e. Restricted Area- Airspace designated under
14 CFR Part 73, within which the flight of aircraft,
while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction.
Most restricted areas are designated joint use and
IFR/VFR operations in the area may be authorized by
the controlling ATC facility when it is not being
utilized by the using agency. Restricted areas are
depicted on en route charts. Where joint use is
authorized, the name of the ATC controlling facility
is also shown.
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 73.)
(Refer to AIM.)
f. Warning Area- A warning area is airspace of
defined dimensions extending from 3 nautical miles
outward from the coast of the United States, that
contains activity that may be hazardous to
nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such
warning area is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the
potential danger. A warning area may be located over
domestic or international waters or both.
SPECIAL VFR CONDITIONS- Meteorological
conditions that are less than those required for basic
VFR flight in Class B, C, D, or E surface areas and
in which some aircraft are permitted flight under
visual flight rules.
(See SPECIAL VFR OPERATIONS.)
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT - A VFR flight
cleared by air traffic control to operate within Class
B, C, D, and E surface areas in metrological
conditions below VMC.
SPECIAL VFR OPERATIONS- Aircraft operating
in accordance with clearances within Class B, C, D,
and E surface areas in weather conditions less than the
basic VFR weather minima. Such operations must be
requested by the pilot and approved by ATC.
(See SPECIAL VFR CONDITIONS.)
(See ICAO term SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT.)
SPEED(See AIRSPEED.)
(See GROUND SPEED.)
SPEED ADJUSTMENT- An ATC procedure used to
request pilots to adjust aircraft speed to a specific
value for the purpose of providing desired spacing.
Pilots are expected to maintain a speed of plus or
minus 10 knots or 0.02 Mach number of the specified
speed. Examples of speed adjustments are:
a. “Increase/reduce speed to Mach point (number.)”
b. “Increase/reduce speed to (speed in knots)” or
“Increase/reduce speed (number of knots) knots.”
SPEED BRAKES- Moveable aerodynamic devices
on aircraft that reduce airspeed during descent and
landing.
SPEED SEGMENTS- Portions of the arrival route
between the transition point and the vertex along the
optimum flight path for which speeds and altitudes
are specified. There is one set of arrival speed
segments adapted from each transition point to each
vertex. Each set may contain up to six segments.
SQUAWK (Mode, Code, Function)- Activate
specific modes/codes/functions on the aircraft
transponder; e.g., “Squawk three/alpha, two one zero
five, low.”
(See TRANSPONDER.)
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG S-6
STA(See SCHEDULED TIME OF ARRIVAL.)
STAGING/QUEUING- The placement, integration,
and segregation of departure aircraft in designated
movement areas of an airport by departure fix, EDCT,
and/or restriction.
STAND BY- Means the controller or pilot must
pause for a few seconds, usually to attend to other
duties of a higher priority. Also means to wait as in
“stand by for clearance. ” The caller should
reestablish contact if a delay is lengthy. “Stand by” is
not an approval or denial.
STANDARD INSTRUMENT APPROACH PRO­
CEDURE (SIAP)-
(See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE (SID)-
A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic
control (ATC) departure procedure printed for
pilot/controller use in graphic form to provide
obstacle clearance and a transition from the terminal
area to the appropriate en route structure. SIDs are
primarily designed for system enhancement to
expedite traffic flow and to reduce pilot/controller
workload. ATC clearance must always be received
prior to flying a SID.
(See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND
DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.)
(See OBSTACLE DEPARTURE PROCEDURE.)
(Refer to AIM.)
STANDARD RATE TURN- A turn of three degrees
per second.
STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL- A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic control
arrival procedure published for pilot use in graphic
and/or textual form. STARs provide transition from
the en route structure to an outer fix or an instrument
approach fix/arrival waypoint in the terminal area.
STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL CHARTS(See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
STANDARD TERMINAL AUTOMATION RE­
PLACEMENT SYSTEM (STARS)-
(See DTAS.)
STAR(See STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL.)
STATE AIRCRAFT- Aircraft used in military,
customs and police service, in the exclusive service
of any government, or of any political subdivision,
thereof including the government of any state,
territory, or possession of the United States or the
District of Columbia, but not including any
government-owned aircraft engaged in carrying
persons or property for commercial purposes.
STATIC RESTRICTIONS- Those restrictions that
are usually not subject to change, fixed, in place,
and/or published.
STATIONARY RESERVATIONS- Altitude reservations which encompass activities in a fixed area.
Stationary reservations may include activities, such
as special tests of weapons systems or equipment,
certain U.S. Navy carrier, fleet, and anti-submarine
operations, rocket, missile and drone operations, and
certain aerial refueling or similar operations.
STEP TAXI- To taxi a float plane at full power or
high RPM.
STEP TURN- A maneuver used to put a float plane
in a planing configuration prior to entering an active
sea lane for takeoff. The STEP TURN maneuver
should only be used upon pilot request.
STEPDOWN FIX- A fix permitting additional
descent within a segment of an instrument approach
procedure by identifying a point at which a
controlling obstacle has been safely overflown.
STEREO ROUTE- A routinely used route of flight
established by users and ARTCCs identified by a
coded name; e.g., ALPHA 2. These routes minimize
flight plan handling and communications.
STOL AIRCRAFT(See SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING
AIRCRAFT.)
STOP ALTITUDE SQUAWK- Used by ATC to
inform an aircraft to turn-off the automatic altitude
reporting feature of its transponder. It is issued when
the verbally reported altitude varies 300 feet or more
from the automatic altitude report.
(See ALTITUDE READOUT.)
(See TRANSPONDER.)
STOP AND GO- A procedure wherein an aircraft
will land, make a complete stop on the runway, and
then commence a takeoff from that point.
(See LOW APPROACH.)
(See OPTION APPROACH.)
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG S-7
STOP BURST(See STOP STREAM.)
STOP BUZZER(See STOP STREAM.)
STOP SQUAWK (Mode or Code)- Used by ATC to
tell the pilot to turn specified functions of the aircraft
transponder off.
(See STOP ALTITUDE SQUAWK.)
(See TRANSPONDER.)
STOP STREAM- Used by ATC to request a pilot to
suspend electronic attack activity.
(See JAMMING.)
STOPOVER FLIGHT PLAN- A flight plan format
which permits in a single submission the filing of a
sequence of flight plans through interim full-stop
destinations to a final destination.
STOPWAY- An area beyond the takeoff runway no
less wide than the runway and centered upon the
extended centerline of the runway, able to support the
airplane during an aborted takeoff, without causing
structural damage to the airplane, and designated by
the airport authorities for use in decelerating the
airplane during an aborted takeoff.
STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH IFR- An instrument
approach wherein final approach is begun without
first having executed a procedure turn, not
necessarily completed with a straight-in landing or
made to straight-in landing minimums.
(See LANDING MINIMUMS.)
(See STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH VFR.)
(See STRAIGHT-IN LANDING.)
STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH VFR- Entry into the
traffic pattern by interception of the extended runway
centerline (final approach course) without executing
any other portion of the traffic pattern.
(See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
STRAIGHT-IN LANDING- A landing made on a
runway aligned within 30_ of the final approach
course following completion of an instrument
approach.
(See STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH IFR.)
STRAIGHT-IN LANDING MINIMUMS(See LANDING MINIMUMS.)
STRAIGHT-IN MINIMUMS(See STRAIGHT-IN LANDING MINIMUMS.)
STRATEGIC PLANNING- Planning whereby
solutions are sought to resolve potential conflicts.
SUBSTITUTE ROUTE- A route assigned to pilots
when any part of an airway or route is unusable
because of NAVAID status. These routes consist of:
a. Substitute routes which are shown on U.S.
Government charts.
b. Routes defined by ATC as specific NAVAID
radials or courses.
c. Routes defined by ATC as direct to or between
NAVAIDs.
SUNSET AND SUNRISE- The mean solar times of
sunset and sunrise as published in the Nautical
Almanac, converted to local standard time for the
locality concerned. Within Alaska, the end of evening
civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil
twilight, as defined for each locality.
SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY- The frequency band
between 3 and 30 gigahertz (GHz). The elevation and
azimuth stations of the microwave landing system
operate from 5031 MHz to 5091 MHz in this
spectrum.
SUPPLEMENTAL WEATHER SERVICE LOCA­
TION- Airport facilities staffed with contract
personnel who take weather observations and
provide current local weather to pilots via telephone
or radio. (All other services are provided by the parent
FSS.)
SUPPS- Refers to ICAO Document 7030 Regional
Supplementary Procedures. SUPPS contain procedures for each ICAO Region which are unique to that
Region and are not covered in the worldwide
provisions identified in the ICAO Air Navigation
Plan. Procedures contained in Chapter 8 are based in
part on those published in SUPPS.
SURFACE AREA- The airspace contained by the
lateral boundary of the Class B, C, D, or E airspace
designated for an airport that begins at the surface and
extends upward.
SURPIC- A description of surface vessels in the area
of a Search and Rescue incident including their
predicted positions and their characteristics.
(Refer to FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 10-6-4,
INFLIGHT CONTINGENCIES.)
SURVEILLANCE APPROACH- An instrument
approach wherein the air traffic controller issues
instructions, for pilot compliance, based on aircraft
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG S-8
position in relation to the final approach course
(azimuth), and the distance (range) from the end of
the runway as displayed on the controller's radar
scope. The controller will provide recommended
altitudes on final approach if requested by the pilot.
(Refer to AIM.)
SWAP(See SEVERE WEATHER AVOIDANCE PLAN.)
SWSL(See SUPPLEMENTAL WEATHER SERVICE
LOCATION.)
SYSTEM STRATEGIC NAVIGATION- Military
activity accomplished by navigating along a
preplanned route using internal aircraft systems to
maintain a desired track. This activity normally
requires a lateral route width of 10 NM and altitude
range of 1,000 feet to 6,000 feet AGL with some route
segments that permit terrain following.
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG T-1
T
TACAN(See TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION.)
TACAN-ONLY AIRCRAFT- An aircraft, normally
military, possessing TACAN with DME but no VOR
navigational system capability. Clearances must
specify TACAN or VORTAC fixes and approaches.
TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION- An ultra-high
frequency electronic rho-theta air navigation aid
which provides suitably equipped aircraft a
continuous indication of bearing and distance to the
TACAN station.
(See VORTAC.)
(Refer to AIM.)
TAILWIND- Any wind more than 90 degrees to the
longitudinal axis of the runway. The magnetic
direction of the runway shall be used as the basis for
determining the longitudinal axis.
TAKEOFF AREA(See LANDING AREA.)
TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE - The
length of the take-off run available plus the length of
the clearway, if provided.
TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE - The length
of runway declared available and suitable for the
ground run of an aeroplane take-off.
TARGET- The indication shown on an analog
display resulting from a primary radar return or a
radar beacon reply.
(See ASSOCIATED.)
(See DIGITAL TARGET.)
(See DIGITIZED RADAR TARGET.)
(See PRIMARY RADAR TARGET.)
(See RADAR.)
(See SECONDARY RADAR TARGET.)
(See TARGET SYMBOL.)
(See ICAO term TARGET.)
(See UNASSOCIATED.)
TARGET - In radar:
a. Generally, any discrete object which reflects or
retransmits energy back to the radar equipment.
b. Specifically, an object of radar search or
surveillance.
TARGET RESOLUTION- A process to ensure that
correlated radar targets do not touch. Target
resolution shall be applied as follows:
a. Between the edges of two primary targets or the
edges of the ASR-9 primary target symbol.
b. Between the end of the beacon control slash and
the edge of a primary target.
c. Between the ends of two beacon control slashes.
Note 1:_MANDATORY TRAFFIC ADVISORIES
AND SAFETY ALERTS SHALL BE ISSUED
WHEN THIS PROCEDURE IS USED.
Note 2:_This procedure shall not be provided
utilizing mosaic radar systems.
TARGET SYMBOL- A computer-generated indication shown on a radar display resulting from a
primary radar return or a radar beacon reply.
TAS(See TERMINAL AUTOMATION SYSTEMS.)
TAWS(See TERRAIN AWARENESS WARNING
SYSTEM.)
TAXI- The movement of an airplane under its own
power on the surface of an airport (14 CFR
Section 135.100 ). Also, it describes the
surface movement of helicopters equipped with
wheels.
(See AIR TAXI.)
(See HOVER TAXI.)
(Refer to 14 CFR Section 135.100.)
(Refer to AIM.)
TAXI PATTERNS- Patterns established to illustrate
the desired flow of ground traffic for the different
runways or airport areas available for use.
TCAS(See TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION
AVOIDANCE SYSTEM.)
TCH(See THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT.)
TCLT(See TENTATIVE CALCULATED LANDING
TIME.)
TDLS(See TERMINAL DATA LINK SYSTEM.)
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG T-2
TDZE(See TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION.)
TELEPHONE INFORMATION BRIEFING SER­
VIC E- A continuous telephone recording of
meteorological and/or aeronautical information.
(Refer to AIM.)
TENTATIVE CALCULATED LANDING TIME- A
projected time calculated for adapted vertex for each
arrival aircraft based upon runway configuration,
airport acceptance rate, airport arrival delay period,
and other metered arrival aircraft. This time is either
the VTA of the aircraft or the TCLT/ACLT of the
previous aircraft plus the AAI, whichever is later.
This time will be updated in response to an aircraft's
progress and its current relationship to other arrivals.
TERMINAL AREA- A general term used to describe
airspace in which approach control service or airport
traffic control service is provided.
TERMINAL AREA FACILITY- A facility providing air traffic control service for arriving and
departing IFR, VFR, Special VFR, and on occasion
en route aircraft.
(See APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.)
(See TOWER.)
TERMINAL AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (TAS)-
TAS is used to identify the numerous automated
tracking systems including ARTS IIE, ARTS IIIA,
ARTS IIIE, STARS, and MEARTS.
TERMINAL DATA LINK SYSTEM (TDLS)- A
system that provides Digital Automatic Terminal
Information Service (D-ATIS) both on a specified
radio frequency and also, for subscribers, in a text
message via data link to the cockpit or to a gate
printer. TDLS also provides Pre-departure Clearances (PDC), at selected airports, to subscribers,
through a service provider, in text to the cockpit or to
a gate printer. In addition, TDLS will emulate the
Flight Data Input/Output (FDIO) information within
the control tower.
TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA- Airspace
surrounding designated airports wherein ATC
provides radar vectoring, sequencing, and separation
on a full-time basis for all IFR and participating VFR
aircraft. The AIM contains an explanation of TRSA.
TRSAs are depicted on VFR aeronautical charts.
Pilot participation is urged but is not mandatory.
TERMINAL VFR RADAR SERVICE- A national
program instituted to extend the terminal radar
services provided instrument flight rules (IFR)
aircraft to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft. The
program is divided into four types service referred to
as basic radar service, terminal radar service area
(TRSA) service, Class B service and Class C service.
The type of service provided at a particular location
is contained in the Airport/Facility Directory.
a. Basic Radar Service- These services are
provided for VFR aircraft by all commissioned
terminal radar facilities. Basic radar service includes
safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited radar
vectoring when requested by the pilot, and
sequencing at locations where procedures have been
established for this purpose and/or when covered by
a letter of agreement. The purpose of this service is to
adjust the flow of arriving IFR and VFR aircraft into
the traffic pattern in a safe and orderly manner and to
provide traffic advisories to departing VFR aircraft.
b. TRSA Service- This service provides, in
addition to basic radar service, sequencing of all IFR
and participating VFR aircraft to the primary airport
and separation between all participating VFR
aircraft. The purpose of this service is to provide
separation between all participating VFR aircraft and
all IFR aircraft operating within the area defined as a
TRSA.
c. Class C Service- This service provides, in
addition to basic radar service, approved separation
between IFR and VFR aircraft, and sequencing of
VFR aircraft, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to the
primary airport.
d. Class B Service- This service provides, in
addition to basic radar service, approved separation
of aircraft based on IFR, VFR, and/or weight, and
sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport(s).
(See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.)
(See TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA.)
(Refer to AIM.)
(Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
TERMINAL-VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNI­
DIRECTIONAL RANGE STATION- A very high
frequency terminal omnirange station located on or
near an airport and used as an approach aid.
(See NAVIGATIONAL AID.)
(See VOR.)
TERRAIN AWARENESS WARNING SYSTEM
(TAWS)- An on-board, terrain proximity alerting
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG T-3
system providing the aircrew `Low Altitude
warnings' to allow immediate pilot action.
TERRAIN FOLLOWING- The flight of a military
aircraft maintaining a constant AGL altitude above
the terrain or the highest obstruction. The altitude of
the aircraft will constantly change with the varying
terrain and/or obstruction.
TETRAHEDRON- A device normally located on
uncontrolled airports and used as a landing direction
indicator. The small end of a tetrahedron points in the
direction of landing. At controlled airports, the
tetrahedron, if installed, should be disregarded
because tower instructions supersede the indicator.
(See SEGMENTED CIRCLE.)
(Refer to AIM.)
TF(See TERRAIN FOLLOWING.)
THAT IS CORRECT- The understanding you have
is right.
360 OVERHEAD(See OVERHEAD MANEUVER.)
THRESHOLD- The beginning of that portion of the
runway usable for landing.
(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
(See DISPLACED THRESHOLD.)
THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT- The theoretical height above the runway threshold at which the
aircraft's glideslope antenna would be if the aircraft
maintains the trajectory established by the mean ILS
glideslope or MLS glidepath.
(See GLIDESLOPE.)
(See THRESHOLD.)
THRESHOLD LIGHTS(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
TIBS(See TELEPHONE INFORMATION BRIEFING
SERVICE.)
TIME GROUP- Four digits representing the hour
and minutes from the Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC) clock. FAA uses UTC for all operations. The
term “ZULU” may be used to denote UTC. The word
“local” or the time zone equivalent shall be used to
denote local when local time is given during radio and
telephone communications. When written, a time
zone designator is used to indicate local time; e.g.
“0205M” (Mountain). The local time may be based
on the 24-hour clock system. The day begins at 0000
and ends at 2359.
TMA(See TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ADVISOR.)
TMPA(See TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
ALERT.)
TMU(See TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNIT.)
TODA -
(See ICAO Term TAKE-OFF DISTANCE
AVAILABLE.)
TORA -
(See ICAO Term TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE.)
TORCHING- The burning of fuel at the end of an
exhaust pipe or stack of a reciprocating aircraft
engine, the result of an excessive richness in the fuel
air mixture.
TOTAL ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME -
For IFR flights, the estimated time required from
take-off to arrive over that designated point, defined
by reference to navigation aids, from which it is
intended that an instrument approach procedure will
be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated
with the destination aerodrome, to arrive over the
destination aerodrom e. For VFR flights, the
estimated time required from take-off to arrive over
the destination aerodrome.
(See ICAO term ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME.)
TOUCH-AND-GO- An operation by an aircraft that
lands and departs on a runway without stopping or
exiting the runway.
TOUCH-AND-GO LANDING(See TOUCH-AND-GO.)
TOUCHDOWNa. The point at which an aircraft first makes
contact with the landing surface.
b. Concerning a precision radar approach (PAR),
it is the point where the glide path intercepts the
landing surface.
(See ICAO term TOUCHDOWN.)
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG T-4
TOUCHDOWN - The point where the
nominal glide path intercepts the runway.
Note:_Touchdown as defined above is only a datum
and is not necessarily the actual point at which the
aircraft will touch the runway.
TOUCHDOWN RVR(See VISIBILITY.)
TOUCHDOWN ZONE- The first 3,000 feet of the
runway beginning at the threshold. The area is used
for determination of Touchdown Zone Elevation in
the development of straight-in landing minimums for
instrument approaches.
(See ICAO term TOUCHDOWN ZONE.)
TOUCHDOWN ZONE - The portion of a
runway, beyond the threshold, where it is intended
landing aircraft first contact the runway.
TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION- The highest
elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface.
TDZE is indicated on the instrument approach
procedure chart when straight-in landing minimums
are authorized.
(See TOUCHDOWN ZONE.)
TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
TOWER- A terminal facility that uses air/ground
communications, visual signaling, and other devices
to provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the
vicinity of an airport or on the movement area.
Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport
controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D
airspace area regardless of flight plan or weather
conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower may also provide
approach control services (radar or nonradar).
(See AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE.)
(See APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.)
(See APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE.)
(See MOVEMENT AREA.)
(See TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL
SERVICE.)
(See ICAO term AERODROME CONTROL
TOWER.)
(Refer to AIM.)
TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL SERVICE- The
control of IFR en route traffic within delegated
airspace between two or more adjacent approach
control facilities. This service is designed to expedite
traffic and reduce control and pilot communication
requirements.
TOWER TO TOWER(See TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL
SERVICE.)
TPX-42- A numeric beacon decoder equipment/
system. It is designed to be added to terminal radar
systems for beacon decoding. It provides rapid target
identification, reinforcement of the primary radar
target, and altitude information from Mode C.
(See AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL
SYSTEMS.)
(See TRANSPONDER.)
TRACEABLE PRESSURE STANDARD- The
facility station pressure instrument, with certification/calibration traceable to the National Institute of
Standards and Technology. Traceable pressure
standards may be mercurial barometers, commissioned ASOS or dual transducer AWOS, or portable
pressure standards or DASI.
TRACK- The actual flight path of an aircraft over the
surface of the earth.
(See COURSE.)
(See FLIGHT PATH.)
(See ROUTE.)
(See ICAO term TRACK.)
TRACK - The projection on the earth's
surface of the path of an aircraft, the direction of
which path at any point is usually expressed in
degrees from North (True, Magnetic, or Grid).
TRAFFICa. A term used by a controller to transfer radar
identification of an aircraft to another controller for
the purpose of coordinating separation action. Traffic
is normally issued:
1. In response to a handoff or point out,
2. In anticipation of a handoff or point out, or
3. In conjunction with a request for control of an
aircraft.
b. A term used by ATC to refer to one or more
aircraft.
TRAFFIC ADVISORIES- Advisories issued to alert
pilots to other known or observed air traffic which
may be in such proximity to the position or intended
route of flight of their aircraft to warrant their
attention. Such advisories may be based on:
a. Visual observation.
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG T-5
b. Observation of radar identified and nonidentified aircraft targets on an ATC radar display, or
c. Verbal reports from pilots or other facilities.
Note 1:_The word “traffic” followed by additional
information, if known, is used to provide such
advisories; e.g., “Traffic, 2 o'clock, one zero miles,
southbound, eight thousand.”
Note 2:_Traffic advisory service will be provided to
the extent possible depending on higher priority
duties of the controller or other limitations; e.g.,
radar limitations, volume of traffic, frequency
congestion, or controller workload. Radar/
nonradar traffic advisories do not relieve the pilot
of his/her responsibility to see and avoid other
aircraft. Pilots are cautioned that there are many
times when the controller is not able to give traffic
advisories concerning all traffic in the aircraft's
proximity; in other words, when a pilot requests or
is receiving traffic advisories, he/she should not
assume that all traffic will be issued.
(Refer to AIM.)
TRAFFIC ALERT (aircraft call sign), TURN
(left/right) IMMEDIATELY, (climb/descend) AND
MAINTAIN (altitude).
(See SAFETY ALERT.)
TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOID­
ANCE SYSTEM- An airborne collision avoidance
system based on radar beacon signals which operates
independent of ground-based equipment. TCAS-I
generates traffic advisories only. TCAS-II generates
traffic advisories, and resolution (collision avoidance) advisories in the vertical plane.
TRAFFIC INFORMATION(See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
TRAFFIC IN SIGHT- Used by pilots to inform a
controller that previously issued traffic is in sight.
(See NEGATIVE CONTACT.)
(See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ADVISOR (TMA)- A
computerized tool which assists Traffic Management
Coordinators to efficiently schedule arrival traffic to
a metered airport, by calculating meter fix times and
delays then sending that information to the sector
controllers.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ALERT-
A term used in a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) issued
in conjunction with a special traffic management
program to alert pilots to the existence of the program
and to refer them to either the Notices to Airmen
publication or a special traffic management program
advisory message for program details. The contraction TMPA is used in NOTAM text.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNIT- The entity in
ARTCCs and designated terminals directly involved
in the active management of facility traffic. Usually
under the direct supervision of an assistant manager
for traffic management.
TRAFFIC NO FACTOR- Indicates that the traffic
described in a previously issued traffic advisory is no
factor.
TRAFFIC NO LONGER OBSERVED- Indicates
that the traffic described in a previously issued traffic
advisory is no longer depicted on radar, but may still
be a factor.
TRAFFIC PATTERN- The traffic flow that is
prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking
off from an airport. The components of a typical
traffic pattern are upwind leg, crosswind leg,
downwind leg, base leg, and final approach.
a. Upwind Leg- A flight path parallel to the
landing runway in the direction of landing.
b. Crosswind Leg- A flight path at right angles to
the landing runway off its upwind end.
c. Downwind Leg- A flight path parallel to the
landing runway in the direction opposite to landing.
The downwind leg normally extends between the
crosswind leg and the base leg.
d. Base Leg- A flight path at right angles to the
landing runway off its approach end. The base leg
normally extends from the downwind leg to the
intersection of the extended runway centerline.
e. Final Approach. A flight path in the direction of
landing along the extended runway centerline. The
final approach normally extends from the base leg to
the runway. An aircraft making a straight-in approach
VFR is also considered to be on final approach.
(See STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH VFR.)
(See TAXI PATTERNS.)
(See ICAO term AERODROME TRAFFIC
CIRCUIT.)
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
(Refer to AIM.)
TRAFFIC SITUATION DISPLAY (TSD)- TSD is a
computer system that receives radar track data from
all 20 CONUS ARTCCs, organizes this data into a
mosaic display, and presents it on a computer screen.
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG T-6
The display allows the traffic management coordinator multiple methods of selection and highlighting of
individual aircraft or groups of aircraft. The user has
the option of superimposing these aircraft positions
over any number of background displays. These
background options include ARTCC boundaries, any
stratum of en route sector boundaries, fixes, airways,
military and other special use airspace, airports, and
geopolitical boundaries. By using the TSD, a
coordinator can monitor any number of traffic
situations or the entire systemwide traffic flows.
TRAJECTORY- A URET representation of the path
an aircraft is predicted to fly based upon a Current
Plan or Trial Plan.
(See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL.)
TRAJECTORY MODELING- The automated process of calculating a trajectory.
TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST- A
continuous recording of meteorological and aeronautical information that is broadcast on L/MF and VOR
facilities for pilots. (Provided only in Alaska.)
(Refer to AIM.)
TRANSFER OF CONTROL- That action whereby
the responsibility for the separation of an aircraft is
transferred from one controller to another.
(See ICAO term TRANSFER OF CONTROL.)
TRANSFER OF CONTROL - Transfer of
responsibility for providing air traffic control service.
TRANSFERRING CONTROLLER- A controller/
facility transferring control of an aircraft to another
controller/facility.
(See ICAO term TRANSFERRING
UNIT/CONTROLLER.)
TRANSFERRING FACILITY(See TRANSFERRING CONTROLLER.)
TRANSFERRING UNIT/CONTROLLER -
Air traffic control unit/air traffic controller in the
process of transferring the responsibility for
providing air traffic control service to an aircraft to
the next air traffic control unit/air traffic controller
along the route of flight.
Note:_See definition of accepting unit/controller.
TRANSITIONa. The general term that describes the change from
one phase of flight or flight condition to another; e.g.,
transition from en route flight to the approach or
transition from instrument flight to visual flight.
b. A published procedure (DP Transition) used to
connect the basic DP to one of several en route
airways/jet routes, or a published procedure (STAR
Transition) used to connect one of several en route
airways/jet routes to the basic STAR.
(Refer to DP/STAR Charts.)
TRANSITION POINT- A point at an adapted
number of miles from the vertex at which an arrival
aircraft would normally commence descent from its
en route altitude. This is the first fix adapted on the
arrival speed segments.
TRANSITION WAYPOINT- The waypoint that
defines the beginning of a runway or en route
transition on an RNAV SID or STAR.
TRANSITIONAL AIRSPACE- That portion of
controlled airspace wherein aircraft change from one
phase of flight or flight condition to another.
TRANSMISSOMETER- An apparatus used to
determine visibility by measuring the transmission of
light through the atmosphere. It is the measurement
source for determining runway visual range (RVR)
and runway visibility value (RVV).
(See VISIBILITY.)
TRANSMITTING IN THE BLIND- A transmission from one station to other stations in
circumstances where two-way communication
cannot be established, but where it is believed that the
called stations may be able to receive the
transmission.
TRANSPONDER- The airborne radar beacon
receiver/transmitter portion of the Air Traffic Control
Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) which automatically receives radio signals from interrogators on the
ground, and selectively replies with a specific reply
pulse or pulse group only to those interrogations
being received on the mode to which it is set to
respond.
(See INTERROGATOR.)
(See ICAO term TRANSPONDER.)
(Refer to AIM.)
TRANSPONDER - A receiver/transmitter
which will generate a reply signal upon proper
interrogation; the interrogation and reply being on
different frequencies.
TRANSPONDER CODES(See CODES.)
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG T-7
TRIAL PLAN- A proposed amendment which
utilizes automation to analyze and display potential
conflicts along the predicted trajectory of the selected
aircraft.
TRSA(See TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA.)
TSD(See TRAFFIC SITUATION DISPLAY.)
TURBOJET AIRCRAFT- An aircraft having a jet
engine in which the energy of the jet operates a
turbine which in turn operates the air compressor.
TURBOPROP AIRCRAFT- An aircraft having a jet
engine in which the energy of the jet operates a
turbine which drives the propeller.
TURN ANTICIPATION- (maneuver anticipation).
TVOR(See TERMINAL-VERY HIGH FREQUENCY
OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE STATION.)
TWEB(See TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST.)
TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS FAIL­
URE(See LOST COMMUNICATIONS.)
JO 7110.65S 2/14/08
-2
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG U-1
U
UDF(See DIRECTION FINDER.)
UHF(See ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY.)
ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY- The frequency band
between 300 and 3,000 MHz. The bank of radio
frequencies used for military air/ground voice
communications. In some instances this may go as
low as 225 MHz and still be referred to as UHF.
ULTRALIGHT VEHICLE- An aeronautical vehicle
operated for sport or recreational purposes which
does not require FAA registration, an airworthiness
certificate, nor pilot certification. They are primarily
single occupant vehicles, although some two-place
vehicles are authorized for training purposes.
Operation of an ultralight vehicle in certain airspace
requires authorization from ATC.
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 103.)
UNABLE- Indicates inability to comply with a
specific instruction, request, or clearance.
UNASSOCIATED- A radar target that does not
display a data block with flight identification and
altitude information.
(See ASSOCIATED.)
UNDER THE HOOD- Indicates that the pilot is
using a hood to restrict visibility outside the cockpit
while simulating instrument flight. An appropriately
rated pilot is required in the other control seat while
this operation is being conducted.
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
UNFROZEN- The Scheduled Time of Arrival (STA)
tags, which are still being rescheduled by traffic
management advisor (TMA) calculations. The
aircraft will remain unfrozen until the time the
corresponding estimated time of arrival (ETA) tag
passes the preset freeze horizon for that aircraft's
stream class. At this point the automatic rescheduling
will stop, and the STA becomes “frozen.”
UNICOM- A nongovernment communication facility which may provide airport information at certain
airports. Locations and frequencies of UNICOMs are
shown on aeronautical charts and publications.
(See AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
(Refer to AIM.)
UNPUBLISHED ROUTE- A route for which no
minimum altitude is published or charted for pilot
use. It may include a direct route between NAVAIDs,
a radial, a radar vector, or a final approach course
beyond the segments of an instrument approach
procedure.
(See PUBLISHED ROUTE.)
(See ROUTE.)
UNRELIABLE (GPS/WAAS)- An advisory to
pilots indicating the expected level of service of the
GPS and/or WAAS may not be available. Pilots must
then determine the adequacy of the signal for desired
use.
UPWIND LEG(See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
URET(See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL.)
URGENCY- A condition of being concerned about
safety and of requiring timely but not immediate
assistance; a potential distress condition.
(See ICAO term URGENCY.)
URGENCY - A condition concerning the
safety of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of person on
board or in sight, but which does not require
immediate assistance.
USAFIB(See ARMY AVIATION FLIGHT INFORMATION
BULLETIN.)
USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL (URET)-
User Request Evaluation Tool is an automated tool
provided at each Radar Associate position in selected
En Route facilities. This tool utilizes flight and radar
data to determine present and future trajectories for
all active and proposal aircraft and provides
enhanced, automated flight data management.
UVDF(See DIRECTION FINDER.)
JO 7110.65S 2/14/08
-2
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG V-1
V
VASI(See VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR.)
VCOA(See VISUAL CLIMB OVER AIRPORT.)
VDF(See DIRECTION FINDER.)
VDP(See VISUAL DESCENT POINT.)
VECTOR- A heading issued to an aircraft to provide
navigational guidance by radar.
(See ICAO term RADAR VECTORING.)
VERIFY- Request confirmation of information;
e.g., “verify assigned altitude.”
VERIFY SPECIFIC DIRECTION OF TAKEOFF
(OR TURNS AFTER TAKEOFF)- Used by ATC to
ascertain an aircraft's direction of takeoff and/or
direction of turn after takeoff. It is normally used for
IFR departures from an airport not having a control
tower. When direct communication with the pilot is
not possible, the request and information may be
relayed through an FSS, dispatcher, or by other
means.
(See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND
DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.)
VERTEX- The last fix adapted on the arrival speed
segments. Normally, it will be the outer marker of the
runway in use. However, it may be the actual
threshold or other suitable common point on the
approach path for the particular runway configuration.
VERTEX TIME OF ARRIVAL- A calculated time of
aircraft arrival over the adapted vertex for the runway
configuration in use. The time is calculated via the
optimum flight path using adapted speed segments.
VERTICAL NAVIGATION (VNAV)– A function of
area navigation (RNAV) equipment which calculates,
displays, and provides vertical guidance to a profile
or path.
VERTICAL SEPARATION- Separation established
by assignment of different altitudes or flight levels.
(See SEPARATION.)
(See ICAO term VERTICAL SEPARATION.)
VERTICAL SEPARATION - Separation
between aircraft expressed in units of vertical
distance.
VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIR­
CRAFT- Aircraft capable of vertical climbs and/or
descents and of using very short runways or small
areas for takeoff and landings. These aircraft include,
but are not limited to, helicopters.
(See SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING
AIRCRAFT.)
VERY HIGH FREQUENCY- The frequency band
between 30 and 300 MHz. Portions of this band, 108
to 118 MHz, are used for certain NAVAIDs; 118 to
136 MHz are used for civil air/ground voice
communications. Other frequencies in this band are
used for purposes not related to air traffic control.
VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTION­
AL RANGE STATION(See VOR.)
VERY LOW FREQUENCY- The frequency band
between 3 and 30 kHz.
VFR(See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
VFR AIRCRAFT- An aircraft conducting flight in
accordance with visual flight rules.
(See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
VFR CONDITIONS- Weather conditions equal to
or better than the minimum for flight under visual
flight rules. The term may be used as an ATC
clearance/instruction only when:
a. An IFR aircraft requests a climb/descent in
VFR conditions.
b. The clearance will result in noise abatement
benefits where part of the IFR departure route does
not conform to an FAA approved noise abatement
route or altitude.
c. A pilot has requested a practice instrument
approach and is not on an IFR flight plan.
Note:_All pilots receiving this authorization must
comply with the VFR visibility and distance from
cloud criteria in 14 CFR Part 91. Use of the term
does not relieve controllers of their responsibility to
separate aircraft in Class B and Class C airspace
or TRSAs as required by FAAO JO 7110.65. When
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG V-2
used as an ATC clearance/instruction, the term
may be abbreviated “VFR;” e.g., “MAINTAIN
VFR,” “CLIMB/DESCEND VFR,” etc.
VFR FLIGHT(See VFR AIRCRAFT.)
VFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES- Routes
used by the Department of Defense and associated
Reserve and Air Guard units for the purpose of
conducting low-altitude navigation and tactical
training under VFR below 10,000 feet MSL at
airspeeds in excess of 250 knots IAS.
VFR NOT RECOMMENDED- An advisory
provided by a flight service station to a pilot during
a preflight or inflight weather briefing that flight
under visual flight rules is not recommended. To be
given when the current and/or forecast weather
conditions are at or below VFR minimums. It does
not abrogate the pilot's authority to make his/her own
decision.
VFR-ON-TOP- ATC authorization for an IFR
aircraft to operate in VFR conditions at any
appropriate VFR altitude (as specified in 14 CFR and
as restricted by ATC). A pilot receiving this
authorization must comply with the VFR visibility,
distance from cloud criteria, and the minimum IFR
altitudes specified in 14 CFR Part 91. The use of this
term does not relieve controllers of their responsibility to separate aircraft in Class B and Class C airspace
or TRSAs as required by FAAO JO 7110.65.
VFR TERMINAL AREA CHARTS(See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
VFR WAYPOINT(See WAYPOINT.)
VHF(See VERY HIGH FREQUENCY.)
VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE/TACTICAL
AIR NAVIGATION(See VORTAC.)
VIDEO MAP- An electronically displayed map on
the radar display that may depict data such as airports,
heliports, runway centerline extensions, hospital
emergency landing areas, NAVAIDs and fixes,
reporting points, airway/route centerlines, boundaries, handoff points, special use tracks, obstructions,
prominent geographic features, map alignment
indicators, range accuracy marks, minimum vectoring altitudes.
VIS IBILITY- The ability, as determ ined by
atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of
distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted
objects by day and prominent lighted objects by
night. Visibility is reported as statute miles, hundreds
of feet or meters.
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
(Refer to AIM.)
a. Flight Visibility- The average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight,
at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen
and identified by day and prominent lighted objects
may be seen and identified by night.
b. Ground Visibility- Prevailing horizontal visibility near the earth's surface as reported by the
United States National Weather Service or an
accredited observer.
c. Prevailing Visibility- The greatest horizontal
visibility equaled or exceeded throughout at least half
the horizon circle which need not necessarily be
continuous.
d. Runway Visibility Value (RVV)- The visibility
determined for a particular runway by a transmissometer. A meter provides a continuous indication of
the visibility (reported in miles or fractions of miles)
for the runway. RVV is used in lieu of prevailing
visibility in determining minimums for a particular
runway.
e. Runway Visual Range (RVR)- An instrumentally derived value, based on standard calibrations,
that represents the horizontal distance a pilot will see
down the runway from the approach end. It is based
on the sighting of either high intensity runway lights
or on the visual contrast of other targets whichever
yields the greater visual range. RVR, in contrast to
prevailing or runway visibility, is based on what a
pilot in a moving aircraft should see looking down the
runway. RVR is horizontal visual range, not slant
visual range. It is based on the measurement of a
transmissometer made near the touchdown point of
the instrument runway and is reported in hundreds of
feet. RVR is used in lieu of RVV and/or prevailing
visibility in determining minimums for a particular
runway.
1. Touchdown RVR- The RVR visibility
readout values obtained from RVR equipment
serving the runway touchdown zone.
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG V-3
2. Mid-RVR- The RVR readout values obtained
from RVR equipment located midfield of the runway.
3. Rollout RVR- The RVR readout values
obtained from RVR equipment located nearest the
rollout end of the runway.
(See ICAO term FLIGHT VISIBILITY.)
(See ICAO term GROUND VISIBILITY.)
(See ICAO term RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE.)
(See ICAO term VISIBILITY.)
VISIBILITY - The ability, as determined by
atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of
distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted
objects by day and prominent lighted objects by
night.
a. Flight Visibility-The visibility forward from
the cockpit of an aircraft in flight.
b. Ground Visibility-The visibility at an aerodrome as reported by an accredited observer.
c. Runway Visual Range -The range over
which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of a
runway can see the runway surface markings or the
lights delineating the runway or identifying its
centerline.
VISUAL APPROACH- An approach conducted on
an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan which
authorizes the pilot to proceed visually and clear of
clouds to the airport. The pilot must, at all times, have
either the airport or the preceding aircraft in sight.
This approach must be authorized and under the
control of the appropriate air traffic control facility.
Reported weather at the airport must be ceiling at or
above 1,000 feet and visibility of 3 miles or greater.
(See ICAO term VISUAL APPROACH.)
VISUAL APPROACH - An approach by an
IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument
approach procedure is not completed and the
approach is executed in visual reference to terrain.
VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
VISUAL CLIMB OVER AIRPORT (VCOA)- A
departure option for an IFR aircraft, operating in
visual meteorological conditions equal to or greater
than the specified visibility and ceiling, to visually
conduct climbing turns over the airport to the
published “climb-to” altitude from which to proceed
with the instrument portion of the departure. VCOA
procedures are developed to avoid obstacles greater
than 3 statute miles from the departure end of the
runway as an alternative to complying with climb
gradients greater than 200 feet per nautical mile.
These procedures are published in the `Take-Off
Minimums and (Obstacle) Departure Procedures'
section of the Terminal Procedures Publications.
(See AIM.)
VISUAL DESCENT POINT- A defined point on the
final approach course of a nonprecision straight-in
approach procedure from which normal descent from
the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be
commenced, provided the approach threshold of that
runway, or approach lights, or other markings
identifiable with the approach end of that runway are
clearly visible to the pilot.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES- Rules that govern the
procedures for conducting flight under visual
conditions. The term “VFR” is also used in the
United States to indicate weather conditions that are
equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements.
In addition, it is used by pilots and controllers to
indicate type of flight plan.
(See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.)
(See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.)
(See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.)
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
(Refer to AIM.)
VISUAL HOLDING- The holding of aircraft at
selected, prominent geographical fixes which can be
easily recognized from the air.
(See HOLDING FIX.)
VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS-
Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of
visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or
better than specified minima.
(See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.)
(See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.)
(See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
VISUAL SEPARATION- A means employed by
ATC to separate aircraft in terminal areas and en route
airspace in the NAS. There are two ways to effect this
separation:
a. The tower controller sees the aircraft involved
and issues instructions, as necessary, to ensure that
the aircraft avoid each other.
b. A pilot sees the other aircraft involved and upon
instructions from the controller provides his/her own
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG V-4
separation by maneuvering his/her aircraft as
necessary to avoid it. This may involve following
another aircraft or keeping it in sight until it is no
longer a factor.
(See SEE AND AVOID.)
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
VLF(See VERY LOW FREQUENCY.)
VMC(See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.)
VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL SYSTEM-
The VSCS is a computer controlled switching system
that provides air traffic controllers with all voice
circuits (air to ground and ground to ground)
necessary for air traffic control.
(See VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL
SYSTEM.)
(Refer to AIM.)
VOR- A ground-based electronic navigation aid
transmitting very high frequency navigation signals,
360 degrees in azimuth, oriented from magnetic
north. Used as the basis for navigation in the National
Airspace System. The VOR periodically identifies
itself by Morse Code and may have an additional
voice identification feature. Voice features may be
used by ATC or FSS for transmitting instructions/
information to pilots.
(See NAVIGATIONAL AID.)
(Refer to AIM.)
VOR TEST SIGNAL(See VOT.)
VORTAC- A navigation aid providing VOR
azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance
measuring equipment (DME) at one site.
(See DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT.)
(See NAVIGATIONAL AID.)
(See TACAN.)
(See VOR.)
(Refer to AIM.)
VORTICES- Circular patterns of air created by the
movem ent of an airfoil through the air when
generating lift. As an airfoil moves through the
atmosphere in sustained flight, an area of area of low
pressure is created above it. The air flowing from the
high pressure area to the low pressure area around and
about the tips of the airfoil tends to roll up into two
rapidly rotating vortices, cylindrical in shape. These
vortices are the most predominant parts of aircraft
wake turbulence and their rotational force is
dependent upon the wing loading, gross weight, and
speed of the generating aircraft. The vortices from
medium to heavy aircraft can be of extremely high
velocity and hazardous to smaller aircraft.
(See AIRCRAFT CLASSES.)
(See WAKE TURBULENCE.)
(Refer to AIM.)
VOT- A ground facility which emits a test signal to
check VOR receiver accuracy. Some VOTs are
available to the user while airborne, and others are
limited to ground use only.
(See AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
(Refer to AIM.)
VR(See VFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.)
VSCS(See VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL
SYSTEM.)
VTA(See VERTEX TIME OF ARRIVAL.)
VTOL AIRCRAFT(See VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING
AIRCRAFT.)
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG W-1
W
WA(See AIRMET.)
(See WEATHER ADVISORY.)
WAAS(See WIDE-AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM.)
WAKE TURBULENCE- Phenomena resulting from
the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere.
The term includes vortices, thrust stream turbulence,
jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and rotor wash
both on the ground and in the air.
(See AIRCRAFT CLASSES.)
(See JET BLAST.)
(See VORTICES.)
(Refer to AIM.)
WARNING AREA(See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.)
WAYPOINT- A predetermined geographical position used for route/instrument approach definition,
progress reports, published VFR routes, visual
reporting points or points for transitioning and/or
circumnavigating controlled and/or special use
airspace, that is defined relative to a VORTAC station
or in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates.
WEATHER ADVISORY- In aviation weather
forecast practice, an expression of hazardous weather
conditions not predicted in the area forecast, as they
affect the operation of air traffic and as prepared by
the NWS.
(See AIRMET.)
(See SIGMET.)
WHEN ABLE- When used in conjunction with ATC
instructions, gives the pilot the latitude to delay
compliance until a condition or event has been
reconciled. Unlike “pilot discretion,” when instructions are prefaced “when able,” the pilot is expected
to seek the first opportunity to comply. Once a
maneuver has been initiated, the pilot is expected to
continue until the specifications of the instructions
have been met. “When able,” should not be used
when expeditious compliance is required.
WIDE-AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM
(WAAS)- The WAAS is a satellite navigation system
consisting of the equipment and software which
augments the GPS Standard Positioning Service
(SPS). The WAAS provides enhanced integrity,
accuracy, availability, and continuity over and above
GPS SPS. The differential correction function
provides improved accuracy required for precision
approach.
WILCO- I have received your message, understand
it, and will comply with it.
WIND GRID DISPLAY- A display that presents the
latest forecasted wind data overlaid on a map of the
ARTCC area. Wind data is automatically entered and
updated periodically by transmissions from the
National Weather Service. Winds at specific
altitudes, along with temperatures and air pressure
can be viewed.
WIND SHEAR- A change in wind speed and/or wind
direction in a short distance resulting in a tearing or
shearing effect. It can exist in a horizontal or vertical
direction and occasionally in both.
WING TIP VORTICES(See VORTICES.)
WORDS TWICEa. As a request: “Communication is difficult.
Please say every phrase twice.”
b. As information: “Since communications are
difficult, every phrase in this message will be spoken
twice.”
WORLD AERONAUTICAL CHARTS(See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
WS(See SIGMET.)
(See WEATHER ADVISORY.)
WST(See CONVECTIVE SIGMET.)
(See WEATHER ADVISORY.)
JO 7110.65S 2/14/08
-2
7/31/08 JO 7110.65S CHG 1
Index I-1
INDEX
A
Abbreviated Departure Clearance, 4-3-3
Abbreviated Transmissions, 2-4-2
Abbreviations, 1-2-3
Additional Separation for Formation Flights, 5-5-4
Adjacent Airspace, 5-5-5
Adjusted Minimum Flight Level, 4-5-2
Advance Descent Clearance, 4-7-1
Aerial Refueling, 9-2-6
Air Defense Exercise Beacon Code Assignment, 5-2-5
Air Defense Identification Zone (Land Based), 9-2-4
Air Traffic Service (ATS) Routes, 2-5-1
Air Traffic Services Interfacility Data Communications
(AIDC), 8-2-1
Airborne Military Flights, 2-2-4
Aircraft Bomb Threats, 10-2-4
Aircraft Carrying Dangerous Materials, 9-2-1
Aircraft Equipment Suffix (Strips), 2-3-10
Aircraft Identification, 2-4-8
Aircraft Identity (Strips), 2-3-9
Aircraft Information (Experimental), Appendix C-1
Aircraft Information (Fixed-Wing), Appendix A-1
Aircraft Information (Helicopters), Appendix B-1
Aircraft Information (Homebuilt), Appendix C-1
Aircraft Information (Rotorcraft), Appendix B-1
Aircraft Orientation, 10-2-1
Aircraft Position Plots, 10-3-2
Aircraft Type (Strips), 2-3-10
Aircraft Types, 2-4-11
Airport Conditions, 3-3-1, 4-7-5
Airport Ground Emergency, 10-1-2
Airport Lighting, 3-4-1
Airport Surface Detection Procedures, 3-6-1
Airspace Classes, 2-4-11
AIT, 5-4-5
Alignment Accuracy Check (Radar), 5-1-1
ALNOT, 10-3-2
ALNOT Cancellation, 10-3-2
ALS Intensity Settings, 3-4-2
ALSF-2/SSALR, 3-4-3
Alternative Routes, 4-4-3
Altimeter Setting (Oceanic), 8-1-1
Altimeter Settings, 2-7-1
Altitude Amendments, 4-2-1
Altitude and Distance Limitations, 4-1-1
Altitude Assignment and Verification, 4-5-1
Altitude Assignment for Military High Altitude
Instrument Approaches, 4-8-5
Altitude Confirmation - Mode C, 5-2-7
Altitude Confirmation - Non-Mode C, 5-2-7
Altitude Confirmation - Nonradar, 4-5-7
Altitude Filters (Beacon), 5-2-9
Altitude for Direction of Flight (IFR), 4-5-1
Altitude for Direction of Flight (OTP), 7-3-2
Altitude Instructions, 4-5-3
Altitude Restricted Low Approach, 3-10-8
ALTRV Clearance, 4-2-2
ALTRV Information, 2-2-2
Annotations, 1-2-3
Anticipated Altitude Changes, 4-5-7
Anticipating Separation (ATCT - Arrival), 3-10-7
Anticipating Separation (ATCT - Departure), 3-9-4
Approach Clearance Information, 4-8-6
Approach Clearance Procedures, 4-8-1
Approach Control Service for VFR Arriving Aircraft,
7-1-1
Approach Information (Arrivals), 4-7-4
Approach Lights, 3-4-2
Approach Separation Responsibility, 5-9-5
Approaches to Multiple Runways (Visual), 7-4-2
Arctic CTA, 8-10-1
Arresting System Operations, 3-3-3
Arrival Information, 4-7-3
Arrival Information by Approach Control Facilities,
4-7-5
7/31/08 JO 7110.65S CHG 1
Index I-2
Arrival Instructions (Radar), 5-9-2
Arrival Procedures, 4-7-1
Arrival Procedures and Separation (ATCT), 3-10-1
Arrivals on Parallel or Nonintersecting Diverging
Runways (Radar), 5-8-3
ARTS, 5-15-1
ATC Assigned Airspace, 9-3-1
ATC Service, 2-1-1
ATIS Application, 2-9-1
ATIS Content, 2-9-2
ATIS Procedures, 2-9-1
Authorized Interruptions, 2-4-1
Authorized Relays, 2-4-2
Authorized Transmissions, 2-4-1
Automated Information Transfer, 5-4-5
Automated Radar Terminal Systems - Terminal, 5-15-1
Automatic Altitude Reporting, 5-2-8
Automation - En Route, 5-14-1
Avoidance of Areas of Nuclear Radiation, 9-2-8
AWACS Special Flights, 9-2-9
B
Balloons, Unmanned Free, 9-6-1
Beacon Code for Pressure Suit Flights and Flights Above
FL 600, 5-2-4
Beacon Code Monitor, 5-2-5
Beacon Identification Methods, 5-3-1
Beacon Range Accuracy, 5-1-2
Beacon Systems, 5-2-1
Beacon Target Displacement, 5-5-6
Beacon Termination, 5-2-9
Below Minima Report by Pilot, 4-7-4
Braking Action, 3-3-2
Braking Action Advisories, 3-3-2
C
Calm Wind Conditions, 2-6-4
Canadian Airspace Procedures, 12-1-1
Cancellation of Takeoff Clearance, 3-9-9
Caribbean ICAO Region, 8-8-1
Celestial Navigation Training, 9-2-1
Charted Visual Flight Procedures, 7-4-3
Circling Approach, 4-8-5
Class A Airspace Restrictions, 7-1-1
Class B Separation, 7-9-2
Class B Service Area (Terminal), 7-9-1
Class C Separation, 7-8-1
Class C Service (Terminal), 7-8-1
Clearance Beyond Fix, 4-6-2
Clearance Delivery Instructions, 4-2-1
Clearance for Visual Approach, 7-4-1
Clearance Information (Arrivals), 4-7-1
Clearance Items, 4-2-1
Clearance Items (Airfile), 4-2-3
Clearance Limit, 4-8-5
Clearance Prefix, 4-2-1
Clearance Relay, 4-2-1
Clearance Status (Strips), 2-3-10
Clearance to Holding Fix, 4-6-1
Clearance Void Times, 4-3-5
Closed Runway Information, 3-3-1
Closed Traffic, 3-10-8
Coast Tracks, 5-14-2
Communications Failure, 10-4-1
Communications Release (Approaches), 4-8-6
Composite Separation Minima (Oceanic), 8-9-2
Computer Entry of Assigned Altitude, 5-14-2
Computer Message Verification, 2-2-2
Conflict Alert (Host), 5-14-1
Conflict Alert/Mode C Intruder (MCI) (ARTS), 5-15-2
Constraints Governing Supplements and Procedural
Deviations, 1-1-2
Contact Approach, 7-4-3
7/31/08 JO 7110.65S CHG 1
Index I-3
Control Estimates, 8-1-1
Control Symbology (Strip), 2-3-10
Control Transfer, 2-1-7
Controller Initiated Coast Tracks, 5-14-2
Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC),
2-4-4, 4-5-4, 13-2-3
Coordinate Use of Airspace, 2-1-7
Coordination Between Local and Ground Controllers,
3-1-2
Coordination with Receiving Facility (Departures),
4-3-6
Course Definitions, 1-2-2
Crossing Altitude, 4-1-2
CVFP, 7-4-3
D
Decision Support Tools, 13-1-1
Degree - Distance Route Definition for Military
Operations, 4-4-2
Delay Sequencing (Departures), 4-3-6
Department of Energy Special Flights, 9-2-1
Departure and Arrival (Radar Separation), 5-8-3
Departure Clearances, 4-3-1
Departure Control Instructions (ATCT), 3-9-2
Departure Delay Information (ATCT), 3-9-1
Departure Information (ATCT), 3-9-1
Departure Procedures, 4-3-1
Departure Procedures and Separation (ATCT), 3-9-1
Departure Restrictions, 4-3-5
Departure Terminology, 4-3-1
Departures on Parallel or Nonintersecting Diverging
Runways (Radar), 5-8-3
Deviation Advisories (Protected Airspace), 5-1-4
Discrete Environment (Beacon), 5-2-1
Disseminating Weather Information, 2-6-4
DOE, 9-2-1
Duty Priority, 2-1-1
E
E-MSAW, 5-14-1
Edge of Scope, 5-5-5
Electronic Attack (EA) Activity, 5-1-2
Electronic Cursor, 5-1-3
ELP Operations, 3-10-10
ELT, 10-2-3
Emergencies, 10-1-1
Emergencies Involving Military Fighter-Type Aircraft,
10-1-2
Emergency Airport Recommendation, 10-2-6
Emergency Assistance, 10-2-1
Emergency Code Assignment, 5-2-3
Emergency Control Actions, 10-4-1
Emergency Landing Pattern (ELP) Operations, 3-10-10
Emergency Lighting, 3-4-1
Emergency Locator Transmitter Signals, 10-2-3
Emergency Obstruction Video Map, 10-2-6
Emergency Procedures (Oceanic), 10-6-1
Emergency Situations, 10-2-1
Emphasis for Clarity, 2-4-4
En Route Data Entries (Strips), 2-3-3
En Route Fourth Line Data Block Usage, 5-4-6
En Route Minimum Safe Altitude Warning, 5-14-1
En Route Sector Team Responsibilities, 2-10-1
Entry of Reported Altitude, 5-14-2
EOVM, 10-2-6
Equipment on Runways, 3-1-2
Establishing Two-Way Communications (Class D),
3-1-5
Evasive Action Maneuvers, 9-2-9
Expeditious Compliance, 2-1-3
Experimental Aircraft Operations, 9-2-2
Explosive Cargo, 10-5-1
Explosive Detection K-9 Teams, 10-2-5
7/31/08 JO 7110.65S CHG 1
Index I-4
F
FAA Research and Development Flights, 9-2-2
Facility Identification, 2-4-8
Failed Transponder in Class A Airspace, 5-2-6
Failure to Display Assigned Beacon Code, 5-2-6
False or Deceptive Communications, 2-4-1
Far Field Monitor (FFM) Remote Status Unit, 3-3-4
Final Approach Course Interception, 5-9-1
Final Approach Obstacle Clearance Surfaces (OCS),
3-7-5
Fix Use, 4-1-2
Flight Check Aircraft, 9-1-1
Flight Direction Exceptions, 4-5-2
Flight Plans and Control Information, 2-2-1
Flight Progress Strips, 2-3-1
FLYNET, 9-2-2
Formation Flight Additional Separation, 5-5-4
Formation Flights, 2-1-6
Forward Departure Delay Information, 4-3-6
Forwarding Amended and UTM Data, 2-2-3
Forwarding Approach Information by Nonapproach
Control Facilities, 3-10-1
Forwarding Departure Times, 4-3-7
Forwarding Flight Plan Data Between U.S. ARTCCs and
Canadian ACCs, 2-2-4
Forwarding Information, 2-2-1
Forwarding VFR Data, 2-2-1
Fuel Dumping, 9-4-1
Function Code Assignments, 5-2-2
G
GPA 102/103 Correction Factor, 5-5-6
Ground Missile Emergencies, 10-7-1
Ground Operations, 3-7-3
Ground Operations When Volcanic Ash is Present,
3-1-6
Ground Stop, 4-3-6
Ground Traffic Movement, 3-7-1
H
Helicopter Arrival Separation, 3-11-3
Helicopter Departure Separation, 3-11-2
Helicopter Landing Clearance, 3-11-4
Helicopter Operations, 3-11-1
Helicopter Takeoff Clearance, 3-11-1
High Intensity Runway Lights, 3-4-4
High Speed Turnoff Lights, 3-4-5
Hijacked Aircraft, 10-2-2
HIRL, 3-4-4
HIRL Associated with MALSR, 3-4-4
HIRL Changes Affecting RVR, 3-4-4
HIWAS, 2-6-1
Hold for Release, 4-3-5
Holding Aircraft, 4-6-1
Holding Delays, 4-6-2
Holding Flight Path Deviation, 4-6-3
Holding Instructions, 4-6-3
Holding Pattern Surveillance, 5-1-4
Holding Points (Visual), 4-6-3
I
ICAO Phonetics, 2-4-5
IFR - VFR Flights, 4-2-3
IFR Flight Progress Data, 2-2-1
IFR to VFR Flight Plan Change, 2-2-1
ILS Protection/Critical Areas (Holding), 4-6-3
Inflight Deviations from Transponder/Mode C
Requirements Between 10,000 Feet and
18,000_Feet, 5-2-8
Inflight Equipment Malfunctions, 2-1-4
Inhibiting Low Altitude Alert System (TPX-42), 5-16-1
Inhibiting Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (ARTS),
5-15-2
Initial Heading, 5-8-1
Inoperative Interrogator, 5-2-6
Inoperative/Malfunctioning Transponder, 5-2-6
Interceptor Operations, 9-2-4
7/31/08 JO 7110.65S CHG 1
Index I-5
Interfacility Automated Information Transfer, 5-4-5
Interphone Message Format, 2-4-3
Interphone Message Termination, 2-4-4
Interphone Transmission Priorities, 2-4-2
Intersecting Runway Separation (Arrival), 3-10-3
Intersecting Runway Separation (Departure), 3-9-7
J
Jettisoning of External Stores, 9-5-1
K
K-9 Teams, 10-2-5
L
LAAS, 5-16-1
Landing Area Condition, 3-3-1
Landing Clearance, 3-10-6
Landing Clearance Without Visual Observation, 3-10-7
Landing Information (ATCT), 3-10-1
Lateral Separation (Nonradar), 6-5-1
Lateral Separation (Oceanic), 8-4-1
Law Enforcement Operations by Civil and Military
Organizations, 9-2-5
Light Signals (ATCT), 3-2-1
Longitudinal Separation (Nonradar), 6-4-1
Longitudinal Separation (Oceanic), 8-3-1
Low Approach, 4-8-7
Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Advisories, 3-1-3
Lowest Usable Flight Level, 4-5-2
M
Mach Number Technique, 8-3-2
Malfunctioning Interrogator, 5-2-6
MALSR/ODALS, 3-4-2
Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS) Alert,
10-2-5
Manual Input of Computer Assigned Beacon Codes,
2-2-2
Medium Intensity Runway Lights, 3-4-4
Merging Target Procedures, 5-1-3
Military DVFR Departures, 2-2-1
Military Operations above FL 600, 9-2-7
Military Procedures, 2-1-6
Military Single Frequency Approaches, 5-10-5
Military Special Use Frequencies, 9-2-8
Military Training Routes, 9-2-2
Minimum En Route Altitudes, 4-5-2
Minimum Fuel, 2-1-4
MIRL, 3-4-4
Missed Approach, 4-8-6
Missed Approach (Radar Approach), 5-10-4
Mixed Environment (Beacon), 5-2-2
Mode C Intruder Alert (Host), 5-14-1
Monitoring Radios, 2-4-1
MSAW, 5-15-2
N
NAVAID Fixes, 2-5-2
NAVAID Malfunctions, 2-1-5
NAVAID Terms, 2-5-1
NAVAID Use Limitations, 4-1-1
Navy Fleet Support Missions, 10-5-1
No-Gyro Approach, 5-10-2
Nondiscrete Environment (Beacon), 5-2-1
Nonradar, 6-1-1
Nonradar Initial Separation of Departing and Arriving
Aircraft, 6-3-1
Nonradar Initial Separation of Successive Departing
Aircraft, 6-2-1
Nonradar Timed Approaches, 6-7-1
Nonstandard Formation/Cell Operations, 9-2-10
NORAD Special Flights, 9-2-9
North American ICAO Region, 8-10-1
North American Route Program (NRP), 2-2-5
North Atlantic ICAO Region, 8-7-1
7/31/08 JO 7110.65S CHG 1
Index I-6
Notes, 1-2-2
Number Clarification, 2-4-7
Numbers Usage, 2-4-5
O
Observed Abnormalities, 3-1-5
Obstruction Lights, 3-4-5
Ocean21 ATC System, 13-2-1
Oceanic Coordination, 8-2-1
Oceanic Data Entries, 2-3-5
Oceanic Navigational Error Reporting (ONER)
Procedures, 8-1-1
Oceanic Procedures, 8-1-1
Oceanic Separation, 8-1-1
Oceanic Transition Procedures, 8-5-1
Oceanic VFR Flight Plans, 8-1-1
Offshore Procedures, 8-1-1
Offshore Transition Procedures, 8-5-1
Open Skies Treaty Aircraft, 9-2-10
Operational Priority, 2-1-2
Operational Requests, 2-1-9
Overdue Aircraft, 10-3-1
Overhead Maneuver, 3-10-8
P
Pacific ICAO Region, 8-9-1
PAR Approaches - Terminal, 5-12-1
Parachute Operations, 9-7-1
Parallel Dependent ILS/MLS Approaches, 5-9-7
Passing or Diverging, 5-5-4
Personnel on Runways, 3-1-2
Pilot Acknowledgment/Read Back, 2-4-1
PIREP Information, 2-6-1
Point Out, 5-4-4
Position Determination (Airports), 3-1-2
Position Information (Radar), 5-3-2
Position Report (Oceanic), 8-1-1
Position Reporting (Radar), 5-1-4
Position Responsibilities, 2-10-1
Practice Approaches, 4-8-6
Practice Precautionary Approaches, 3-10-10
Prearranged Coordination, 5-4-5
Precision Approach Critical Area, 3-7-4
Precision Approach Path Indicators (PAPI), 3-4-1
Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ), 3-7-5
Preventive Control (Airports), 3-1-1
Primary Radar Identification Methods, 5-3-1
Priority Interruptions, 2-4-2
Procedural Letters of Agreement, 1-1-2
Procedural Preference, 2-1-1
Q
Questionable Identification, 5-3-2
R
Radar Approaches - Terminal, 5-10-1
Radar Arrivals, 5-9-1
Radar Beacon Changes for Military Aircraft, 4-7-2
Radar Beacon Code Changes, 5-2-2
Radar Departures, 5-8-1
Radar Fix Posting, 5-1-4
Radar Identification, 5-3-1
Radar Identification Status, 5-3-3
Radar Presentation and Equipment Performance, 5-1-1
Radar Separation, 5-5-1
Radar Separation Application, 5-5-1
Radar Separation Minima, 5-5-2
Radar Separation Vertical Application, 5-5-3
Radar Service Limitations, 5-1-3
Radar Service Termination, 5-1-4
Radar Use, 5-1-1
Radio and Interphone Communications, 2-4-1
Radio Communications, 2-4-1
7/31/08 JO 7110.65S CHG 1
Index I-7
Radio Communications Transfer, 2-1-8
Radio Failure (Beacon), 5-2-3
Radio Frequency Changes for Military Aircraft, 4-7-2
Radio Message Format, 2-4-2
Receiver-Only Acknowledgment (ATCT), 3-2-1
Receiving Controller Handoff, 5-4-3
Recording Information, 2-2-1
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM), 2-1-12
Reduction of Route Protected Airspace (Oceanic), 8-4-3
References, 1-2-3
REIL, 3-4-1
Relayed Approach Clearance, 4-8-5
Release Times, 4-3-5
Reporting Essential Flight Information, 2-1-5
Reporting Weather Conditions, 2-6-4
Responsibility Transfer to RCC, 10-3-2
Rotating Beacon, 3-4-5
Route Amendments, 4-2-1
Route and NAVAID Description, 2-5-1
Route Assignment, 4-4-1
Route Structure Transitions, 4-4-2
Route Use, 4-4-1
Routes in Class G Airspace, 4-4-3
Runway Centerline Lights, 3-4-4
Runway Edge Lights, 3-4-3
Runway End Identifier Lights, 3-4-1
Runway Exiting, 3-10-7
Runway Proximity, 3-7-4
Runway Selection, 3-5-1
RVR/RVV, 2-8-1
RVSM, 2-1-12
S
Safety Alert, 2-1-3
Safety Management System (SMS), 1-1-1
Same Runway Separation (Arrival), 3-10-2
Same Runway Separation (Departure), 3-9-4
SAR, 10-3-1
SAR Information to be Forwarded to ARTCC, 10-3-1
SAR Information to be Forwarded to RCC, 10-3-1
Sea Lane Operations, 3-12-1
Search and Rescue, 10-3-1
Sector Eligibility, 5-14-2
Selected Altitude Limits, 5-14-2
Separation from Airspace Reservations, 8-6-1
Separation from Obstructions, 5-5-5
Sequence/Spacing Application, 3-8-1
Sequenced Flashing Lights, 3-4-2
SFA, 4-7-1
Side-Step Maneuver, 4-8-6
Simulated Flameout (SFO) Approaches, 3-10-10
Simultaneous Approach and Runway Edge Light
Operation, 3-4-4
Simultaneous Departures (Radar), 5-8-1
Simultaneous Independent Dual ILS/MLS Approaches -
High Update Radar, 5-9-9
Simultaneous Independent ILS/MLS Approaches - Dual
& Triple, 5-9-8
Simultaneous Landings or Takeoffs (Helicopter), 3-11-3
Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches (SOIA)-
High Update Radar, 5-9-11
Simultaneous Opposite Direction Operation, 3-8-2
Simultaneous Same Direction Operation, 3-8-1
Single Frequency Approaches, 4-7-1
Spacing and Sequencing (ATCT), 3-8-1
Special Flights, 9-1-1
Special Interest Sites, 9-2-4
Special Operations, 9-2-1
Special Use Airspace, 9-3-1
Special VFR, 7-5-1
Specifying Altitude (Approaches), 4-8-5
Speed Adjustment, 5-7-1
Speed Adjustment Minima, 5-7-3
Speed Adjustment Termination, 5-7-3
7/31/08 JO 7110.65S CHG 1
Index I-8
Standby or Low Sensitivity Operation, 5-2-5
STOL Runways, 3-5-1
Stop-and-Go Low Approach, 3-8-1
Successive Departures (Radar), 5-8-1
Surface Area Restrictions, 3-1-5
Surface Areas, 2-1-7
Surveillance Approaches - Terminal, 5-11-1
SVFR, 7-5-1
Switching ILS/MLS Runways, 4-7-6
