 21.56 18 4.76 58 15.32 98 25.89
19 4.18 59 12.98 99 21.78 19 5.02 59 15.59 99 26.16
20 4.40 60 13.20 100 22.00 20 5.28 60 15.85 100 26.42
21 4.62 61 13.42 200 44.00 21 5.55 61 16.12 200 52.84
22 4.84 62 13.64 300 66.00 22 5.81 62 16.38 300 79.26
23 5.06 63 13.86 400 88.00 23 6.08 63 16.65 400 105.68
24 5.28 64 14.08 500 110.00 24 6.34 64 16.91 500 132.10
25 5.50 65 14.30 600 132.00 25 6.61 65 17.17 600 158.52
26 5.72 66 14.52 700 154.00 26 6.87 66 17.44 700 184.94
27 5.94 67 14.74 800 176.00 27 7.13 67 17.70 800 211.36
28 6.16 68 14.96 900 198.00 28 7.40 68 17.97 900 237.78
29 6.38 69 15.18 1000 220.00 29 7.66 69 18.23 1000 264.2
30 6.60 70 15.40 2000 440.00 30 7.93 70 18.49 2000 528.4
31 6.82 71 15.62 3000 660.00 31 8.19 71 18.76 3000 792.6
32 7.04 72 15.84 4000 880.00 32 8.45 72 19.02 4000 1056.8
33 7.26 73 16.06 5000 1100.00 33 8.72 73 19.29 5000 1321.0
34 7.48 74 16.28 6000 1320.00 34 8.98 74 19.55 6000 1585.2
35 7.70 75 16.50 7000 1540.00 35 9.25 75 19.82 7000 1849.4
36 7.92 76 16.72 8000 1760.00 36 9.51 76 20.08 8000 2113.6
37 8.14 77 16.94 9000 1980.00 37 9.78 77 20.34 9000 2377.8
38 8.36 78 17.16 10000 2200.00 38 10.04 78 29.61 10000 2642.0
39 8.58 79 17.38 39 10.30 79 20.87
40 8.80 80 17.60 40 10.57 80 21.14
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.6-7
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
TBL GEN 2.6-9
Kg/lb
kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb
1 2.20 28 61.73 52 114.64 76 167.55 100 220.5 16000 35273.6
2 4.41 29 63.93 53 116.84 77 169.75 200 440.9 17000 37478.2
3 6.61 30 6.14 54 119.05 78 171.96 300 661.4 18000 39682.2
4 8.82 31 68.34 55 121.25 79 174.16 400 881.8 19000 41887.4
5 11.02 32 70.55 56 123.46 80 176.37 500 1102.3 20000 44092.0
6 13.23 33 72.75 57 125.66 81 178.57 600 1322.8 21000 46296.6
7 15.43 34 74.96 58 127.87 82 180.78 700 1543.2 22000 48501.2
8 17.64 35 77.16 59 130.07 83 182.98 800 1763.7 23000 50705.8
9 19.84 36 79.37 60 132.28 84 185.19 900 1984.1 24000 52910.4
10 22.05 37 81.57 61 134.48 85 187.39 1000 2204.6 25000 55115.0
11 24.25 38 83.78 62 136.69 86 189.60 2000 4409.2 26000 57319.6
12 26.46 39 85.98 63 138.98 87 191.80 3000 6613.8 27000 59524.2
13 28.66 40 88.18 64 141.09 88 194.01 4000 8818.4 28000 61728.8
14 30.86 41 90.39 65 143.30 89 196.21 5000 11023.0 29000 63933.5
15 33.07 42 92.59 66 145.50 90 198.41 6000 13227.6 30000 66138.0
16 35.27 43 94.80 67 147.71 91 200.62 7000 15432.2 35000 77161.0
17 37.48 44 97.00 68 149.91 92 202.82 8000 17636.8 40000 88184.0
18 39.68 45 99.21 69 152.12 93 205.03 9000 19841.4 45000 99207.0
19 41.89 46 101.41 70 154.32 94 207.23 10000 22046.0 50000 110230.0
20 44.09 47 103.62 71 156.53 95 209.44 11000 24250.6 60000 132276.0
21 46.30 48 105.82 72 158.73 96 211.64 12000 26455.2 70000 154322.0
22 48.50 49 108.03 73 160.94 97 213.85 13000 28659.8 80000 176368.0
23 50.71 50 110.23 74 163.14 98 216.05 14000 30864.4 90000 198414.0
24 52.91 51 112.44 75 165.35 99 218.26 15000 33069.0 100000 220460.0
25 55.12
26 57.32
27 59.52
AIP
United States of America
GEN 2.7-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 2.7 Sunrise/Sunset Tables
The U.S. does not publish sunrise/sunset tables.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.1-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 3. SERVICES
GEN 3.1 Aeronautical Information Services
1. Aeronautical Information Service
1.1_The U.S. Aeronautical Information Service is the
National Flight Data Center, which forms a part of the
Air Traffic Airspace Management of the Federal
Aviation Administration.
Postal Address:
Federal Aviation Administration
National Flight Data Center
800 Independence Avenue, SW.
Washington, D.C. 20591
Telephone: 202-267-9311
Telex: 892-562
Commercial Telegraphic Address: FAA WASH
AFTN Address: KRWAYAYX
1.2_The U.S. NOTAM office is located at the
following address:
Postal Address:
Federal Aviation Administration
U.S. NOTAM Office
Air Traffic Control System Command Center
13600 EDS Drive
Herndon, VA 20171-3225
Telephone: 703-904-4557
Toll Free: 1-888-876-6826
Facsimile: 703-904-4437
Telex: 892-562
AFTN Address (Administrative):
KDCAYNYX
AFTN (NOTAM): KDZZNAXX
2. Area of Responsibility of AIS
2.1_The National Flight Data Center is responsible
for the collection, validation, and dissemination of
aeronautical information for the U.S. and areas under
its jurisdiction for air traffic control purposes.
3. Aeronautical Publications
3.1_United States AIP
3.1.1_The AIP, issued in one volume, is the basic
aeronautical information document published for
international use. It contains information of a lasting
character, with interim updates published in various
other publications. The AIP is available in English
only and is maintained on a current basis by a
6-month amendment service.
3.2_NOTAM Publication
3.2.1_NOTAM information is published in booklet
form every 28 days, entitled Notices to Airmen. This
booklet disseminates aeronautical information of
operational significance concerning airspace, procedures, and information concerning the status of both
international and domestic airports and navigational
aids.
3.3_Aeronautical Information Circulars
3.3.1_These circulars, called Advisory Circulars,
contain information of general or technical interest
relating to administrative or aviation matters which
are inappropriate to either the AIP or the NOTAM.
Advisory Circulars are available in English only. A
checklist of outstanding circulars is issued annually.
3.4_En route Aeronautical Charts, En Route
Supplements, Approach Procedure Charts,
Regional Airport/Facility Directories
3.4.1_These publications, available in English only,
contain specific information on airspace, airports,
navigational aids, and flight procedures applicable to
the regional areas of the U.S. and the territories and
airspace under its jurisdiction. These publications are
available by subscription only.
4. Distribution of Publications
4.1_The AIP subscriptions, including amendments,
are made available to foreign aeronautical authorities
on a reciprocal basis through the Federal Aviation
Administration, AAT-30, 800 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, D.C. 20591 upon request.
Address corrections and changes in distribution to
foreign aeronautical authorities are also accomplished through this office. See information in
paragraph 1.2 for published NOTAMs.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.1-2
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
4.2_Private paying subscriptions must be obtained
for each separate AIP document from the:
Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
P. O. Box 371954
Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
Telephone: 202-512-1800
Internet: http://www.gpoaccess.gov
4.3_Advisory Circulars are available, upon request,
from the:
U.S. Department of Transportation
Subsequent Distribution Office
Ardmore East Business Center
3341 Q 75th Avenue
Landover, MD 20785
4.4_All domestic chart and chart products as well as
National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)
world-wide products are available upon subscription
from the:
NACO Distribution Division
Federal Aviation Administration
Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1199
Telephone: 800-638-8972
5. NOTAM Service
5.1_NOTAM Publication (Postal Distribution)
5.1.1_NOTAM publication distribution, by means of
the Notices to Airmen publication, is in booklet form
which contains a recapitulation of pertinent or
permanent information of concern to airspace,
facilities, services, and procedures which are of
interest to both international and domestic civil
aviation users. The information contained will
eventually be published in either the U.S. AIP or in
other publications for domestic use, as applicable.
The Notices to Airmen publication will also contain
information regarding temporary changes or unscheduled interruptions to flight procedures and
navigational aids or airport services, the duration of
which is expected to last seven or more days.
Distribution of the Notices to Airmen publication
parallels NOTAM Class I and AIP distribution.
5.2_NOTAM Class I (Telecommunication
Distribution)
5.2.1_NOTAM Class I distribution is used mainly for
the notification of temporary information of timely
significance such as unforeseen changes in services,
facilities, airspace utilization, or any other emergency. Distribution is via telecommunications through
the International NOTAM Office of the National
Flight Data Center, in accordance with the following
classifications:
5.2.1.1_International NOTAM._NOTAM containing full information on all airports, facilities and
flight procedures available for use by international
civil aviation. NOTAMs are given selected distribution to adjacent or appropriate International NOTAM
Offices which require their exchange.
5.2.1.2_International Airspace NOTAM. NOTAM
containing short term information pertaining to
potentially hazardous international and domestic
airspace utilization which is of concern to international flights. NOTAMs are given selected
distribution to adjacent or appropriate International
NOTAM Offices which require their exchange.
5.2.1.3_International Airspace NOTAM. NOTAM
containing permanent changes-en route airway
structure/aeronautical service and information of a
general nature. NOTAMs are given selected
distribution to adjacent or appropriate International
NOTAM Offices which require their exchange.
5.2.1.4_International OMEGA and LORAN Facilities status of the OMEGA or LORAN Navigational
Aid Facilities. NOTAMs are given selected distribution to adjacent or appropriate International NOTAM
Offices which require their exchange.
5.2.1.5_Domestic NOTAM._NOTAM containing
information of concern to aircraft other than those
engaged in international civil aviation. Distribution is
to local or national users only. (See ENR 1.10.)
5.2.2_Each NOTAM is assigned a four digit serial
number which is followed by the location indicator
for which the series is applicable. The serial numbers
start with number 0001 at 0000 UTC on 1 July of each
year. Each serial number is preceded by a letter:
5.2.2.1_A for NOTAM classification _1."
NOTE-
NOTAM number one for the year 1984 for the New York,
John F. Kennedy International Airport would read
A0001/84 KJFK. All NOTAMs issued will be preceded by
an ‘‘A.’’
5.2.2.2_B for NOTAM classification _2." (Airspace):
the identifier of the affected air traffic control
center/FIR will be used.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.1-3
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
NOTE-
NOTAM number one for the year 1984 for the Oakland
ARTCC/FIR (Pacific Ocean Area) would read A0001/84
KZOA.
5.2.2.3_C for NOTAM classification ‘‘3’’ (Permanent Airspace):_The KFDC identifier will be used for
data of permanent airway/aeronautical services and
of a general nature that are transmitted as NOTAMs
and are given selected distribution to adjacent or
appropriate International NOTAM Offices which
require their exchange.
NOTE-
NOTAM number one for the year 1984 for KFDC is
A0001/84 KFDC.
5.2.2.4_D for NOTAM classification _4" (OMEGA/
LORAN facilities):_The KNMH will be used for
OMEGA/LORAN information that is transmitted to
all NOTAM Offices that exchange information with
the U.S. International NOTAM Office.
NOTE-
NOTAM number one for the year 1984 concerning the
status of OMEGA Station Norway would read A0001/84
KNMH.
5.2.2.5_E for NOTAM classification _5" (domestic):
No application (see ENR 1.10).
5.3_Each NOTAM is provided with an identification
letter adjoining the end of the word NOTAM
meaning:
5.3.1_NOTAMN: NOTAM containing new information.
5.3.2_NOTAMC: NOTAM cancelling a previous
NOTAM indicated.
5.3.3_NOTAMR: NOTAM replacing a previous
NOTAM indicated.
5.4_A checklist of NOTAMs currently in force for
each international NOTAM classification is issued
each month over the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network (AFTN) to each International
NOTAM office which exchanges International
NOTAMs with the U.S. International NOTAM
Office.
5.5_NOTAM Class I information is exchanged
between the U.S. International NOTAM Office and
the following International NOTAM Offices.
TBL GEN 3.1-1
COUNTRY CITY
AFGHANISTAN KABUL
ALBANIA ROME
ALGERIA ALGIERS
ANGOLA LUANDA
ARGENTINA BUENOS AIRES
AUSTRALIA SIDNEY
AUSTRIA VIENNA
AZORES SANTO MARIA
BAHAMAS NASSAU
BAHRAIN BAHRAIN
BANGLADESH DHAKA (DACCA)
BELGIUM BRUSSELS
BERMUDA BERMUDA
BOLIVIA LA PAZ
BOSNIA ZAGREB
BRAZIL RIO DE JANEIRO
BULGARIA SOFIA
CAMBODIA PHNOM-PEHN
CANADA OTTAWA
CAPE VERDE
ISLANDS
AMILCAR CABRAL
CHILE SANTIAGO
CHINA BEIJING
CHINA
(FORMOSA)
TAIPEI
COLOMBIA BOGOTA
CONGO BRAZZAVILLE
CROATIA ZAGREB
CUBA HAVANA
CYPRUS NICOSIA
CZECH REPUBLIC PRAGUE
DENMARK COPENHAGEN
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
SANTO DOMINGO
ECUADOR GUAYAQUIL
ENGLAND LONDON
ESTONIA TALLINN
ETHIOPIA ADDIS ABABA
EYGPT CAIRO
FIJI NANDI
FINLAND HELSINKI
FRANCE PARIS
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.1-4
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
COUNTRY CITY
FRENCH GUIANA MARTINIQUE
FRENCH
POLYNESIA
TAHITI
GERMANY (WEST) FRANKFURT
GHANA ACCRA
GREECE ATHENS
GREENLAND SONDRE STROMFJORD
GUYANA GEORGETOWN
HAITI PORT-AU-PRINCE
HONDURAS TEQUCIGALPA
HONG KONG HONG KONG
HUNGARY BUDAPEST
ICELAND REYKJAVIK
INDIA BOMBAY
INDIA CALCUTTA
INDIA DELHI
INDIA MADRAS
INDONESIA JAKARTA
IRAN TEHRAN (NOT AVBL)
IRELAND SHANNON
ISRAEL TEL AVIV
ITALY ROME
JAMAICA KINGSTON
JAPAN TOKYO
JORDAN AMMAN
KENYA NAIROBI
KOREA (SOUTH) SEOUL
KUWAIT KUWAIT
LATVIA MOSCOW
LEBANON BEIRUT
LIBERIA ROBERTS
LIBYA TRIPOLI
MALAYSIA KUALA LUMPUR
MALTA LUQA
MAURITIUS PLAISANCE
MAYNMAR RANGOON
MEXICO MEXICO CITY
MOROCCO CASABLANCA
MOZAMBIQUE MAPUTO
NAMIBIA JOHANNESBURG
NAURU ISLAND NAURU
NETHERLANDS AMSTERDAM
NETHERLANDS
ANTILLES
CURACAO
COUNTRY CITY
NEW GUINEA PORT MOSEBY
NEW ZEALAND AUCKLAND
NIGERIA LAGOS
NORWAY OSLO
OMAN MUSCAT
PAKISTAN KARACHI
PANAMA TOCUMEN
PARAGUAY ASUNCION
PERU LIMA
PHILLIPINES MANILLA
POLAND WARSAW
PORTUGAL LISBON
ROMANIA BUCHAREST
RUSSIA MOSCOW
SAMOA FALEOLA
SAUDI ARABIA JEDDAH
SENEGAL DAKAR
SEYCHELLES MAHE
SINGAPORE SINGAPORE
SLOVAKIA BRATISLAVA
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
HONIARA
SOUTH AFRICA JOHANNESBURG
SPAIN MADRID
SRI LANKA COLOMBO
SUDAN KHARTOUM
SURINAME PARAMARIBO
SWEDEN STOCKHOLM
SWITZERLAND ZURICH
SYRIA DAMASCUS
TANZANIA DAR-ES-SALAAM
THAILAND BANKOK
TRINIDAD PORT OF SPAIN
TUNISIA TUNIS
TURKEY ANKARA
URUGUAY MONTEVIDEO
VIET NAM HO CHI MINH CITY
VENEZUELA CARACAS
YEMEN ADEN
YUGOSLAVIA BELGRADE
ZAIRE KINSHASA
ZAMBIA LUSAKA
ZIMBABWE HARARE
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.1-5
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
6. Pre-Flight Information Service at
Aerodromes Available to International
Flights
6.1_Pre-Flight Information Units in the U.S. are
either FAA operated Flight Service Stations (FSS) or
National Weather Service operated Weather Service
Offices (WS).
6.2_Flight Service Stations (FSSs) are air traffic
facilities which provide pilot briefings, en route
communications and VFR search and rescue
services, assist lost aircraft and aircraft in emergency
situations, relay ATC clearances, originate Notices to
Airmen, broadcast aviation weather and National
Airspace System (NAS) information, receive and
process IFR flight plans, and monitor NAVAIDs. In
addition, at selected locations FSSs provide En Route
Flight Advisory Service (Flight Watch), take weather
observations, issue airport advisories, and advise the
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services of
transborder flights.
6.3_Supplemental Weather Service Locations
(SWSLs) are airport facilities staffed with contract
personnel who take weather observations and provide
current local weather to pilots via telephone or radio.
All other services are provided by the parent FSS.
6.4_FSS locations, services and telephone information are available in the U.S. Airport/Facility
Directory, Supplement Alaska, and Pacific Chart
Supplement.
6.5_Flight Service Station, Pre-Flight information
service coverage is designed primarily to provide
service within a 500-mile area of the Flight Service
Station. All Flight Service Stations, nevertheless, do
have telecommunications access to all of the weather
and NOTAM information available, on an as needed
basis, for preflight briefing to international locations
with which the U.S. International NOTAM office
exchanges information.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 3.2 Aeronautical Charts
1. General
1.1_Civil aeronautical charts for the U.S. and its
territories, and possessions are produced by the
National Aeronautical Charting Office (NACO),
http://www.naco.faa.gov, which is part of FAA’s
office of Technical Operations Aviation Systems
Standards.
2. Obtaining Aeronautical Charts
2.1_Most charts and publications described in this
chapter can be obtained by subscription or one-time
sales from:
NACO Distribution Division
Federal Aviation Administration
6303 Ivy Lane, Suite 400
Greenbelt, MD 20770
Telephone: 1-800-638-8972
(Toll free within U.S.)
301-436-8301/6990
301-436-6829 (FAX)
e-mail:_9-AMC-Chartsales@faa.gov
2.2_Public sales of charts and publications are also
available through a network of FAA chart agents
primarily located at or near major civil airports. A
listing of products and agents is printed in the free
FAA catalog, Aeronautical Charts and Related
Products. (FAA Stock No. ACATSET). A free
quarterly bulletin, Dates of Latest Editions, (FAA
Stock No. 5318), is also available from NACO.
3. Selected Charts and Products Available
VFR Navigation Charts
IFR Navigation Charts
Planning Charts
Supplementary Charts and Publications
Digital Products
4. General Description of Each Chart Series
4.1_VFR Navigation Charts
4.1.1_Sectional Aeronautical Charts. Sectional
Charts are designed for visual navigation of slow to
medium speed aircraft. The topographic information
consists of contour lines, shaded relief, drainage
patterns, and an extensive selection of visual
checkpoints and landmarks used for flight under
VFR. Cultural features include cities and towns,
roads, railroads, and other distinct landmarks. The
aeronautical information includes visual and radio
aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace,
special-use airspace, obstructions, and related data.
Scale 1 inch = 6.86nm/1:500,000. 60 x 20 inches
folded to 5 x 10 inches. Revised semiannually, except
most Alaskan charts are revised annually.
(See FIG GEN 3.2-1 and FIG GEN 3.2-11.)
4.1.2_VFR Terminal Area Charts (TAC). TACs
depict the airspace designated as Class B airspace.
While similar to sectional charts, TACs have more
detail because the scale is larger. The TAC should be
used by pilots intending to operate to or from airfields
within or near Class B or Class C airspace. Areas with
TAC coverage are indicated by a •on the Sectional
Chart indexes. Scale 1 inch = 3.43nm/1:250,000.
Charts are revised semiannually, except Puerto
Rico-Virgin Islands which is revised annually.
(See FIG GEN 3.2-1 and FIG GEN 3.2-11.)
4.1.3_World Aeronautical Charts (WAC). WACs
cover land areas for navigation by moderate speed
aircraft operating at high altitudes. Included are city
tints, principal roads, railroads, distinctive landmarks, drainage patterns, and relief. Aeronautical
information includes visual and radio aids to
navigation, airports, airways, special-use airspace,
and obstructions. Because of a smaller scale, WACs
do not show as much detail as sectional or TACs, and
therefore are not recommended for exclusive use by
pilots of low speed, low altitude aircraft. Scale 1 inch
= 13.7nm/ 1:1,000,000. 60 x 20 inches folded to 5 x
10 inches. WACs are revised annually, except for a
few in Alaska and the Caribbean, which are revised
biennially.
(See FIG GEN 3.2-12 and FIG GEN 3.2-13.)
4.1.4_U.S. Gulf Coast VFR Aeronautical Chart.
The Gulf Coast Chart is designed primarily for
helicopter operation in the Gulf of Mexico area.
Information depicted includes offshore mineral
leasing areas and blocks, oil drilling platforms, and
high density helicopter activity areas. Scale 1 inch =
13.7nm/1:1,000,000. 55 x 27 inches folded to 5_x 10
inches. Revised annually.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-2
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 3.2-1
Sectional and VFR Terminal Area Charts for the Conterminous U.S.,
Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands
4.1.5_Grand Canyon VFR Aeronautical Chart.
Covers the Grand Canyon National Park area and is
designed to promote aviation safety, flight free zones,
and facilitate VFR navigation in this popular area.
The chart contains aeronautical information for
general aviation VFR pilots on one side and
commercial VFR air tour operators on the other side.
4.1.6_Helicopter Route Charts._A three-color
chart series which shows current aeronautical
information useful to helicopter pilots navigating in
areas with high concentrations of helicopter activity.
Information depicted includes helicopter routes, four
classes of heliports with associated frequency and
lighting capabilities, NAVAIDs, and obstructions. In
addition, pictorial symbols, roads, and easily
identified geographical features are portrayed.
Helicopter charts have a longer life span than other
chart products and may be current for several years.
All new editions of these charts are printed on a
durable plastic material. Helicopter Route Charts are
updated as requested by the FAA. Scale 1 inch =
1.71nm/1:125,000. 34 x 30 inches folded to 5 x 10
inches.
4.2_IFR Navigation Charts
4.2.1_IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts (Conterminous U.S. and Alaska)._Enroute low altitude
charts provide aeronautical information for navigation under IFR conditions below 18,000 feet MSL.
This four-color chart series includes airways; limits
of controlled airspace; VHF NAVAIDs with
frequency, identification, channel, geographic coordinates; airports with terminal air/ground communications; minimum enroute and obstruction clearance altitudes; airway distances; reporting points;
special use airspace; and military training routes.
Scales vary from 1 inch = 5nm to 1 inch = 20nm. 50_x
20 inches folded to 5 x 10 inches. Charts revised every
56 days. Area charts show congested terminal areas
at a large scale. They are included with subscriptions
to any conterminous U.S. Set Low (Full_set, East or
West sets).
(See FIG GEN 3.2-2 and FIG GEN 3.2-4.)
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-3
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 3.2-2
Enroute Low Altitude Instrument Charts for the Conterminous U.S. (Includes Area Charts)
FIG GEN 3.2-3
Enroute High Altitude Charts for the Conterminous U.S.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-4
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
4.2.2_IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts (Conterminous U.S. and Alaska)._Enroute high altitude
charts are designed for navigation at or above 18,000
feet MSL. This four-color chart series includes the jet
route structure; VHF NAVAIDs with frequency,
identification, channel, geographic coordinates;
selected airports; reporting points. Scales vary from
1 inch = 45nm to 1 inch = 18nm. 55 x 20 inches folded
to 5 x 10 inches. Revised every 56 days.
(See FIG GEN 3.2-3 and FIG GEN 3.2-5.)
FIG GEN 3.2-4
Alaska Enroute Low Altitude Chart
FIG GEN 3.2-5
Alaskan Enroute High Altitude Chart
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-5
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
4.2.3_U.S. Terminal Procedures Publication
(TPP)._TPPs are published in 24 loose-leaf or
perfect bound volumes covering the conterminous
U.S., Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. A Change
Notice is published at the midpoint between revisions
in bound volume format and is available on the
internet for free download at the NACO web site.
(See FIG GEN 3.2-10.) The TPPs include:
4.2.3.1_Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP)
Charts._IAP charts portray the aeronautical data that
is required to execute instrument approaches to
airports. Each chart depicts the IAP, all related
navigation data, communications information, and an
airport sketch. Each procedure is designated for use
with a specific electronic navigational aid, such as
ILS, VOR, NDB, RNAV, etc.
4.2.3.2_Instrument Departure Procedure (DP)
Charts._DP charts are designed to expedite
clearance delivery and to facilitate transition between
takeoff and en route operations. They furnish pilots’
departure routing clearance information in graphic
and textual form.
4.2.3.3_Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR)
Charts._STAR charts are designed to expedite ATC
arrival procedures and to facilitate transition between
en route and instrument approach operations. They
depict preplanned IFR ATC arrival procedures in
graphic and textual form. Each STAR procedure is
presented as a separate chart and may serve either a
single airport or more than one airport in a given
geographic area.
4.2.3.4_Airport Diagrams._Full page airport diagrams are designed to assist in the movement of
ground traffic at locations with complex runway/taxiway configurations and provide information for
updating geodetic position navigational systems
aboard aircraft. Airport diagrams are available for
free download at the NACO website.
4.2.4_Alaska Terminal Procedures Publication.
This publication contains all terminal flight procedures for civil and military aviation in Alaska.
Included are IAP charts, DP charts, STAR charts,
airport diagrams, radar minimums, and supplementary support data such as IFR alternate minimums,
take-off minimums, rate of descent tables, rate of
climb tables and inoperative components tables.
Volume is 5-3/8 x 8-1/4 inch top bound. Publication
revised every 56 days with provisions for a Terminal
Change Notice, as required.
4.3_Planning Charts
4.3.1_U.S. IFR/VFR Low Altitude Planning
Chart._This chart is designed for prefight and
en_route flight planning for IFR/VFR flights.
Depiction includes low altitude airways and mileage,
NAVAIDs, airports, special use airspace, cities, times
zones, major drainage, a directory of airports with
their airspace classification, and a mileage table
showing great circle distances between major
airports. Scale 1 inch = 47nm/ 1:3,400,000. Chart
revised annually, and is available either folded or
unfolded for wall mounting. (See FIG GEN 3.2-6.)
FIG GEN 3.2-6
Planning Charts
4.3.2_Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Planning
Chart._This is a VFR planning chart on the reverse
side of the Puerto Rico - Virgin Islands VFR Terminal
Area Chart. Information shown includes mileage
between airports of entry, a selection of special use
airspace and a directory of airports with their
available services. Scale 1 inch = 85nm/1:6,192,178.
60 x 20 inches folded to 5 x 10 inches. The chart is
revised annually. (See FIG GEN 3.2-6.)
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-6
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 3.2-7
Airport/Facility Directory Geographic Areas
4.3.3_Charted VFR Flyway Planning Charts.
This chart is printed on the reverse side of selected
TAC charts. The coverage is the same as the
associated TAC. Flyway planning charts depict flight
paths and altitudes recommended for use to bypass
high traffic areas. Ground references are provided as
a guide for visual orientation. Flyway planning charts
are designed for use in conjunction with TACs and
sectional charts and are not to be used for navigation.
Chart scale 1 inch = 3.43nm/1:250,000._
4.4_Supplementary Charts and Publications
4.4.1_Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)._This
7-volume booklet series contains data on airports,
seaplane bases, heliports, NAVAIDs, communications data, weather data sources, airspace, special
notices, and operational procedures. Coverage
includes the conterminous U.S., Puerto Rico, and the
Virgin Islands. The A/FD shows data that cannot be
readily depicted in graphic form; e.g. airport hours of
operations, types of fuel available, runway widths,
lighting codes, etc. The chart bulletin section of the
A/FD also provides a means for pilots to update visual
charts between edition dates. (A/FD is published
every 56 days while sectional and Terminal Area
Charts are generally revised every six months). The
VFR Chart Update Bulletins are available for free
download from the NACO web site. Volumes are
side-bound 5-3/8 x 8-1/4 inches.
(See FIG GEN 3.2-7.)
4.4.2_Supplement Alaska._This is a civil/military
flight information publication issued by FAA every
56 days. It is a single volume booklet designed for use
with appropriate IFR or VFR charts. The Supplement
Alaska contains an airport/facility directory, airport
sketches, communications data, weather data
sources, airspace, listing of navigational facilities,
and special notices and procedures. Volume is
side-bound 5-3/8 x 8-1/4 inches.
4.4.3_Chart Supplement Pacific._This supplement
is designed for use with appropriate VFR or IFR
enroute charts. Included in this one-volume booklet
are the airport/facility directory, communications
data, weather data sources, airspace, navigational
facilities, special notices, and Pacific area procedures. IAP charts, DP charts, STAR charts, airport
diagrams, radar minimums, and supporting data for
the Hawaiian and Pacific Islands are included. The
manual is published every 56 days. Volume is
side-bound 5-3/8 x 8-1/4 inches._
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-7
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
4.4.4_ North Pacific Route Charts. These charts are
designed for FAA controllers to monitor transoceanic
flights. They show established intercontinental air
routes, including reporting points with geographic
positions. Composite Chart: scale 1 inch =
164NM/1:12,000,000. 48 x 41-1/2 inches. Area
Charts: scale 1 inch = 95.9nm/1:7,000,000. 52 x
40-1/2 inches. All charts are shipped unfolded.
Charts are revised every 56 days.
(See FIG GEN 3.2-8.)
FIG GEN 3.2-8
North Pacific Oceanic Route Charts
4.4.5_North Atlantic Route Chart._Designed for
FAA controllers to monitor transatlantic flights, this
5-color chart shows oceanic control areas, coastal
navigation aids, oceanic reporting points, and
NAVAID geographic coordinates. Full Size Chart:
scale 1 inch = 113.1nm/1:8,250,000. Chart is shipped
flat only. Half Size Chart: scale 1 inch =
150.8nm/1:11,000,000. Chart is 29-3/4 x 20-1/2
inches, shipped folded to 5 x 10 inches only. Chart are
revised every 56 days. (See FIG GEN 3.2-9.)
FIG GEN 3.2-9
North Atlantic Route Chart
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-8
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
4.4.6_Airport Obstruction Charts (OC)._The OC
is a 1:12,000 scale graphic depicting 14 CFR Part 77,
Objects Affecting Navigable Airspace surfaces, a
representation of objects that penetrate these
surfaces, aircraft movement and apron areas,
navigational aids, prominent airport buildings, and a
selection of roads and other planimetric detail in the
airport vicinity. Also included are tabulations of
runway and other operational data.
4.4.7_FAA Aeronautical Chart User’s Guide._A
booklet designed to be used as a teaching aid and
reference document. It describes the substantial
amount of information provided on FAA’s aeronautical charts and publications. It includes explanations
and illustrations of chart terms and symbols
organized by chart type. The users guide is available
for free download at the NACO web site.
4.5_Digital Products
4.5.1_The Digital Aeronautical Information CD
(DAICD)._The DAICD is a combination of the
NAVAID Digital Data File, the Digital Chart
Supplement, and the Digital Obstacle File on one
Compact Disk. These three digital products are no
longer sold separately. The files are updated every
56_days and are available by subscription only.
4.5.1.1_The NAVAID Digital Data File._This file
contains a current listing of NAVAIDs that are
compatible with the National Airspace System. This
file contains all NAVAIDs including ILS and its
components, in the U.S., Puerto Rico, and the Virgin
Islands plus bordering facilities in Canada, Mexico,
and the Atlantic and Pacific areas.
4.5.1.2_The Digital Obstacle File._This file describes all obstacles of interest to aviation users in the
U.S., with limited coverage of the Pacific, Caribbean,
Canada, and Mexico. The obstacles are assigned
unique numerical identifiers, accuracy codes, and
listed in order of ascending latitude within each state
or area.
4.5.1.3_The Digital Aeronautical Chart Supplement (DACS)._The DACS is specifically designed
to provide digital airspace data not otherwise readily
available. The supplement includes a Change Notice
for IAPFIX.dat at the mid-point between revisions.
The Change Notice is available only by free
download from the NACO website.
The DACS individual data files are:
ENHIGH.DAT:_High altitude airways (conterminous U.S.)
ENLOW.DAT: Low altitude airways (conterminous
U.S.)
IAPFIX.DAT: Selected instrument approach procedure NAVAID and fix data.
MTRFIX.DAT:_Military training routes data.
ALHIGH.DAT: Alaska high altitude airways data.
ALLOW.DAT: Alaska low altitude airways data.
PR.DAT: Puerto Rico airways data.
HAWAII.DAT: Hawaii airways data.
BAHAMA.DAT: Bahamas routes data.
OCEANIC.DAT: Oceanic routes data.
STARS.DAT: Standard terminal arrivals data.
DP.DAT: Instrument departure procedures data.
LOPREF.DAT: Preferred low altitude IFR routes
data.
HIPREF.DAT: Preferred high altitude IFR routes
data.
ARF.DAT: Air route radar facilities data.
ASR.DAT: Airport surveillance radar facilities data.
4.5.2_The National Flight Database (NFD)
(ARINC 424 )._The NFD is a basic
digital dataset, modeled to an international standard,
which can be used as a basis to support GPS
navigation. Initial data elements included are: Airport
and Helicopter Records, VHF and NDB Navigation
aids, en route waypoints and airways. Additional data
elements will be added in subsequent releases to
include: departure procedures, standard terminal
arrivals, and GPS/RNAV instrument approach
procedures. The database is updated every 28 days.
The data is available by subscription only and is
distributed on CD-ROM or by ftp download.
4.5.3_Sectional Raster Aeronautical Charts
(SRAC)._These digital VFR charts are geo-referenced scanned images of FAA sectional charts.
Additional digital data may easily be overlaid on the
raster image using commonly available Geographic
Information System software. Data such as weather,
temporary flight restrictions, obstacles, or other
geospatial data can be combined with SRAC data to
support a variety of needs. Most SRACs are provided
in two halves, a north side and a south side. The file
resolution is 200 dots per inch and the data is 8-bit
color. The data is provided as a GeoTIFF and
distributed on DVD-R media. The root mean square
error of the transformation will not exceed two pixels.
SRACs DVDs are updated every 28 days and are
available by subscription only.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-9
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 3.2-10
U.S. Terminal Publication Volumes
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-10
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 3.2-11
Sectional and VFR Terminal Area Charts for Alaska
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-11
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 3.2-12
World Aeronautical Charts for Alaska
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-12
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 3.2-13
World Aeronautical Charts for the Conterminous U.S.
Mexico, and the Caribbean Areas
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.2-13
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
5. National Imagery and Mapping Agency
(NIMA) Products
5.1_How to Order NIMA Products._FAA catalog
of NIMA Public Sale Aeronautical Charts and
Publications (FAA Stock No. DMAACATSET), is
available from the FAA NACO Distribution
Division. The catalog describes available charts and
publications primarily covering areas outside the
U.S. A free quarterly bulletin, Dates of Latest
Editions - NIMA Aeronautical Charts and Publications (FAA Stock No. DADOLE), is also available
from FAA.
5.1.1_Flight Information Publication (FLIP)
Planning Documents
General Planning (GP)
Area Planning
Area Planning - Special Use Airspace -
Planning Charts
5.1.2_FLIP Enroute Charts and Chart
Supplements
Pacific, Australasia, and Antarctica
United States - IFR and VFR Supplements
Flight Information Handbook
Caribbean and South America - Low Altitude
Caribbean and South America - High Altitude
Europe, North Africa, and Middle East -
Low Altitude
Europe, North Africa, and Middle East -
High Altitude
Africa
Eastern Europe and Asia
Area Arrival Charts
5.1.3_FLIP Instrument Approach Procedures
(IAPs)
Africa
Canada and North Atlantic
Caribbean and South America
Eastern Europe and Asia
Europe, North Africa, and Middle East
Pacific, Australasia, and Antarctica
VFR Arrival/Departure Routes - Europe and Korea
United States
5.1.4_Miscellaneous DOD Charts and Products
Aeronautical Chart Updating Manual (CHUM)
DOD Weather Plotting Charts (WPC)
Tactical Pilotage Charts (TPC)
Operational Navigation Charts (ONC)
Global Navigation and Planning Charts (GNC)
Global LORAN-C Navigation Charts (GLCC)
LORAN-C Coastal Navigation Charts (LCNC)
Jet Navigation Charts (JNC) and Universal Jet
Navigation Charts (JNU)
Jet Navigation Charts (JNCA)
Aerospace Planning Charts (ASC)
Oceanic Planning Charts (OPC)
Joint Operations Graphics - Air (JOG-A)
Standard Index Charts (SIC)
Universal Plotting Sheet (VP-OS)
Sight Reduction Tables for Air Navigation (PUB249)
Plotting Sheets (VP-30)
Dial-Up Electronic CHUM
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.3-1
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
GEN 3.3 Air Traffic Services
1. Responsible Authority
1.1_The authority responsible for the overall
administration of air traffic services provided for civil
aviation in the U.S. and its territories, possessions and
international airspace under its jurisdiction is the
Associate Administrator for Air Traffic Services,
acting under the authority of the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA).
Postal Address:
Director
Air Traffic Operations Program (ATP-1)
Federal Aviation Administration
800 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, D.C. 20591
U.S.A.
Telephone: 202-267-9155
Telex: 892-562
Commercial Telegraphic Address: FAA WSH
AFTN Address: KDCAYAYX
2. Area of Responsibility
2.1_Air traffic services as indicated in the following
paragraphs are provided for the entire territory of the
conterminous U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and
the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone,
as well as the international airspace in oceanic areas
under the jurisdiction of the U.S. which lies within the
ICAO Caribbean (CAR), North Atlantic (NAT),
North American (NAM) and Pacific (PAC) regions.
3. Air Traffic Services
3.1_With the exception of terminal control services at
certain civil aerodromes and military aerodromes, air
traffic service in the U.S. is provided by the Air
Traffic Operations Program, FAA, Department of
Transportation (DOT), U.S. Government.
3.2_Air Traffic control is exercised within the area of
responsibility of the U.S.:
3.2.1_On all airways.
3.2.2_In Class B, C, D, and E Airspace; and
3.2.3_Within the Class A airspace whose vertical
extent is from 18,000 feet to and including FL 600
throughout most of the conterminous U.S. and, in
Alaska, from 18,000 feet to and including FL 600 but
not including the airspace less than 1,500 feet above
the surface of the earth and the Alaskan Peninsula
west of longitude 160°􀀀00 _ West. (A complete
description of Class A airspace is contained in the
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 14,
Part_71.)
3.3_Air traffic control and alerting services are
provided by various air traffic control (ATC) units
and are described in ENR 1.1.
3.4_Radar service is an integral part of the air traffic
system. A description of radar services and
procedures is provided in ENR 1.1.
3.5_The description of airspace designated for air
traffic services is found in ENR 1.4.
3.6_Procedural data and descriptions are found in
ENR 1.5.
3.7_Numerous restricted and prohibited areas are
established within U.S. territory. These areas, none of
which interfere with normal air traffic, are explained
in ENR 1.5. Activation of areas subject to intermittent activity is notified in advance by a Notice to
Airmen (NOTAM), giving reference to the area by its
identification.
3.8_In general, the air traffic rules and procedures in
force and the organization of the air traffic services
are in conformity with ICAO Standards, Recommended Practices and Procedures. Differences
between the national and international rules and
procedures are given in GEN 1.7. The regional
supplementary procedures and altimeter setting
procedures are reproduced in full with an indication
wherein there is a difference.
3.9_Coordination between the operator and air traffic
services is effected in accordance with 2.11 of
Annex_II, and 2.1.1.4 and 2.1.2.5 of Part VIII of the
PANS-RAC (DOC 4444-RAC/501).
3.10_Minimum flight altitudes on the ATS routes as
listed in ENR 1.4 have been determined so as to
ensure at least 1,000 feet vertical clearance above the
highest obstacle within 4 nautical miles (NM) on each
side of the centerline of the route. However, where the
regular divergence (4.5 degrees) of the navigational
aid signal in combination with the distance between
the navigational aids could result in the aircraft being
more than 4 NM on either side of the centerline, the
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.3-2
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
4 NM protection limit is increased by the extent to
which the divergence is more than 4 NM from the
centerline.
3.11_Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities._Pilots are
encouraged to visit air traffic facilities (Airport
Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs), Air Route Traffic
Control Centers (ARTCCs), and Flight Service
Stations (FSSs)) and familiarize themselves with the
ATC system. On rare occasions, facilities may not be
able to approve a visit because of workload or other
reasons. Pilots should contact the facility prior to the
visit and advise of the number of persons in the group,
the time and date of the proposed visit, and the
primary interest of the group. With this information
available, the facility can prepare an itinerary and
have someone available to guide the group through
the facility.
3.12_Operation Take-off and Operation Raincheck._Operation Take-off is a program that
educates pilots in how best to utilize the FSS
modernization efforts and services available in
Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS), as stated
in FAA Order 7230.17, Pilot Education Program -
Operation Takeoff. Operation Raincheck is a
program designed to familiarize pilots with the ATC
system, its functions, responsibilities, and benefits.
4. En Route Procedures
4.1_Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)
An ARTCC is a facility established to provide air
traffic control service to aircraft operating on
instrument flight rule (IFR) flight plans within
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE and principally during
the en route phase of flight. When equipment
capabilities and controller workload permit, certain
advisory/assistance services may be provided to
visual flight rule (VFR) aircraft.
4.2_ARTCC Communications
4.2.1_Direct Communications, Controllers and
Pilots
4.2.1.1_ARTCCs are capable of direct communications with IFR air traffic on certain frequencies.
Maximum communications coverage is possible
through the use of Remote Center Air/Ground
(RCAG) sites comprised of very high frequency
(VHF) and ultra high frequency (UHF) transmitters
and receivers. These sites are located throughout the
U.S. Although they may be several hundred miles
away from the ARTCC, they are remoted to the
various centers by land lines or microwave links. As
IFR operations are expedited through the use of direct
communications, pilots are requested to use these
frequencies strictly for communications pertinent to
the control of IFR aircraft. Flight plan filing, en route
weather, weather forecasts, and similar data should be
requested through Flight Service Stations, company
radio, or appropriate military facilities capable of
performing these services.
4.2.1.2_An ARTCC is divided into sectors. Each
sector is handled by one or a team of controllers and
has its own sector discrete frequency. As a flight
progresses from one sector to another, the pilot is
requested to change to the appropriate sector discrete
frequency.
4.2.1.3_Controller Pilot Data Link Communications
(CPDLC) is a system that supplements air/ground
voice communications. As a result, it expands
two-way air traffic control air/ground communications capabilities. Consequently, the air traffic
system’s operational capacity is increased and any
associated air traffic delays become minimized. A
related safety benefit is that pilot/controller read-
back and hear-back errors will be significantly
reduced. The CPDLC’s principal operating criteria
are:
a)_Voice remains the primary and controlling
air/ground communications means.
b)_Participating aircraft will need to have the
appropriate CPDLC avionics equipment in order to
receive uplink or transmit downlink messages.
c)_CPDLC Build 1 offers four ATC data link
services. These are altimeter setting (AS), transfer of
communications (TC), initial contact (IC), and menu
text messages (MT).
1)_Altimeter settings are usually transmitted
automatically when a CPDLC session and eligibility
has been established with an aircraft. A controller
may also manually send an altimeter setting message.
NOTE-
When conducting instrument approach procedures, pilots
are responsible to obtain and use the appropriate altimeter
setting in accordance with 14 CFR Section 97.20. CPDLC
issued altimeter settings are excluded for this purpose.
2)_Initial contact is a safety validation transaction that compares a pilot’s initiated altitude downlink message with an aircraft’s ATC host computer
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.3-3
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
stored altitude. If an altitude mismatch is detected, the
controller will verbally provide corrective action.
3)_Transfer of communications automatically
establishes data link contact with a succeeding sector.
4)_Menu text transmissions are scripted nontrajectory altering uplink messages.
NOTE-
Initial use of CPDLC will be at the Miami Air Route Traffic
Control Center (ARTCC). Air carriers will be the first
users. Subsequently, CPDLC will be made available to all
NAS users. Later versions will include trajectory altering
services and expanded clearance and advisory message
capabilities.
4.2.2_ATC Frequency Change Procedures
4.2.2.1_The following phraseology will be used by
controllers to effect a frequency change:
EXAMPLE-
(Aircraft identification) CONTACT (facility name or
location name and terminal function) (frequency) AT (time,
fix, or altitude).
NOTE-
Pilots are expected to maintain a listening watch on the
transferring controller’s frequency until the time, fix, or
altitude specified. ATC will omit frequency change
restrictions whenever pilot compliance is expected upon
receipt.
4.2.2.2_The following phraseology should be
utilized by pilots for establishing contact with the
designated facility:
a)_When operating in a radar environment:
1)_On initial contact, the pilot should inform the
controller of the aircraft’s assigned altitude preceded
by the words _level," or _climbing to," or
_descending to," as appropriate; and the aircraft’s
present vacating altitude, if applicable.
EXAMPLE-
1._(Name) CENTER, (aircraft identification), LEVEL
(altitude or flight level).
2._(Name) CENTER, (aircraft identification), LEAVING
(exact altitude or flight level), CLIMBING TO OR
DESCENDING TO (altitude or flight level).
NOTE-
Exact altitude or flight level means to the nearest 100 foot
increment. exact altitude or flight level reports on initial
contact provide ATC with information required prior to
using Mode C altitude information for separation
purposes.
b)_When operating in a nonradar environment:
1)_On initial contact, the pilot should inform the
controller of the aircraft’s present position, altitude
and time estimate for the next reporting point.
EXAMPLE-
(Name) CENTER, (aircraft identification), (POSITION),
(altitude), ESTIMATING (reporting point) at (time).
2)_After initial contact, when a position report
will be made, the pilot should give the controller a
complete position report.
EXAMPLE-
(Name) CENTER, (aircraft identification), (position),
(time), (altitude), (type of flight plan), (ETA and name of
next reporting point), (the name of the next succeeding
reporting point), AND (remarks).
REFERENCE-
AIP, Position Reporting, Paragraph 6.
4.2.2.3_At times controllers will ask pilots to verify
the fact that they are at a particular altitude. The
phraseology used will be: _VERIFY AT (altitude)."
In climbing/descending situations, controllers may
ask pilots to _VERIFY ASSIGNED ALTITUDE AS
(altitude)." Pilots should confirm that they are at the
altitude stated by the controller or that the assigned
altitude is correct as stated. If this is not the case, they
should inform the controller of the actual altitude
being maintained or the different assigned altitude.
CAUTION-
Pilots should not take action to change their actual
altitude or different assigned altitude to that stated in the
controller’s verification request unless the controller
specifically authorizes a change.
