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GEN 1.4-2 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition 3.4_License exception AVS authorizes a civil aircraft of U.S. registry operating under an Air Carrier Operating Certificate, Commercial Operating Certificate, or Air Taxi Operating Certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration or conducting flights under operating specifications approved by the Federal Aviation Administration pursuant to 14_CFR Part 129 of the regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration, may depart from the U.S. under its own power for any destination provided that: 3.4.1_The aircraft does not depart for the purpose of sale, lease or other disposition of operational control of the aircraft or its equipment, parts, accessories, or components to a foreign country or any national thereof. 3.4.2_The aircraft’s U.S. registration will not be changed while abroad. 3.4.3_The aircraft is not to be used in any foreign military activity while abroad; and 3.4.4_The aircraft does not carry from the U.S. any item for which a license is required and has not been granted by the U.S. Government. 3.5_License exception AVS authorizes any other operating civil aircraft of U.S. registry to depart from the U.S. under its own power for any destination, except to Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Sudan, Syria, Libya, and North Korea (flights to these destinations require a license), provided that: 3.5.1_The aircraft does not depart for the purpose of sale, lease or other disposition of operational control of the aircraft, or its equipment, parts, accessories, or components to a foreign country or national thereof. 3.5.2_The aircraft’s U.S. registration will not be changed while abroad. 3.5.3_The aircraft is not to be used in any foreign military activity while abroad. 3.5.4_The aircraft does not carry from the U.S. any item for which an export license is required and has not been granted by the U.S. Government; and 3.5.5_The aircraft will be operated while abroad by a U.S. licensed pilot, except that during domestic flights within a foreign country, the aircraft may be operated by a pilot currently licensed by that foreign country. 3.6_A license authorizes the departure of the aircraft within the special limitations set forth in the license document. It is issued only on the basis of a formal application requesting the issuance of a license prior to the flight.

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3.7_Once it has been determined that an export license is required, an application for the license should be submitted to the Bureau of Export Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. An application consists of Form BXA-748P (multipurpose application). This form and information on the application process can be obtained free of charge from either the U.S. Department of Commerce in Washington or any of its District Offices. (See paragraph 4.) 3.8_Applications for validated licenses by non-U.S. citizens require that the applicant appoint an agent subject to U.S. jurisdiction to act in his/her behalf. If an emergency situation necessitates the expedition of the application process, contact the Counseling Division Staff of the Bureau of Export Administration (telephone 202-482-4811) or any Department of Commerce District Office for assistance. AIP United States of America GEN 1.4-3 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition 4. Department of Commerce District Office Locations TBL GEN 1.4-1 State City Alabama Birmingham Alaska Anchorage Arizona Phoenix California Los Angeles California San Francisco Colorado Denver Connecticut Hartford Florida Miami Georgia Atlanta Georgia Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Illinois Chicago Indiana Indianapolis Iowa Des Moines Louisiana New Orleans Maryland Baltimore Massachusetts Boston Michigan Detroit Minnesota Minneapolis Missouri St. Louis Nebraska Omaha Nevada Reno New Jersey Newark New Mexico Albuquerque New York Buffalo New York New York North Carolina Greensboro Ohio Cincinnati Ohio Cleveland Oregon Portland Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Puerto Rico San Juan South Carolina Columbia Tennessee Memphis Texas Dallas Texas Houston Utah Salt Lake City Washington Seattle West Virginia Charleston Wisconsin Milwaukee Wyoming Cheyenne

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5. Regulations Concerning Civil Movement of Arms, Ammunition, and Military Type Aircraft 5.1_Importation of military type aircraft and the carriage or importation of firearms or ammunition are regulated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Division of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. 5.2_A permit must be obtained from the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division for the importation of certain military type aircraft regardless of demilitarization. Aircraft that are exempt from permits are specifically listed in the regulations on Importation of Arms, Ammunition and Implements of War (26 CFR Part_180). 5.3_A permit must be obtained from the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division for the importation of firearms and ammunition for commercial transactions. 5.4_Transportation or shipment of firearms or ammunition in interstate or foreign commerce to persons other than licensed importers, licensed manufacturers, licensed dealers or licensed collectors, without written notice to the carrier that such firearms or ammunition is being transported or shipped is unlawful. 5.5_Any passenger who owns or legally possesses a firearm or ammunition being transported aboard any common or contract carrier for movement with the passenger must deliver said firearm or ammunition into the custody of the pilot, captain, conductor, or operator of such common or contract carrier for the duration of the trip. 5.6_Applications for permits should be made on Form 6 (Firearms), preferably 30 days in advance of importation. Form IRS-4522, International Import Certificate, may also be required by the exporting country and should accompany applications on Form 6 (Firearms) when necessary. 5.7_Exportation of military type aircraft are regulated by the U.S. Department of State, Office of Munitions Control. AIP United States of America GEN 1.4-4 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition 5.8_A license must be obtained from the Office of Munitions Control, Department of State, for the exportation from the U. S. of certain military type aircraft regardless of demilitarization. Aircraft that are exempt from licenses are specifically listed in the regulations on International Traffic in Arms (22_CFR Part 121). Applications for licenses are made as follows: 5.8.1_For permanent export, on Form DSP-5. Apply at least 30, preferable 60, days in advance. A Form DSP-63a may also be required from the importing country. 5.8.2_For temporary export, on Form DSP-73. Apply at least 10 days in advance. AIP United States of America GEN 1.5-1 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition

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GEN 1.5 Aircraft Instruments, Equipment, and Flight Documents 1. General 1.1_Commercial air transport aircraft operating in the U.S. airspace must adhere to the provisions of Annex_6, Operation of Aircraft, Part One, Chapter_Six (Airplane Instruments, Equipment and Flight Documents) and Chapter Seven (Airplane Communications and Navigation Equipment). AIP United States of America GEN 1.6-1 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition GEN 1.6 Summary of National Regulations and International Agreements/Conventions 1. Summary of National Regulations 1.1_Air regulations for the U.S. and areas under its jurisdiction are published in Title 14 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Parts 1-199, entitled the Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation. It is essential that persons engaged in air operations in the U.S. airspace be acquainted with the relevant regulations. Copies of the 14 CFR parts may be purchased from the: Superintendent of Documents Attn: New Orders P.O. Box 371954 Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 Telephone: 202-512-1800 The Code of Federal Regulations is available electronically at: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/nara/index.html. 1.2_ The following is a partial list of Federal Aviation Regulations and their respective subject matter: TBL GEN 1.6-1 14 CFR Part No. Title 1 Definitions and abbreviations 11 General rulemaking procedures 13 Investigative and enforcement procedures 21 Certification procedures for products and parts 23 Airworthiness standards: normal, utility, acrobatic, and commuter category airplanes 25 Airworthiness standards: transport category airplanes 27 Airworthiness standards: normal category rotorcraft 29 Airworthiness Standards: transport category rotorcraft 31 Airworthiness standards: manned free balloons 33 Airworthiness standards: aircraft engines 14 CFR Part No. Title 35 Airworthiness standards: propellers 36 Noise standards: aircraft type and airworthiness certification 39 Airworthiness directives 43 Maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration 45 Identification and registration marking 47 Aircraft registration 49 Recording of aircraft titles and security documents 61 Certification: Pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors 63 Certification: Flight crewmembers other than pilots 65 Certification: Airmen other than flight crewmembers 67 Medical standards and certification 71 Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace areas; airways; routes; and reporting points 73 Special use airspace 77 Objects affecting navigable airspace 91 General operating and flight rules 93 Special air traffic rules and airport traffic patterns 95 IFR altitudes 97 Standard instrument approach procedures 99 Security control of air traffic 101 Moored balloons, kites, unmanned rockets, and unmanned free balloons 103 Ultralight vehicles 105 Parachute jumping 107 Airport security 108 Airplane operator security 109 Indirect air carrier security 119 Certification: Air carriers and commercial operators 121 Operating requirements: Domestic, flag, and supplemental operations AIP United States of America GEN 1.6-2 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition 14 CFR Part No. Title 125 Certification and operations: Airplanes having a seating capacity of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity of 6,000 pounds or more 129 Operations: Foreign air carriers and foreign operations of U.S. registered aircraft engaged in common carriage 133 Rotorcraft external load operations 135 Operating requirements: Commuter and on-demand operations 137 Agricultural aircraft operations 139 Certification and operations: Land airports serving certain air carriers 141 Pilot schools 142 Training centers 145 Repair stations 147 Aviation maintenance technician schools 150 Airport noise compatibility planning 151 Federal aid to airports 152 Airport aid program 155 Release of airport property from surplus property disposal restrictions 14 CFR Part No. Title

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156 State block grant pilot program 157 Notice of construction, alteration, activation, and deactivation of airports 158 Passenger facility charges (PFCs) 161 Notice and approval of airport noise and access restrictions 169 Expenditure of Federal funds for nonmilitary airports or air navigation facilities thereon 170 Establishment and discontinuance criteria for air traffic control services and navigational facilities 171 Non-Federal navigation facilities 183 Representatives of the Administrator 185 Testimony by employees and production of records in legal proceedings, and service of legal process and pleadings 187 Fees 189 Use of Federal Aviation Administration communications system 191 Protection of sensitive security information 198 Aviation insurance AIP United States of America GEN 1.7-1 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition GEN 1.7 Differences From ICAO Standards, Recommended Practices and Procedures NOTE -See GEN 1.6 for the availability of Title 14 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations Parts 1-199. ANNEX 1 -PERSONNEL LICENSING Chapter 1 Definitions and General Rules Concerning Licences 1.1 Chapter 1 Std. The U.S. does not require the training organizations to have a quality assurance system as outlined in ICAO Annex 1, Appendix 2, Item 3. 1.1 Chapter 1 Std. The U.S. issues a certificate and ATC ratings, not a license 1.2.5.2 Chapter 1 Std. The maximum validity on a private pilot medical certificate is 36 months for private pilots under age 40 and 24 months for private pilots over age 40.* The maximum validity on an airline transport pilot medical certificate is 6 months* *Verify any changes to U.S. standards by reviewing _61.23(d) The maximum validity allowed for non-FAA air traffic controllers (required to hold an FAA Second-Class airman medical certificate) is 12 months. The maximum validity allowed for FAA air traffic controllers is 24 months for those under age 40 who work at FAA terminals or centers. Free balloon and glider pilots are not required to hold medical certificates but are prohibited from operating during periods of medical deficiency. 1.2.5.2.2 Chapter 1 Std. U.S. commercial pilots engaged in single-crew, commercial air transport operations carrying passengers have a 12-month validity on their medical assessments regardless of age. 1.2.5.2.3 Chapter 1 Std. Free balloon and glider pilots are not required to hold a medical certificate but are prohibited from operating during periods of medical deficiency. The maximum validity on non-FAA air traffic controllers (required to hold a second-class airman medical certificate) is 12 months. The maximum validity for FAA Terminal and Center personnel over age 40 is 12 months. 1.2.5.2.4 Chapter 1 Rec. Free balloon and glider pilots are not required to hold a medical certificate but are prohibited from operating during periods of medical deficiency. Private pilots over age 50 have a 24-month validity on their medical assessments. 1.2.5.2.5 Chapter 1 Std. The U.S. does not defer medical examinations. 1.2.6.1.1* Chapter 1 Rec. License holders are not required to inform the Licensing Authority of a confirmed pregnancy or any decrease in medical fitness. License holders are prohibited from operating during periods of medical deficiency. *See also ICAO state letter AN 5/22-08/33 of 5 May 2008. 1.2.9.1 Chapter 1 Std. The United States has no “retesting” requirement, as applicants must be able to read, speak, write and understand the English language at license issue. 31 JULY 08 AIP United States of America GEN 1.7-2 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition 1.2.9.2 Chapter 1 Std. The U.S. does not require Air traffic controllers or aeronautical station operators to demonstrate the ability to speak and understand the language. Chapter 2 Licences and Ratings for Pilots 2.1.9.3 Chapter 2 Std. The United States permits some SIC time to meet the total flight time requirements but not all SIC time is creditable 2.2.3 Chapter 2 Std. Student pilots must meet the requirements of an FAA Third-Class medical certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 2. 2.3.1.6 Chapter 2 Std. Private pilots must meet the requirements of an FAA Third-Class Medical Certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 2. 2.4.1.6 Chapter 2 Std. Commercial pilots must meet the requirements of an FAA Second-Class Medical Certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 1.

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2.5.1.1 Chapter 2 Std. Minimum age is 23 years 2.5.1.6 Chapter 2 Std. Airline transport pilots must meet the requirements of an FAA First-Class Medical Certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 1. 2.6.1.5.1 Chapter 2 Std. Private pilots who hold an airplane instrument rating are not required to comply with ICAO Class 1 hearing standards. U.S. hearing requirements are identical for FAA First-and Third-Class medical certificates and, though not identical to ICAO, meet the intent of ICAO Class 1 hearing standards. 2.6.1.5.2 Chapter 2 Rec. Private pilots are not required to comply with ICAO Class 1 physical, mental, and visual requirements to hold an airplane instrument rating. 2.7.1.6 Chapter 2 Std. Private pilots must meet the requirements of an FAA Third-Class Medical Certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 2. 2.8.1.6 Chapter 2 Std. Commercial pilots must meet the requirements of an FAA Second-Class Medical Certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 1. 2.9.1.6 Chapter 2 Std. Airline transport pilots must meet the requirements of an FAA First-Class Medical Certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 1. 2.10.1.5.1 Chapter 2 Std. Private pilots who hold a helicopter instrument rating are not required to comply with ICAO Class 1 hearing standards. U.S. hearing requirements are identical for FAA First-and Third-Class medical certificates and, though not identical to ICAO, meet the intent of ICAO Class 1 hearing standards. 2.10.1.5.2 Chapter 2 Rec. Private pilots are not required to comply with ICAO Class 1 physical, mental, and visual requirements to hold a helicopter instrument rating. 2.12.1.5 Chapter 2 Std. Glider pilots are not required to hold a medical certificate but are prohibited from operating during periods of medical deficiency. 2.13.1.5 Free balloon pilots are not required to hold a medical certificate but are prohibited from operating during periods of medical deficiency. Chapter 3 Licences for Flight Crew Members Other Than Licences for Pilots 3.2.1.5 Chapter 3 Std. Flight navigators must meet the requirements of an FAA Second-Class medical certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 1. 3.3.1.5 Chapter 3 Std. Flight engineers must meet the requirements of an FAA Second-Class medical certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 1. Chapter 4 Licences and Ratings for Personnel Other Than Flight Crew Members 4.2.2.3.1 Chapter 4 Rec. The United States endorses the certification privileges on the licence.

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4.2.2.4 Chapter 4 Std. The United states does not allow an approved maintenance organization to appoint non-licensed personnel to exercise the privileges of 4.2.2 within the U.S.. 31 JULY 08 AIP United States of America GEN 1.7-3 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition 4.3.1.3 Chapter 4 Std. a) No experience is required for applicants who have satisfactorily completed an approved training course. b) 18 months’ experience is required. 4.3.1.4 Chapter 4 Std. Non-FAA air traffic controllers must meet the requirements of an FAA Second-Class medical certificate which, though not identical, meet the intent of ICAO Class 3. 4.4.2.2.1 Chapter 4 Std. There is no minimum experience requirement for ratings other than control tower. 4.5.1.1 Chapter 4 Std. The United States requires the applicant shall not be less than 23 years of age. 4.5.1.3.2 Chapter 4 Std. The United States permits the applicant to have two years of experience in the last three years Chapter 5 Specifications for Personnel Licences 5.1.3.1 Chapter 5 Std. The United States is transitioning to a plastic multi color certificate. 5.1.3.2 Chapter 5 Std. The FAA is transitioning to a plastic multi color certificate. Chapter 6 Medical Provisions for Licencing 6.3.1.2 Chapter 6 Std. An FAA First-Class medical certificate is required when exercising the privileges of an airline transport pilot and an FAA Second-Class medical certificate is required when exercising the privileges of a commercial pilot, a flight engineer, or a flight navigator. 6.3.2.6 Chapter 6 Std. Electrocardiography is required for airline transport pilots but not for commercial pilots. 6.3.2.6.1 Chapter 6 Std. Electrocardiography is required in re-examination of airline transport pilot applicants over the age of 40 every 12 months. Electrocardiography is not specifically required for commercial pilots unless clinically indicated. 6.3.2.6.2 Chapter 6 Rec. Electrocardiography is required in re-examination of airline transport pilot applicants over the age of 40 every 12 months. Electrocardiography is not specifically required for commercial pilots unless clinically indicated. 6.3.2.9.1 Chapter 6 Rec. Chest radiography is not specifically required unless clinically indicated.

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6.3.3.4 Chapter 6 Std. The demonstration of compliance with the visual requirements to be made with only one pair of correcting lenses is not specifically required. 6.3.3.4.1 Chapter 6 Std. A requirement that a spare set of corrective lenses be readily available when exercising privileges is not established. 6.3.4.1.1 Chapter 6 Std. Applicants are not required to demonstrate normal hearing against a background noise that reproduces or simulates the masking properties of flight deck noise upon speech and beacon signals. 6.3.4.1.2 Chapter 6 Std. Applicants are not required to take a practical hearing test. 6.4.1.1 Chapter 6 Std. Free balloon and glider pilots are not required to hold a medical certificate but are prohibited from operating during periods of medical deficiency. 6.4.1.2 Chapter 6 Std. Free balloon and glider pilots are not required to hold a medical certificate but are prohibited from operating during periods of medical deficiency. 6.4.2.6 Chapter 6 Std. Electrocardiography for applicants for third-class airman (private pilot) medical certification is not required at first issue unless clinically indicated. 31 JULY 08 AIP United States of America GEN 1.7-4 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition 6.4.2.6.1 Chapter 6 Std. Routine electrocardiography for applicants for FAA third-class airman (private pilot) medical certification is not required unless clinically indicated. 6.4.2.6.2 Chapter 6 Rec. Electrocardiography for applicants for FAA third-class airman (private pilot) medical certification is not required at first issue unless clinically indicated. 6.4.2.9.1 Chapter 6 Rec. Radiography for private pilots is not specifically required unless clinically indicated. 6.4.3.4 Chapter 6 Std. The demonstration of compliance with the visual requirements to be made with only one pair of corrective lenses is not specifically required. 6.4.3.4.1 Chapter 6 Std. The requirement that a spare set of corrective lenses be readily available when exercising the privileges of the license is not established

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6.5.2.6 Chapter 6 Std. Electrocardiography is required for FAA air traffic controllers at first issue but not for non-FAA ATCs unless clinically indicated. 6.5.2.6.1 Chapter 6 Std. Electrocardiography is required for FAA ATCs but not for non-FAA ATCs unless clinically indicated. 6.5.3.4 Chapter 6 Std. The demonstration of compliance with the visual requirements to be made with only one pair of corrective lenses is not specifically required. 6.5.3.4.1 Chapter 6 Std. A requirement that a spare set of corrective lenses be readily available when exercising the privileges of the licence is not established 6.5.4.1.1 Chapter 6 Std. Applicants are not required to demonstrate normal hearing against a background noise that reproduces or simulates an air traffic control working environment. 6.5.4.1.2 Chapter 6 Std. Applicants are not required to take a practical hearing test. 31 JULY 08 AIP United States of America GEN 1.7-5 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition ANNEX 2 -RULES OF THE AIR Chapter 1 Definitions Aerodrome control tower In the U.S., an “aerodrome control facility” is referred to as a “tower” or “airport traffic control tower”; “aerodrome control” is referred to as “airport traffic control service.” Airborne collision avoidance The U.S. uses “traffic alert collision avoidance system (TCAS).” TCAS is an airborne collision avoidance system based on radar beacon signals and operates independent of ground-based equipment. TCAS-I generates traffic advisories only. TCAS-II generates traffic advisories and resolution (collision avoidance) advisories in the vertical plane. Air-taxiing The U.S. uses “hover taxi” for this maneuver above 100 feet above ground level (AGL) and “air taxi” below 100 feet AGL. Area control service The U.S. does not use the term “area control service” to indicate controlled flight in controlled areas. Area control centre The U.S. equivalent facility for an Area Control Centre (ACC) is an Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). ATS route In U.S. domestic airspace, the term “ATS route” is not used. Routes in the U.S. include VOR airways, jet routes, substitute routes, and off-airway routes. The U.S. also uses instrument departure procedures (DPs) and standard terminal arrivals (STARs). Controlled airspace The U.S. terms for controlled airspace have different parameters than for ICAO. Danger area The term “danger area” is not used within the U.S. or any of its possessions or territories. Estimated off-block time The U.S. uses the term “estimated departure time” for domestic operations. Flight information centre The U.S. does not operate flight information centers (FICs). In the U.S., the services provided by FICs are performed by air traffic control (ATC) facilities, automated flight service stations (AFSSs), and rescue coordination centers (RCCs). Instrument meteorological conditions The U.S. air traffic service units use the phrase “IFR conditions.” Level The U.S. uses “altitude” or “flight level” rather than “level” and “cruising altitude” rather than “cruising level.’’ The term “level” is not used to mean “height,” “altitude,” or “flight level.” Movement area In the U.S., the term “movement area” means “the runways, taxiways, and other areas of an airport/heliport which are utilized for taxiing, hover taxiing, air-taxiing, take-off and landing of aircraft, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. At those airport/heliports with a tower, specific approval for entry onto the movement area must be obtained from ATC.” The U.S. does not use an all-inclusive term to denote the movement area plus loading ramps and parking areas of an airport, nor does the U.S. use the term “maneuvering area’’ in any related context. Repetitive flight plan (RPL) The U.S. uses the term “stored flight plan” for domestic operations. Terminal control area In the U.S., “terminal control area” has been replaced by “Class B airspace/area.” Standard IFR services are provided to IFR aircraft operating in Class B airspace. Total estimated elapsed time The U.S. uses “estimated time en route” for domestic operations. Transition altitude In U.S. domestic airspace, “transition altitude,” “layer” and “level” are not used; however, in the U.S., flight levels begin at FL 180 where the reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury is used as the constant atmospheric pressure. Below FL 180, altitudes are based on barometric pressure readings. QNH and QFE altimeter settings are not provided in domestic U.S. airspace. Visual meteorological conditions The U.S. air traffic service units use the phrase “VFR conditions.” 31 JULY 08 AIP United States of America

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GEN 1.7-6 15 MAR 07 Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition Chapter 2 Applicability of the Rules of the Air 2.2 See difference under “Movement area.” 2.5 Except in an emergency, no pilot of a civil aircraft may allow a person who appears to be intoxicated or who demonstrates by manner or physical indications that the individual is under the influence of drugs (except a medical patient under proper care) to be carried in that aircraft. Chapter 3 General Rules 3.1.8 In addition, aircraft shall not be flown in formation flight when passengers are carried for hire. 3.2 Note See difference under “Movement area.” 3.2.2.6.1 See difference under “Movement area.” 3.2.3.2 d) The U.S. national regulations do not require aircraft on the movement area of an airport, whose engines are running, to display lights which indicate that fact from sunset to sunrise. 3.2.5 Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft within a Class B, C, or D surface area except for the purpose of landing at, or taking off from, an airport within that area. In addition, in the case of a helicopter approaching to land, avoid the flow of fixed-wing aircraft. In addition, no person may, within a Class B, C, or D surface area operate an aircraft to, from, or on an airport having a control tower operated by the U.S. unless two-way radio communications are maintained between that aircraft and the control tower. 3.3.1.2 In the U.S., ATC flight plans are not required for VFR flight in Class C, D, or E airspace. 3.3.1.2.1 d) Requirements pertaining to filing flight plans for flights operating across U.S. borders and for identification purposes are described in 14 CFR Part 9l (Section 91.84) and Part 99. 3.3.1.2.2 The U.S. requires that domestic flight plans be submitted at least 30 minutes before departure. For international flights, the U.S. recommends that they be transmitted so that they are received by ATC authorities in each Flight Information Region (FIR) to be entered, at least 2 hours prior to entry, unless otherwise provided in that State’s requirements. 3.6.1 Air traffic control clearances are not needed for VFR flight in U.S. Class C, D, or E airspace. 3.6.2.4 When meteorological conditions fall below the minimum specified for en route VFR flights, the pilot of the aircraft shall not continue his/her flight in such conditions, except in emergency, beyond the extent necessary to return to his/her departure point or to the nearest suitable landing point. 3.6.5.2.2 In the event of two-way communications failure in the U.S., ATC service is predicated on pilot compliance with the provisions of 14 CFR Part 91 (Section 91.185). If the failure occurs in IMC, or if VFR cannot be complied with, each pilot is to continue the flight according to the following: Route a) By the route assigned in the last ATC clearance received; b) If being radar vectored, by the direct route from the point of failure to the fix, route, or airway specified in the vector clearance; c) In the absence of an assigned route, by the route that ATC has advised may be expected in a further clearance; or d) In the absence of an assigned route or a route that ATC has advised may be expected in a further clearance, by the route filed in the flight plan. Altitude -At the HIGHEST of the following altitudes or flight levels FOR THE ROUTE SEGMENT BEING FLOWN: a) The altitude or flight level assigned in the last ATC clearance received; b) The minimum altitude/flight level as prescribed for IFR operations; or c) The altitude or flight level ATC has advised may be expected in a further clearance.