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Section 3. Radar Weather Report (SD/ROB) 9-3-1. GENERAL a. Individual radar weather reports, identified as SD/ROB, are collected by the National Meteorologi- cal Center (NMC) Suitland, Maryland. These reports are entered by Weather Service Offices on the Radar Report and Warning Coordination (RAWARC) circuits. NMC also collects radar report bulletins from military reporting locations and Canada. b. When normal entry is not possible, SD/ROB reports can be entered on Service A circuits upon request by NWS RAWARC entry stations. 9-3-2. SCHEDULE Radar weather reports are transmitted on Service A by WMSC at H+56 to H+00 each hour. These reports are not scheduled transmissions but are given priority handling during this 4-minute time frame. 9-3-3. DISTRIBUTION a. Radar weather reports are sent to WMSCR by NMC each hour for distribution. These reports are received on an unscheduled basis and can be expected to appear during any unscheduled distribution period. b. Each individual WMSCR circuit receives a unique collection based upon their requirements. Circuit distribution lists are filed at circuit control facilities. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-4-1 Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FD)

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Section 4. Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FD) 9-4-1. GENERAL Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecasts (FD) are computer-prepared and issued by the NMC at Suitland, Maryland. The forecasts are valid 6_(FD1/8), 12_(FD2/9), and 24_(FD3/10) hours after the observation date/times of 0000Z and 1200Z upon which they are based. An unscheduled amendment to an FD may be prepared and issued by a WSFO. 9-4-2. LEVELS FORECAST Dependent upon station elevation, FD1/2/3 wind forecasts are issued for the following levels: 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 34, and 39 thousand foot levels. The first level for which a wind forecast is issued is 1,500_feet or more above the station elevation. Temperature is forecast for all wind levels, except the 3,000 foot level, that are 2,500_feet or more above the station. The minus signs are deleted preceding the temperatures at the 30, 34, and 39_thousand foot levels. FD8/9/10 are for the 45,000 and 53,000_foot levels. They are not normally disseminated on Service_A, but are available on request/reply. 9-4-3. SCHEDULES TBL 9-4-1 Winds/Temperature Aloft Forecast Schedules Type Base Data Time Valid for For use (period) FD1/8 0000Z 0600Z 0500-0900Z FD2/9 0000Z 1200Z 0900-1800Z FD3/10 0000Z 0000Z 1800-0500Z FD1/8 1200Z 1800Z 1700-2100Z FD2/9 1200Z 0000Z 2100-0600Z FD3/10 1200Z 1200Z 0600-1700Z 9-4-4. DISTRIBUTION All FDs are transmitted to the WMSC by NMC. Distribution by the WMSC is accomplished in accordance with established program requirements. Amended FD data prepared and entered by a WSFO is distributed to the same users as the original product prepared by NMC. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-5-1 Aviation Terminal Forecast (TAF)

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Section 5. Aviation Terminal Forecast (TAF) 9-5-1. GENERAL Twenty-four hour Terminal Forecasts (TAFs) for selected U.S. terminals are prepared by NWS forecast offices and forwarded to the WMSCR for distribution. Similar forecasts for the U.S. Military, Canada, and Mexico are sent to WMSC from the NMC and Air Weather Service (AWS ) for distribution. 9-5-2. TERMINAL FORECAST SCHEDULES TAFs are prepared four times a day and are issued at 2330, 0530, 1130, and 1730 UTC. 9-5-3. DISTRIBUTION Distribution of TAFs is made by WMSCR in accordance with a predetermined list for each circuit based upon intracircuit coordinated requirements. WMSCR Identifier Index of Individual Aviation Weather Reports. (Use RQ Procedures.) JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-6-1 Aviation Area Forecast (FA)

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Section 6. Aviation Area Forecast (FA) 9-6-1. GENERAL a. Aviation Area Forecasts (FA) are available through the WMSC and provide an overview of weather conditions which could impact aviation operations. FAs are issued by the National Aviation Weather Advisory Unit (NAWAU) in Kansas City, Missouri, for the conterminous U.S. land and coastal waters by areas (Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountain, North-Central U.S., South-Central U.S., Northeast U.S., Southeast U.S.). The areas are delineated along state boundaries and are specified in the NWS Operations Manual, Chapter D-20. The FAs for Alaska and Hawaii are issued by the WSFOs located in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau, Alaska, and Honolulu, Hawaii. The geographical areas of coverage for the appropriate WSFOs are specified in Chapter D-20 of the NWS Operations Manual. (Canadian and Mexican FAs are also available through the WMSC.) b. FAs consist of two sections with each section being transmitted with a unique communications header. This allows each section to be replaced when needed instead of amending or correcting the affected FA, to provide a current and complete area forecast. Inflight advisories (including WSTs) amend the FA; however, when necessary, the appropriate section of the FA will be replaced by the issuing NWS office. The two FA sections and their communications headers are as follows (iii denotes the FA location identifier; e.g., ANC, CHI, etc.): 1. iiiS-Synopsis. 2. iiiI-Icing and Freezing Level. 3. iiiT-Turbulence. 4. iiiC-Significant Clouds and Weather. 9-6-2. AVIATION AREA FORECAST (FA) SCHEDULE a. FAs are prepared three times a day in the contiguous 48 States and Alaska, and four times a day in Hawaii. All scheduled transmission times are in UTC and listed by daylight/standard times. The times in the contiguous U.S. are in TBL 9-6-1. TBL 9-6-1 Area Forecast Schedule Time Zones Areas Issuance Times Central CHI/DFW 0130/0230 0930/1030 1830/1930 Eastern BOS/MIA 0030/0130 0830/0930 1730/1830 Mountain SLC 0230/0330 1030/1130 1930/2030 Pacific SFO 0230/0330 1030/1130 1930/2030 b. The Alaska and Pacific NWS Regional Headquarters have authority to schedule FAs to meet user requirements. These are issued at the following times. (See TBL 9-6-2.) TBL 9-6-2 Alaska/Pacific Area Forecast Schedule Issuance ANC and FAI JNU HNL 1st 0640Z 0640Z 0340Z 2nd 1440Z 1340Z 0940Z 3rd 2240Z 2240Z 1540Z 4th 2140Z c. The Gulf FA is prepared twice daily. The issuance times in UTC or Z depend on whether LDT/LST is in effect and are as follows: 1. 1st issuance 1040/1140. 2. 2nd issuance 1740/1840. 9-6-3. DISTRIBUTION Distribution of FAs is made by WMSC in accordance with a predetermined list for each circuit based upon intracircuit coordinated requirements. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-7-1 Severe Weather Forecasts Section 7. Severe Weather Forecasts 9-7-1. GENERAL Severe Weather Forecasts, Bulletins, Status Reports, and Alerts are filed at irregular intervals by the NWS Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in Norm an, Oklahoma, and transmitted to WMSC for distribu- tion. The alert (SPC AWW) is a preliminary announcement of a forthcoming severe weather watch and includes all information required for aviation purposes. Stations may obtain the Severe Weather Watch (SPC WW) from WMSC if desired. The WW number is included in the text of the AWW. 9-7-2. DISTRIBUTION Upon receipt of SPC AWW alert, the WMSC will immediately interrupt the active task on selected Service A circuits and transmit the report. Severe weather status reports (WW-A) are never urgent. These are relayed unscheduled. 9-7-3. SEVERE WEATHER OUTLOOK NARRATIVE (AC) In addition to Severe Weather Forecast, the Storm Prediction Center will frequently file for transmis- sion a Severe Weather Outlook Narrative, which will contain a brief evaluation of present and expected surface and upper air criteria conducive to severe local storms. These are assigned report type “AC.” JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-8-1 Flight Advisories (SIGMET/WS-AIRMET/WA-Convective SIGMET/WST) Section 8. Flight Advisories (SIGMET/WS-AIRMET/WA-Convective SIGMET/WST) 9-8-1. GENERAL Flight Advisories are issued by the NAWAU in Kansas City, Missouri, for the conterminous U.S. and the appropriate WSFO in Alaska and Hawaii to provide notice of potentially hazardous weather conditions by amending or supplementing portions of the valid FA. The report type designator WS for SIGMETs, WST for Convective SIGMETs, and WA for AIRMETs is used to effect selective distribution. The text of the message identifies which advisory is being transmitted. WSs are identified with letters N (NOVEMBER) through Y (YANKEE) with the exception of S (SIERRA) and T (TANGO). WAs are identified with the letters S (SIERRA), T (TANGO) and Z (ZULU). The latest message for each system is kept in the computer's active storage file by the WMSC: WA for 360 minutes, WS for 240 minutes, and WST for 45 minutes. NOTE- Honolulu issues international SIGMETs available as WSPA1 PHNL and WSPA2 PHNL, which are retained by WMSC for 360 minutes. 9-8-2. DISTRIBUTION SIGMETs, both WST/WS, are distributed unsched- uled to all Service A circuits. AIRMET data is distributed as a scheduled product at 0145Z and every 6 hours thereafter, and any updates or amendments issued between scheduled periods will be a complete replacement for the previously issued AIRMET. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-9-1 Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) Section 9. Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) 9-9-1. GENERAL The Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) and synopsis for selected routes are prepared by NWS FOs and forwarded to the WMSC for distribution. All times are in UTC and listed by daylight/standard times. (See TBL 9-9-1.) TBL 9-9-1 Transcribed Weather Broadcast/Synopsis Issuance Times Time Zones daylight standard daylight standard daylight standard Central 0130/0230 0930/1030 1830/1930 Eastern 0030/0130 0830/0930 1730/1830 Mountain 0230/0330 1030/1130 1930/2030 Pacific 0330/0430 1130/1230 2030/2130 a. The morning and mid-day TWEB and synopsis will be valid for 12 hours. The evening TWEB and synopsis will be valid 18 hours with no outlook. b. Eastern and Central TWEBs shall not be entered prior to H+20 for hours 10, 17, and 22 UTC. Mountain and Pacific TWEBs shall not be entered prior to H+20 for hours 11, 18, and 23 UTC. 9-9-2. CROSS-COUNTRY ROUTES WMSC's storage contains a selection of combined individual route segments that defines cross-country routes. These routes are defined in AC 00-45. Section 4 defines the route segment and lists the number for each cross-country route. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-10-1 Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) Section 10. Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) 9-10-1. GENERAL A Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) is an unscheduled planning forecast. It is an air traffic oriented forecast intended for ARTCC, Air Traffic Control System Command Center Weather Unit (DCCWU), Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC), and hub terminal air traffic facility specialists responsible for making flow control and flow control-related decisions. It enables these specialists to include the impact of expected, specified local and/or national weather conditions in making these decisions. 9-10-2. CRITERIA a. The MIS describes adverse weather conditions which are expected to begin generally within 4-to-12 hours after the statement's issuance. It can also describe conditions existing when the CWSU begins daily operations if the existing conditions will continue for at least 3 hours, or it can describe conditions existing at the time a briefing is issued. As a minimum, an MIS will be issued when: 1. Any of the following conditions occur or are forecast to occur: (a) Conditions meeting Convective SIGMET criteria. (See the Weather Service Operations Manual (WSOM), Chapter D-22.) (b) Moderate or greater icing. (c) Moderate or greater turbulence. (d) Heavy precipitation. (e) Freezing precipitation. (f) Conditions at, or approaching, low IFR. (See WSOM, Chapter D-21.) (g) Surface winds, including gusts of 30 knots or greater. (h) Low level wind shear (within 2,000 feet of the surface). (i) Volcanic ash, dust storms, or sandstorms. 2. The above conditions will, in the forecaster's judgment, impact the flow of air traffic within the ARTCC area of responsibility. 3. The forecast lead time (the time between the issuance of an MIS and the onset of the phenomenon), in the forecaster's judgment, is sufficient to make the issuance of a CWA premature or unnecessary. b. The MIS will describe the location of the phenomenon using ARTCC relevant points of reference, such as VORs, and will include the height, extent, intensity, and movement of the phenomenon. MISs will be numbered sequentially, beginning at midnight local time each day. Forecasters should be aware that the MIS is disseminated and stored as a replaceable product. This means that each MIS issuance must contain all of the pertinent and known details of the conditions meeting MIS issuance criteria including the continuing conditions de- scribed in previously issued MISs. c. The format of the MIS communications header is: (ARTCC designator) MIS (issuance number) VALID (issuance date/time-valid until date/time in UTC)/..FOR ATC PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY.._/(text). EXAMPLE- ZJX MIS 02 VALID 111345-120100 ..FOR ATC PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY.. SCT TSTMS WITH HVY PCPN ALG N/S RTES S OF ILM AND E OF SAV/OMN LN DVLPG BY 16Z MAX TOPS 350/400. ELSW ZJX AREA TSTMS WITH HVY PCPN FRMG IN SHRT LNS OR CLUSTERS AFT 17Z WITH FEW RCHG EXTRM. CELLS MOVG GENLY SEWD 10 KTS CONT THRU 00Z CONDS LWRG OCNLY TO LIFR IN HVY PCPN AFT 17Z. NOTE- The format of the MIS communications header must be followed exactly if the product is to be distributed through AISR. 9-10-3. DISTRIBUTION The MIS will be distributed to ARTCC area supervisors and traffic management coordinators and will be entered through FAA AIS R and other communications media to make it available for dissemination to other FAA and NWS facilities, including adjacent CWSUs and locally designated hub terminal facilities. Distribution may be made directly by the CWSU meteorologist or through the weather coordinator position. When a MIS is issued JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-10-2 Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) concurrently with a briefing, the MIS will be distributed through those media to facilities mentioned above which do not receive an alphanumeric version of the briefing's contents. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-11-1 Center Weather Advisory (CWA) Section 11. Center Weather Advisory (CWA) 9-11-1. GENERAL A Center Weather Advisory (CWA) is an unsched- uled weather advisory. It is issued for the guidance of ARTCC personnel, designated FAA facilities, Air Traffic Control System Command Center Weather Unit (DCCWU) meteorologists, and air crews inflight to anticipate or avoid adverse weather conditions in terminal and en route environments. 9-11-2. CRITERIA a. The CWA is not a flight planning document. By nature of its short lead time, it reflects weather conditions in existence at the time of issuance or conditions beginning within the next 2 hours. If conditions are expected to persist beyond the time of the valid period and/or if conditions extend beyond the ARTCC area, statements to this effect should be included in the text. The CWSU will issue a CWA: 1. When necessary as a supplement to an existing WS (including WSTs), to an existing WA, or to an existing FA section. The issuance of a CWA under these circumstances should be limited to occasions when, in the judgment of the CWSU meteorologist, real time information adequately supports the issuance of a redefining statement update or advanced amendment. Such real time information regarding the phenomenon covered by a NAWAU product may be pilot reports, radar satellite, or information from other sources. The purpose of the CWA, under these circumstances, is to improve or to update the definition of the phenomenon in terms of relevance to users in the ARTCC area regarding the phenomenon's location, movement, extent, and intensity. A CWA, for example, describing an IFR WAs area of low IFR (LIFR) conditions in terms of ARTCC reference points would be a valid redefinition of the location and intensity relevant to the ARTCC's area and would meet documented requirements. 2. When an inflight advisory has not yet been issued, but the observed or expected weather conditions meet WS or WA criteria based on current pilot reports and reinforced by other sources of information concerning existing meteorological conditions. In this situation, the CWS U meteorologist should call the appropriate forecaster at the NAWAU or appropriate Alaska WSFO. If the CWSU forecaster determines that it is necessary to issue a CWA to allow lead time while the WS/WA is being prepared, the CWA will be issued, and the CWA should indicate that a WS/WA will be issued shortly. 3. The CWSU meteorologist may issue a CWA when observed, or developing weather conditions do not meet WS (including WST) or WA criteria but current pilot reports or other weather information sources indicate that an existing, or anticipated, meteorological phenomena will adversely affect the safe flow of air traffic within the ARTCC area of responsibility. In this situation, the data available must be sufficient, in the judgment of the CWSU meteorologist, to support both the issuance of such an advisory and, if necessary, its continuation. b. The CWA will describe the location of the phenomenon using ARTCC relevant points of reference, such as VORs, and will include the height, extent, intensity, and movement of the phenomenon. Each CWA will have a phenomenon number (1 through 6) immediately following the ARTCC identifier in the CWA message heading. A separate phenomenon number will be assigned to each meteorologically distinct condition or group of conditions, such as jetstream clear air turbulence or LIFR/icing conditions northwest of a low pressure center. The use of phenomenon numbers make it possible to store and disseminate up to six unrelated CWA conditions with each condition capable of being updated. Forecasters should be aware that the CWA is stored and disseminated as a replaceable product. This means that each subsequent CWA issuance must contain all the pertinent and known details of the conditions meeting CWA issuance criteria, including the continuing conditions de- scribed in the previously issued CWAs. CWAs will also be numbered sequentially, beginning at midnight local time each day. The sequential CWA issuance number will be followed by the related two-digit, alphanumeric designator for inflight advisories in effect if applicable. The CWA communications heading will also contain the CWA date/time of issuance in UTC and the “valid until” JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 9-11-2 Center Weather Advisory (CWA) date/time in UTC. The difference between these two times will not exceed 2 hours. c. The format of the CWA communications header is: (ARTCC designator)(phenomenon number) CWA (date/time issued in UTC)/(ARTCC designator) CWA (issuance number) VALID UNTIL (date/time in UTC)/(FROM) (affected area)/(text). EXAMPLE- ZOB1 CWA 032141 ZOB CWA 101 VALID UNTIL 032300 FROM 10S DET TO 40N DJB TO 40E SBN TO 80SE MKG LN SEV TSTMS WITH EXTRM PCPN MOVG FROM 2525 3/4 INCH HAIL RPRTD LAST 5 MINS 20 SW YIP. TSTMS WITH HVY TO EXTRM PCPN CONTG DTW AREA BYD 2300 ZKC1 CWA 121528 ZKC CWA 102 VALID UNTIL 121728 STL DIAM 30 NM. NMRS RPTS OF MOD TO SEV ICG 080/090.. LGT OR NEG ICG RPTD 040/120 RMNDR OF ZKC AREA AND NE OF AREA. NOTE- The format of the CWA communications header must be followed exactly if the product is to be distributed through the AISR. 9-11-3. DISTRIBUTION The CWA will be distributed to ARTCC area supervisors and traffic management coordinators and will be entered through FAA AIS R and other communications media to make it available for dissemination to other FAA and NWS facilities. Distribution may be made directly by the CWSU meteorologist or through the weather coordinator position. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 10-1-1 General Chapter 10. Data Communication Systems Section 1. General 10-1-1. TYPES OF DATA ACCEPTABLE ON FAA DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS a. Distress messages. b. Messages concerning safety to human life. c. Flight movement/control/safety messages. d. Aviation meteorological observations/fore- casts/warnings. e. Administrative messages which pertain to FAA personnel, facilities, or property. f. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) data. 10-1-2. PRIORITY MESSAGES (See TBL 10-1-1.) TBL 10-1-1 Priority Messages Priority Message Types Action Required SS Involves safety of life or property. Restricted to emergency situations. Transmit immediately to all addressees and deliver to all internal/external offices you are responsible for. DD Priority operational and circuit control data. Same as above. FF on local agreements Flight movement and control data relating safe/efficient operation of aircraft. Also for administrative data of a directive nature. Transmit immediately, make internal/external delivery during next available administrative work day if office is closed. Delivery may be required to duty officer, dependent. GG Meteorological, NOTAM and routine administrative data. Transmit immediately, make internal/external delivery by 10:30AM of the next business day. 10-1-3. GENERAL NOTICES a. GENOTs are transmitted by Washington Headquarters Message Center (RWA/KRWAYAYX) via NADIN. b. RENOTs are transmitted through NADIN by the ROC. c. All administrative centers (headquarters/re- gional/aeronautical offices) are staffed 24 hours per day. The FAA Technical Center is only staffed from 0600-2200 local, from Monday through Friday. Messages sent to them will be acknowledged/dis- seminated as appropriate during those hours. d. Administrative messages should be restricted to 20 lines of text and 69 characters per line. Messages exceeding this length shall be sent in individual parts. Facilities who miss a RENOT or GENOT should attempt to obtain it from adjacent facilities, then the ROC. ROC will relay requests to RWA for retransmisssion of GENOTs. NOTE- OASIS. OASIS will automatically break down long General Facility Messages (exceeding 20 lines) into parts before they are transmitted. e. Facilities receiving administrative messages shall not acknowledge unless the message is numbered. Message originators desiring an acknowl- edgement shall add a number line as the first line of text. EXAMPLE- DCA002 CLE DAY (TEXT) 10-1-4. GROUP CODES a. NADIN has established group codes to allow message originators to input a single address, which will result in dissemination to a selected number of facilities. b. System-wide group codes have been estab- lished for the primary use of RWA/KRWAYAYX and the ATC System Command Center (KCFCZDZX). These codes are KDOMYFYX and KDOMYYYX respectively. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 10-1-2 General c. A group code has also been established for each regional office and ARTCC primarily for the issuance of RENOTs and all ARTCC instructions. They are as follows for Regional Offices in TBL 10-1-2 and ARTCCs in TBL 10-1-3. TBL 10-1-2 Region Group Code Region ID Region ID Alaska PANCYGYX Northwest Mountain XST Central XKC Southern XTL Eastern XNY Southwest XFE Great Lakes XGC Western- Pacific XLA New England XBW TBL 10-1-3 ARTCC Group Code ARTCC ID ARTCC ID Albuquerque XXI Kansas City XXS Atlanta XXN Los Angeles XXF Boston XXU Memphis XXM Chicago XXC Miami XXL Cleveland XXD Minneapolis XXE Denver XXO New York XXR Ft. Worth XXJ Oakland XXG Houston XXH Salt Lake City XXP Indianapolis XXA Seattle XXT Jacksonville XXK Washington XXQ NOTE- All of the group codes can be converted to a full eight-character address by placing a K in front of and YFYX following the three characters listed in TBL 10-1-2 and TBL 10-1-3. OASIS facilities must use the full eight-character address when using group codes. d. Several other group codes exist for addressing selected groups of ATC facilities. To support MTR data transmission specifically, additional two-letter codes were developed to include all AFSS/FSS facilities within particular states or areas. Those states with only one AFSS/FSS, or those with all M1FC facilities, are not included in these codes. All M1FC facilities are served by the address KAWPY- FYX. The two-letter identifiers are as follows in TBL 10-1-4: TBL 10-1-4 Two-letter identifiers AK AR CA KY NC PA TN WA WV e. In addition, the following seven-group codes were established that include multiple states: KFSSYFCE (CENTRAL AREA) AR-IN-IL-KY-MO-TN KFSSYFEA (EAST COAST AREA) MD-NC-NJ-VA-WV KFSSYFNE (NORTHEAST AREA) CT-ME-VT KFSSYFNP (NORTHERN PLAINS AREA) ID-MT-ND-NE-SD-WY KFSSYFSE (SOUTHEAST AREA) AL-FL-GA KFSSYFWC (WEST COAST AREA) AZ-CA-NV-OR f. M1FC contains a group code for Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). All VFR flight plans are automatically transmitted to the destination and DEA at the time of activation. NOTE- All filed flight plans, as well as all logged inflight, preflight, flight watch and contact briefings, are transmitted to the Air and Marine Operations Center (AMOC) using the address KRIVYYYX. These transmis- sions are transparent to the OASIS facility. g. The group code KSARYCYX has been established to assist in the processing of INREQs and ALNOTs. 10-1-5. MESSAGE FORMATS a. Personnel should adhere to the transmit formats defined for systems in use; i.e., M1FC, AISR. Failure to comply can result in the message being rejected by either NADIN or WMSC. This may result in nondelivery to the intended recipients. b. Full keyboard punctuation is allowed on all messages destined for internal FAA, DOD, NWS dissemination. For international dissemination, punctuation should be limited to those characters identified in pertinent ICAO documents. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 10-1-3 General c. Contractions and abbreviations should be used to shorten data transmissions to the extent possible. In no case should one be used that is not documented in FAAO JO 7340.2, Contractions. For international communications, be aware that the foreign corres- pondent may not understand all FAA contractions and may not have a full command of the English language. Care should be exercised in international communications to avoid slang phrases and non-ICAO approved abbreviations. d. RQ/WQ. This message is used when requesting an individual report(s). It consists of the keywords /RQ for AISR or VM for M1FC for individual requests from the global and local data base; /WQ for AISR or NS RQ for M1FC for individual reports from WMSC. To avoid circuit congestion, requests for this type of data may not exceed one line. The following kinds of data may be requested using these keywords: SA, NTM, FD1, FD2, FD3, SW, SD, and FT. The reply to the request for an SA will include the basic METAR and any subsequent Specials (SPECI), amendment, or correction. It will also include all current NOTAM and PIREPs (UA/UUA) for that weather location. A request for SP will return only the METAR and any SPECIs for that hour. The response to NOTAM requests will include all current NOTAM for the NOTAM file specified, while requests for an FD or FT will include the current forecast and the latest amendments issued. NOTE1. OASIS facilities, use the WMSCR Transmit Request dialog box for retrieval of WMSCR data. Requests can be made for individual weather reports by selecting REPORT as the RR Type. Detailed instructions are contained in the WINGS online help and the WINGS System Users Guide. Designated workstations, normally restricted to OS/CIC, must be enabled in order to use this function. 2. This procedure is adequate to facilitate reviewing weather trends; but for briefing purposes, the SA request should be used to ensure all en route and/or terminal NOTAM data pertinent to the flight is available. EXAMPLE(This example is a request for the latest hourly observation and terminal forecast for JFK from WMSC.) AISR /WQ JFK SA JFK FT M1FC NS RQ JFK SA JFK FT EXAMPLE(To obtain headers when requesting FD data, the input message should contain the word DATA when requesting U.S. FDs and FCST when requesting Canadian FDs.) AISR /RQ DATA FD1 SFO FD1 FCST FD1 YYZ FD1 M1FC NS RQ DATA FD1 SFO FD1 FCST FD1 YYZ FD1 e. WC. This message is used for requesting information, such as that contained in the SACA20 KWB C, which is available at the WMSC in collective form only. Only five collectives shall be called for in a request. NOTE- OASIS facilities, use the WMSCR Transmit Request dialog box for retrieval of WMSCR data. Requests can be made for WMO products by selecting WMO as the RR Type. Detailed instructions are contained in the WINGS online help and the WINGS System Users Guide. Designated workstations, normally restricted to OS/CIC, must be enabled in order to use this function. EXAMPLE- AISR /WC SACA20 KWBC f. RC. This message is used to retrieve a collective from the local data base. Non-AISR facilities use it for retrieving data listed in subpara 10-1-5e. Limit requests to one at a time. NOTE- OASIS does not support this function. EXAMPLE- M1FC NS RC SACA20 KWBC g. RL/WL. The RL function has been set aside for the use of the AWP in M1FC. The AWP is the only facility able to use the RL keyword in M1FC. The WL function should be coordinated with WMSC prior to use by a AISR facility. This message is used in requesting a group of reports, forecasts, or a mixture of these to meet specific requirements. In this type of message, inform ation is requested by specifying a single predetermined list. Only one list may be requested in each message. The lists are intended to provide groupings of individual reports, such as the observations and/or forecasts for all locations in a metropolitan area or along an airway. 7/31/08 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 10-1-4 General NOTE- OASIS does not support this function. 10-1-6. WMSCR NEGATIVE RESPONSE MESSAGES a. WMSCR automatically generates a negative response to request/reply inputs for which it cannot deliver. 1. NO REPORT AVBL. This response means the current data has not been received by WMSCR. 2. NOT IN SYSTEM. This response means WMSCR does not receive and store the requested data. 3. INVALID FORMAT. This response means the computer cannot process the request because of an input error. b. WMSCR will generate only one negative response message to an RQ transmission that requests multiple reports and only when none of the data requested can be delivered. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 11-1-1 General Chapter 11. Airport Lighting and Visibility Aids Section 1. General 11-1-1. AIRPORT LIGHTING a. General Lighting. Operate airport lighting in accordance with associated tables except: 1. As requested by the pilot. 2. As required by facility directives or letters of agreement to meet local conditions or requirements. 3. As specialist deems necessary if not contrary to pilot's request or local directives. b. Emergency Lighting. When it appears that an em ergency has or will occur, provide for the operation of all appropriate airport lighting aids in accordance with local procedures and/or as required. 11-1-2. OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS If controls are provided, operate the lights between sunset and sunrise. 11-1-3. ROTATING BEACON If controls are provided, turn on the rotating beacon: a. Between sunset and sunrise. b. Between sunrise and sunset when the reported ceiling or visibility is below basic VFR minima. 11-1-4. APPROACH LIGHTS Operate approach lights: a. Between sunset and sunrise when one of the following conditions exists: 1. They serve the landing runway. 2. They serve a runway to which an approach is being made but aircraft will land on another runway. b. Between sunrise and sunset when the ceiling is less than 1,000_feet or the prevailing visibility is 5_miles or less and approaches are being made to: 1. A landing runway served by the lights. 2. A runway served by the lights but aircraft are landing on another runway. NOTE- In the interest of energy conservation, the approach lighting system should be turned off when not needed for aircraft operations.

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11-1-5. ALS INTENSITY SETTINGS Operate intensity controls in accordance with the values depicted. (See TBL 11-1-1.) TBL 11-1-1 ALS Intensity Setting Step Visibility (Applicable to runway served by lights) Day Night 5 Less than 1 mile.* When requested. 4 1 to but not including 3 miles. When requested. 3 3 to but not including 5 miles. Less than 1 mile.* 2 5 to but not including 7 miles. 1 to 3 miles inclusive. 1 When requested. Greater than 3 miles. * and/or 6,000 feet or less of RVR on the runway served by the ALS and RVR. Note.- Daylight steps 2 and 3 provide recommended settings applicable to conditions in ALS Intensity Settings. 11-1-6. SEQUENCED FLASHING LIGHTS Operate sequenced flashing lights when the visibility is less than 3 miles and instrument approaches are being made to the runway served by the associated ALS. NOTE- SFLs are a component of the ALS and cannot be operated when the ALS is off. 11-1-7. RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS Operate the runway edge light system(s) serving the runway(s) in use as follows: a. Between sunset and sunrise. 1. For departures when an aircraft calls for airport advisory or requests the lights be turned on until the aircraft reports departing the airport area or 15 minutes after the last contact with the aircraft. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 11-1-2 General 2. For arrivals when an aircraft calls for airport advisory or when the associated approach control advises that an aircraft is on approach until the aircraft reports/is observed clear of the runway or 15_minutes after last radio contact or arrival time. b. Between sunrise and sunset, turn the lights on when the surface visibility is less than 2_miles as described in subparas 11-1-7a1 and a2. c. The specialist considers it necessary, or it is requested by a pilot and no other known aircraft will be adversely affected. d. Do not turn on the runway edge lights when a NOTAM closing the runway is in effect. e. Alaska. The runway lights should remain on from the end of civil twilight to the beginning of civil twilight. If the runway lights are operated part-time in this period, broadcast a warning over the airport advisory frequency 2_minutes before turning the lights off. 11-1-8. CHANGING LIGHTED RUNWAYS a. To switch lights: 1. Advise all known aircraft that the lights are to be changed, specifying the runway to be lighted. 2. Turn on the lights for the new runway 30_seconds before turning off the other runway lights, equipment permitting. b. When a pilot requests that other than the favored runway be lighted and two runways cannot be lighted simultaneously, comply with the request if you have no knowledge of the lighted runway being in use. Advise all known aircraft. 11-1-9. SIMULTANEOUS APPROACH AND RUNWAY EDGE LIGHT OPERATION Turn on the runway edge lights for the runway in use whenever the associated approach lights are on. If multiple runway light selection is not possible, you may leave the approach lights on and switch the runway lights to another runway to accommodate another aircraft. 11-1-10. MALSR ODALS Operate MALSR/ODALS that have separate on-off and intensity setting controls in accordance with TBL 11-1-2 and TBL 11-1-3. NOTE- Application concerns use for takeoffs/landings/ap- proaches and does not preclude turning lights on for use of unaffected portions of a runway for taxiing aircraft, surface vehicles, maintenance, repair, etc. TBL 11-1-2 Two-Step MALS/One-Step RAIL Setting Visibility Day Night MALS HI-RAIL ON Less than 3 miles. Less than 3 miles.* MALS LOW When requested. 3 miles or more. *At locations providing part-time flight service, the MALSR shall be set to low intensity during the hours of darkness when the station is unmanned. TBL 11-1-3 Three-Step MALS/Three-Step RAIL Setting Visibility Day Night 3 Less than 2 miles. Less than 1 mile. 2 2 to 5 miles inclusive. 1 to but not including 3 miles.* 1 When requested. 3 miles or more. *At locations providing part-time flight service, the air-to-ground radio link shall be activated during the hours of darkness when the station is unmanned. If there is no radio air-to-ground control, the MALSR shall be set on intensity step #2 during the hours of darkness when the station is unmanned. (Reference- FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 10-6-4, Approach Light Systems.) 11-1-11. HIRL ASSOCIATED WITH MALSR Operate HIRL that controls the associated MALSR in accordance with the intensity setting in TBL 11-1-4. TBL 11-1-4 HIRL Associated with MALSR Step Visibility Day Night 5 Less than 1 mile. When requested. 4 1 to but not including 2 miles. Less than 1 mile. 3 2 to but not including 3 miles. 1 to but not including 3 miles. 2 When requested. 3 to 5 miles inclusive. 1 When requested. More than 5 miles. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 11-1-3 General NOTE- When switching from a given brightness step setting to a lower setting, rotation of the brightness control to a point below the intended step setting and then back to the appropriate step setting will ensure that the MALSR will operate at the appropriate brightness. 11-1-12. MEDIUM INTENSITY RUNWAY LIGHTS Operate MIRL or MIRL which control the associated MALSR in accordance with the TBL 11-1-5. TBL 11-1-5 HIRL Intensity Setting Step Visibility Day Night 3 Less than 2 miles. Less than 1 mile. 2 2 to 3 miles. 1 to 3 miles. 1 When requested. More than 3 miles. REFERENCE- FAAO JO 7110.10, para 11-1-11 Note. 11-1-13. HIGH INTENSITY RUNWAY, RUNWAY CENTERLINE, AND TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTS Operate high intensity runway and associated runway centerline and touch-down zone lights in accordance with TBL 11-1-6. TBL 11-1-6 HIRL, RCLS, TDZL Intensity Setting Step Visibility Day Night 5 Less than 1 mile.* When requested. 4 1 to but not including 2 miles. Less than 1 mile. 3 2 to but not including 3 miles. 1 to but not including 3 miles. 2 When requested. 3 to 5 miles inclusive. 1 When requested. More than 5 miles. * and/or appropriate RVR/RVV equivalent. 11-1-14. HIRL CHANGES AFFECTING RVR Keep the appropriate approach controller or PAR controller informed, in advance if possible, of HIRL changes that affect RVR. 11-1-15. HIGH SPEED TURNOFF LIGHTS Operate high speed turnoff lights whenever the associated runway lights are used for arriving aircraft. Leave them on until the aircraft has either entered a taxiway or passed the last light. 11-1-16. RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS When separate on-off controls are provided, operate runway end identifier lights when the associated runway lights are lighted. Turn the REIL off after: a. An arriving aircraft has landed. b. A departing aircraft has left the traffic pattern area. c. It is determined that the lights are of no further use to the pilot. 11-1-17. TAXIWAY LIGHTS Operate taxiway lights serving the taxiways, or portions thereof, in use between sunset and sunrise before an aircraft taxies onto the taxiway (normally at the time taxi information is issued) and until it taxies off it. 11-1-18. VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATORS (VASIs) The VASI system with remote on-off switching shall be operated when it serves the runway in use and where intensities are controlled in accordance with TBL 11-1-7 and TBL 11-1-8. TBL 11-1-7 VASI Intensity Setting, Two-Step System Step Period: Condition High Day: Sunrise to sunset. Low Night: Sunset to sunrise. TBL 11-1-8 VASI Intensity Setting, Three-Step System Step Period: Condition High Day: Sunrise to sunset. Medium Twilight: From sunset to 30 minutes after sunset and from 30 minutes before sunrise to sunrise, and during twilight in Alaska. Note.- During a 1 year period, twilight may vary 26 to 43 minutes between 25 and 49 degrees N latitude. Low Night: From 30 minutes after sunset to 30 minutes before sunrise. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 11-1-4 General NOTE1. During a 1-year period, twilight may vary 26 to 43 minutes between 25 and 49 degrees N latitude. 2. The basic FAA standard for VASI systems permits independent operation by means of photoelectric device. This system has no on-off control feature and is intended for continuous operation. Other VASI systems in use include those that are operated remotely from the control tower. These systems may consist of either a photoelectric intensity control with only an on-off switch, a two-step intensity system, or a three-step intensity system. REFERENCE- FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 10-6-5, Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) Systems. 11-1-19. VISIBILITY AIDS - GENERAL a. Where RVR/RVV equipment is operational, irrespective of subsequent operation or nonoperation of navigational or visual aids for the application of RVR/RVV as a takeoff or landing minima, furnish the values for the runway in use in accordance with para 11-1-20, RVR/RVV. b. Issue current touchdown RVR/RVV for the runway(s) in use: 1. When prevailing visibility is 1 mile or less regardless of the value indicated. 2. When RVR/RVV indicates a reportable value regardless of the prevailing visibility. NOTE- Reportable values are: RVR 6,000 feet or less; RVV 1-1/2 miles or less. 3. When it is determined from a reliable source that the indicated RVR value differs by more than 400 feet from the actual conditions within the area of the transmissometer, the RVR data is not acceptable and shall not be reported. NOTE- A reliable source is considered to be a certified weather observer, air traffic controller, or pilot. 4. When the observer has reliable reports, or has otherwise determined that the instrument values are not representative of the associated runway, the data shall not be used. 11-1-20. RVR/RVV a. Provide RVR/RVV information by stating the runway, the abbreviations RVR/RVV, and the indicated value. When issued along with other weather elements, transmit these values in the normal sequence used for weather reporting. b. When there is a requirem ent to issue an RVR/RVV value and a visibility condition greater or less than the reportable values of the equipment is indicated, state the condition as MORE than or LESS than the appropriate minimum or maximum readable value. c. When a readout indicates a rapidly varying visibility condition (1,000 feet or more for RVR; one or more reportable values for RVV), report the current value followed by the range of visibility variance. 11-1-21. OPERATION OF LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR Align the landing direction indicator with the favored or designated runway. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 12-1-1 General Chapter 12. Interphone Communications Section 1. General 12-1-1. PURPOSE a. The procedures and phraseologies contained in this chapter apply to interfacility and intrafacility telephone communications conducted from any position of operation. b. Interphone use is restricted to authorized official business only. c. Monitor interphones continuously. At facilities without ringers keep speaker volume at a level sufficient to hear all transmissions. In the event of interphone failure, use authorized back-up proce- dures; i.e., commercial telephone, aircraft radio relay. d. Use the words or phrases in interphone communications as contained in the Pilot/Controller Glossary. 12-1-2. INTERPHONE TRANSMISSION PRIORITIES Give priority to interphone transmissions as follows: a. First priority. Emergency messages including essential information on aircraft accidents or suspected accidents. After actual emergency has passed, give a lower priority to messages relating to an accident. b. Second priority. Clearance and control instruc- tions. c. Third priority. Movement and control messages using the following order of precedence when possible: 1. Progress reports. 2. Departure or arrival reports. 3. Flight plans. d. Fourth priority. Movement messages on VFR aircraft. e. Fifth priority. General messages; e.g., outages. 12-1-3. PRIORITY INTERRUPTION The words “break for emergency” or “break for control” may be used to interrupt lower priority messages when it is necessary to transmit an emergency or control message. 12-1-4. MESSAGE INITIATION Initiate interphone messages as follows: a. Assure line is not in use. PHRASEOLOGY- LINE CLEAR? b. If line is not in use, establish contact with the desired facility and/or position. EXAMPLE- Manual signaling: FSS-(Signals center manually). Center- “Anchorage Center” or “Sector D-5.” FSS- “Kenai radio. Kenai progress Apache One Two Three.” Center- “Go ahead” FSS- “Over Kenai...etc.” “L-H” Center- “Roger Apache One Two Three.” “C-M” Voice signaling: FSS- “Seattle Center, McMinnville Radio, Clear- ance Request.“ Center “Seattle Center, Go Ahead.” FSS- “Request Clearance, Army ......etc.” c. When initiating calls on interphone voice lines, identify the line on which the call is being made. EXAMPLE- FSS - “Indianapolis Center, Dayton Radio on the 82 line, departure.” d. When calling or replying on an interphone line which connects only two facilities, you may omit the facility's name. EXAMPLE“Radio, inbound estimate.” e. FSS/AFSS. 1. Inflight position. State the name of the FSS followed by the word RADIO and position, if appropriate. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 12-1-2 General EXAMPLE“Fairbanks Radio.” 2. Flight Watch position. State the name of the associated ARTCC followed by the words FLIGHT WATCH. EXAMPLE“Indianapolis Flight Watch.” NOTE- During transition to EFAS consolidation, nonconsoli- dated facilities will state the name of the parent AFSS/FSS facility followed by the words FLIGHT WATCH. 12-1-5. MESSAGE TERMINATION Terminate interphone messages with your operating initials. EXAMPLE“V-N.” JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 13-1-1 General Chapter 13. NAVAID Monitoring Section 1. General 13-1-1. PURPOSE Facility responsibility for monitoring of NAVAIDs is assigned by the Flight Services Operations Area Office. Because NAVAIDs and their monitoring equipment are continuously changing, use the procedures contained in this chapter as they apply. 13-1-2. DUTIES At facilities assigned responsibility for monitoring NAVAIDs, check status as part of watch checklist. 13-1-3. MALFUNCTIONS Take the following action when an air traffic system component malfunctions: a. Try to restore the aid to normal operation, unless Technical Operations Services requests otherwise. b. If able to restore it, record the incident on FAA Form 7230-4. c. If unable to restore it, discontinue its use and: 1. Notify the appropriate IFR control facility/ sector. 2. Notify the appropriate AFSS/FSS as neces- sary. 3. Notify maintenance personnel as required. 4. Take appropriate NOTAM actions. REFERENCE- FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 3-5-1, NAVAID Monitoring and FAAO 7930.2 Para 4-2-3, NOTAM for NAVAID in Different FSS Flight Plan Area. 5. Record on FAA Form 7230-4. d. If a monitor indicates a NAVAID malfunction, but aircraft or maintenance personnel report the NAVAID is operating normally, take actions and make notifications in accordance with subpara 13-1-3c. 13-1-4. AIRCRAFT REPORTED MALFUNCTIONS a. Aircraft reported NAVAID malfunctions are subject to varying circumstances. When an aircraft reports a ground-based NAVAID malfunction, take the following action: 1. Request a report from a second aircraft. 2. If the second aircraft reports normal operations, continue use and, if able, inform the first aircraft. Record the incident on FAA Form 7230-4. 3. If the second aircraft confirms the malfunc- tion or, in the absence of a second aircraft report, take NAVAID restoral action. 4. If normal operation is reported after restoral action is taken, continue use, record the incident on FAA Form 7230-4, and notify appropriate mainte- nance personnel. 5. If continued malfunction is reported after restoral action is taken, request advice from maintenance personnel on whether the NAVAID should be shut down. In the absence of a second aircraft report, advise maintenance personnel of the time of the initial aircraft report and the estimated time a second aircraft report could be obtained. b. When an aircraft reports a GPS/GNSS anomaly: 1. Request the following information: (a) Aircraft call sign and type aircraft. (b) Date and time of the occurrence. (c) Location of anomaly. (d) Altitude. 2. Record the incident on FAA Form 7230-4. 3. Forward this information to the local Traffic Management Unit (TMU) and local Maintenance Control Center (MCC) personnel. c. When an aircraft reports a WAAS anomaly, request the following information and/or take the following actions: 1. Determine if the pilot has lost all WAAS service. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 13-1-2 General EXAMPLE“Are you receiving any WAAS service?” 2. If the pilot reports receipt of any WAAS service, acknowledge the report and continue normal operations. 3. If the pilot reports loss of all WAAS service, report as a GPS anomaly using procedures in paragraph 13-1-4b. 13-1-5. ADJUSTMENTS TO NAVAIDs Notify the appropriate air traffic control facility before any adjustment (including a transmitter change) to a VOR, TACAN, or DME transmitter is made which might cause a momentary interruption or an abnormal indication on aircraft instruments. 13-1-6. NAVAID FLIGHT CHECK Provide maximum assistance to aircraft engaged in flight inspection of NAVAIDs. Unless otherwise agreed to, maintain direct contact with the pilot and provide information regarding known traffic in the area and request the pilot's intentions. NOTE1. Many flight inspections are accomplished using automatic recording equipment. An uninterrupted flight is necessary for successful completion of the mission. The workload for the limited number of aircraft engaged in these activities requires strict adherence to a schedule. 2. Flight inspection operations which require special participation of ground personnel, specific communica- tions, or radar operation capabilities are considered to require special handling. These flights are coordinated with appropriate facilities before departure. 13-1-7. MONITORING OF NAVAIDs BY TECHNICAL OPERATIONS SERVICES PERSONNEL Maintenance personnel may assume monitor of any navigational aid provided they coordinate with the responsible air traffic monitor facility. Record the time on FAA Form 7230-4 that maintenance personnel assume monitor responsibility for each NAVAID and the time they return monitor responsibility to the facility. NOTE- When maintenance personnel silence the monitoring systems of any NAVAID, they will assume responsibility for the monitoring function. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 14-1-1 General Chapter 14. Phraseology Section 1. General 14-1-1. PURPOSE This chapter prescribes standardized procedures and phraseologies to be used by flight service personnel when communicating weather and aeronautical information in broadcast, radiotelephone, and interphone communications. Where position or procedure-specific phraseology is required, refer- ence is to be made to the relevant chapter of this order. 14-1-2. PHRASEOLOGY The annotation PHRASEOLOGY denotes the prescribed words and/or phrases to be used in communications. NOTE- Specialists may, after first using the prescribed phraseology for a specific procedure, rephrase the message to ensure the content is understood. Good judgment shall be exercised when using nonstandard phraseology. 14-1-3. WORDS AND PHRASES Use the words or phrases in broadcast, radiotele- phone, and interphone communications as contained in the Pilot/Controller Glossary. 14-1-4. ANNOUNCING MISSING ITEMS With the exception of RVR, announce the word “missing” when any item or component of a weather report is not reported, or in place of unreadable or obviously incorrect items or portions of weather reports. When appropriate, instead of speaking the name of several locations with missing reports, announce: “Other scheduled reports missing.” NOTE- On occasion, a parameter from an automated observation may be reported as missing in the body of the report but is available as a manually reported parameter in the remarks section. When the report is spoken, include the manually reported element in its proper sequence within the report. 14-1-5. ICAO PHONETICS Use the ICAO pronunciation of numbers and, as necessary, individual letters for clarity. The ICAO radiotelephony alphabet and pronunciation guide are contained in TBL 14-1-1. TBL 14-1-1 ICAO Pronunciation Character Word Pronunciation 0 Zero ZEE-RO 1 One WUN 2 Two TOO 3 Three TREE 4 Four FOW-ER 5 Five FIFE 6 Six SIX 7 Seven SEV-EN 8 Eight AIT 9 Nine NIN-ER A Alfa AL-FAH B Bravo BRAH-VOH C Charlie CHAR-LEE D Delta DELL-TAH E Echo ECK-OH F Foxtrot FOKS-TROT G Golf GOLF H Hotel HOH-TELL I India IN-DEE-AH J Juliett JEW-LEE-ETT K Kilo KEY-LOH L Lima LEE-MAH M Mike MIKE N November NO-VEM-BER O Oscar OSS-CAR P Papa PAH-PAH Q Quebec KEH-BECK R Romeo ROW-ME-OH S Sierra SEE-AIR-AH T Tango TANG-GO U Uniform YOU-NEE-FORM V Victor VIK-TAH W Whiskey WISS-KEY X X-ray ECKS-RAY Y Yankee YANG-KEY Z Zulu ZOO-LOO NOTE- Syllables to be emphasized in pronunciation are in bold face. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 14-1-2 General 14-1-6. RELAY OF ATC COMMUNICATIONS Prefix a clearance, information, or a request for information which will be relayed from a control facility to an aircraft with the appropriate phrase “A-T-C clears,” “A-T-C advises,” or “A-T-C requests.” 14-1-7. EXPEDITIOUS COMPLIANCE a. Use the word “immediately” only when expeditious compliance is required to avoid an imminent situation. b. Use the word “expedite” only when prompt compliance is required to avoid the development of an imminent situation. c. In either case, and if time permits, include the reason for this action. 14-1-8. WEATHER PHRASEOLOGY Use the following phraseology and procedures for stating surface weather observations and for information similarly encoded in other aviation weather products and forecasts. a. Location. 1. Announce the geographic name (not the identifier) once for communications. EXAMPLE“Paducah.” 2. When the location name is duplicated within 500 miles, follow the location name with the state name. EXAMPLE“Columbus, Ohio.” 3. When weather reports originate at more than one airport at the same geographical location, identify the airport. EXAMPLE“Anchorage, Anchorage Merrill.” “Chicago O'Hare.” 4. Where it is considered necessary and is requested by the military base commander, broadcast military observations by stating the location, the name of the airport if different, and the controlling military branch. EXAMPLE“Andrews Air Force Base.” “Elmendorf, Elmendorf Air Force Base.” “Fort Riley, Marshall Army Air Field.” “Norfolk Naval Air Station.” b. If AUTO appears after the date/time element, follow location announcement with the phrase AUTOMATED. PHRASEOLOGY(Location) AUTOMATED. c. If a special report is the most recent observation available, follow the location with the words SPECIAL REPORT, (last two digits of the time) OBSERVATION. Use data from the record report to fill in the item s not included in the special observation, such as temperature and dew point. d. If the weather data is not available, state the location and the word MISSING. e. Wind Direction and Speed. Announce surface wind direction and speed by stating the word WIND followed by the separate digits of the wind direction to the nearest 10 degrees and the separate digits of the speed. A “G” between two wind speed values is announced as GUSTS. State local wind as it appears in the report. Announce the variability of wind at the end of the wind group. (See TBL 14-1-2.) TBL 14-1-2 Wind Direction and Speed Wind Phraseology 00000KT WIND CALM. 26012KT WIND TWO SIX ZERO AT ONE TWO. 29012KT 260V320 WIND TWO NINER ZERO AT ONE TWO WIND VARIABLE BETWEEN TWO SIX ZERO AND THREE TWO ZERO. 30008KT WIND THREE ZERO ZERO AT EIGHT. 36012G20KT WIND THREE SIX ZERO AT ONE TWO GUSTS TWO ZERO. VRB04KT WIND VARIABLE AT FOUR. f. Visibility. 1. State the word VISIBILITY followed by the visibility values in miles and/or fractions of miles, except announce values indicated by the figure 0 as ZERO. Announce the separate digits of whole numbers as applicable. (See TBL 14-1-3.) JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 14-1-3 General TBL 14-1-3 Visibility Contraction Phraseology 0SM Visibility zero. 1 /16SM Visibility one sixteenth. 1 /8SM Visibility one eighth. M1 /4 SM Visibility less than one quarter. 3 /4SM Visibility three quarters. 11 /2SM Visibility one and one-half. 8SM Visibility eight. 25SM Visibility two five. NOTE- When visibility is less than 3 miles and variable, this information is reported in the remarks. 2. When stating AUTOB visibility values, announce the visibility in accordance with the reportable categories depicted in TBL 14-1-4 and TBL_14-1-5. TBL 14-1-4 Visibility Reading Reading Visibility Values 0 less than 15 /16 1 1 - 1 7 /8 2 2 - 2 7 /8 3 3 - 3 1 /2 4 3 1 /2 - 4 1 /2 5 4 1 /2 - 5 1 /2 6 5 1 /2 - 6 1 /2 7 6 1 /2 - 7 1 /2 8 above 7 1 /2 TBL 14-1-5 Visibility Reading Reading Phraseology BV0 “Visibility less than fifteen sixteenths.” BV3 “Visibility three to three and one-half.” BV8 “Visibility more than seven and one-half.” 3. If an AUTOB visibility report consisting of three values is encountered, it is decoded as depicted below. EXAMPLE“BV786” 6 = minimum visibility during past 10 minutes. 7 = present visibility. 8 = maximum visibility during past 10 minutes. g. RVR/RVV. 1. Provide RVR/RVV information by stating the runway, “visual range” or “visibility value,” as appropriate, and the indicated value. The abbreviations “R-V-R” or “R-V-V” may be spoken in lieu of “visual range” or “visibility value.” When the indicated values are separated by a V, preface the values with the words VARIABLE BETWEEN, followed by the first value, the word AND, then the second value. (See TBL 14-1-6.) TBL 14-1-6 RVR/RVV RVR/RVV Phraseology R36VV11/2 “Runway three six, R-V-V one and one-half.” R05LVV1V2 “Runway five left, R-V-V variable between one and two.” R18/2000V3000FT “Runway one eight, R-V-R variable between two thousand and three thousand. Or Runway one eight visual range variable between two thousand and three thousand.” R26R/2400FT “Runway two six right visual range two thousand four hundred.”

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2. When there is a requirement to issue an RVR or RVV value and a visibility condition greater or less than the reportable values of the equipment is indicated, state the condition as MORE THAN or LESS THAN the appropriate minimum or maximum readable value. (See TBL 14-1-7.) TBL 14-1-7 RVR/RVV RVR/RVV Phraseology R16/M0600FT ``Runway one six runway visual range less than six hundred. Or Runway one six R-V-R less than six hundred.'' R36L/M0600V2500FT ``Runway three six left, R-V-R variable between less than six hundred and two thousand five hundred. Or Runway three six left visual range variable between less than six hundred and two thousand five hundred.'' R36/P6000FT ``Runway three six R-V-R more than six thousand. Or Runway three six visual range more than six thousand.'' JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 14-1-4 General h. Weather ElementsTBL 14-1-8 depicts sample phraseology for weather element contractions. Intensity refers to precipitation, not descriptors. Proximity is spoken after the phenomenon to which it refers. Descriptors are spoken ahead of weather phenomenon with the exception of ``showers'' which is spoken after the precipitation. TBL 14-1-9 contains a complete list of weather elements and appropriate phraseology. i. Ceiling and Sky Coverage. 1. State sky coverage in the same order as reported on the weather observation. Announce ceiling as follows: (See TBL 14-1-10.) TBL 14-1-8 Examples of Combining Intensity, Descriptors and Weather Phenomenon. Contractions Phraseology BLSN BLOWING SNOW -FZRAPL LIGHT FREEZING RAIN, ICE PELLETS FZRA FREEZING RAIN FZDZ FREEZING DRIZZLE MIFG SHALLOW FOG -SHRA LIGHT RAIN SHOWERS SHRA RAIN SHOWERS SHSN SNOW SHOWERS TSRA THUNDERSTORM, RAIN +TSRA THUNDERSTORM, HEAVY RAIN (SHOWERS)1 +TSRAGR THUNDERSTORM, HEAVY RAIN, HAIL VCSH SHOWERS IN THE VICINITY 1 Since thunderstorms imply showery precipitation, ``showers'' may be used to describe precipitation that accompany thunderstorms. TBL 14-1-9 Weather Elements INTENSITY or PROXIMITY 1 DESCRIPTOR 2 PRECIPITATION 3 OBSCURATION 4 OTHER 5 - Light MI Shallow DZ Drizzle BR Mist PO Well- Developed Dust/Sand Whirls BC Patchy RA Rain FG Fog SQ Squalls Moderate (No Qualifier) DR Low Drifting SN Snow FU Smoke FC +FC Funnel Cloud, Tornado or Waterspout BL Blowing SG Snow Grains DU Dust SS Sandstorm + Heavy SH Showers IC Ice Crystals SA Sand DS Duststorm TS Thunderstorm PL Ice Pellets HZ Haze VC In the Vicinity FZ Freezing GR Hail PY Spray PR Partial GS Small Hail or Snow Pellets (_1/4”) VA Volcanic Ash UP *Unknown Precipitation * Automated stations only. JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 14-1-5 General TBL 14-1-10 Ceiling and Sky Coverage Designator Phraseology BKN0001 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED BKN000  CEILING LESS THAN FIVE ZERO BROKEN FEW0001 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED FEW000  FEW CLOUDS AT LESS THAN FIVE ZERO (lowest layer aloft) BKN/OVC (precede with) CEILING SCT0001 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED SCT000  LESS THAN FIVE ZERO SCATTERED VV INDEFINITE CEILING 1 Surface-based obscurations. Requires remarks, i.e. RMK FG SCT000, FU BKN000, etc.  No remark means the layer is aloft. 2. State cloud heights in tens, hundreds and/or thousands of feet. (See TBL 14-1-11.) TBL 14-1-11 Cloud Heights Number Phraseology 0001 ZERO 003 THREE HUNDRED 018 ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED 200 TWO ZERO THOUSAND 1 Spoken as zero only when used with VV. NOTE1. When the ceiling is less than 3,000 feet and variable, the variable limits will be reported in the remarks. 2. When communicating weather information on the TIBS broadcast or telephone, specialist may announce cloud heights in either group form or in hundreds or thousands of feet, such as seventeen thousand or one seven thousand.

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3. Announce sky conditions as indicated below. (See TBL 14-1-12.) TBL 14-1-12 Sky Conditions Contraction Phraseology BKN (height) BROKEN CLR1 CLEAR BELOW ONE TWO THOUSAND FEW FEW CLOUDS AT (height) OVC (height) OVERCAST SCT (height) SCATTERED SKC CLEAR 1 Automated weather reports. 4. The following are examples of broadcast phraseology of sky and ceiling conditions: (See TBL 14-1-13.) TBL 14-1-13 Sky and Ceiling Conditions Condition Phraseology BKN000 BKN010 BKN050 RMK FG BKN000 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED, CEILING ONE THOUSAND BROKEN, FIVE THOUSAND BROKEN. FOG OBSCURING FIVE TO SEVEN EIGHTS OF THE SKY. BKN010 CEILING ONE THOUSAND BROKEN. SCT000 SCT020 OVC035 RMK FG SCT000 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED, TWO THOUSAND SCATTERED, CEILING THREE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED OVERCAST. FOG OBSCURING THREE TO FOUR EIGHTS OF THE SKY. SCT020 OVC250 TWO THOUSAND SCATTERED, CEILING TWO FIVE THOUSAND OVERCAST. VV000 INDEFINITE CEILING ZERO. VV012 INDEFINITE CEILING ONE THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED.

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j. Announce surface temperature and dew point by stating the words TEMPERATURE or DEWPOINT, as appropriate, followed by the temperature in degrees Celsius. Temperatures below zero are announced by prefixing the word MINUS before the values. (See TBL 14-1-14.) JO 7110.10T 2/14/14-1-6 General TBL 14-1-14 Temperature/Dewpoint Reading Phraseology 02/M01 ``Temperature two, dew point minus one.'' 04/02 ``Temperature four, dew point two.'' 18/13 ``Temperature one eight, dew point one three.'' k. Altimeter Setting. 1. State the word ALTIMETER followed by the four digits of the altimeter setting. (See TBL_14-1-15.) TBL 14-1-15 Altimeter Setting Altimeter Setting Phraseology A2989 ``Altimeter two niner eight niner.'' A3001 ``Altimeter three zero zero one.'' A3025 ``Altimeter three zero two five.''

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2. Identify the source of all altimeter settings when issued, if not given as part of an identified surface observation. Provide the time of the report if more than one hour old. PHRASEOLOGY(airport name) (time of report if more than one hour old) ALTIMETER (setting). 3. If a request for the altimeter setting in MILLIBARS is received, announce the separate digits of the millibar equivalent value, using the millibar conversion chart, followed by the word MILLIBARS. If the millibar setting is not a whole number, always round down. (See TBL 14-1-16.) REFERENCE- FAAO JO 7110.10, subpara 4-3-5f. TBL 14-1-16 Millibar Conversion Millibar Conver- sion Phraseology 956.3 ``Altimeter niner five six millibars.'' 1002.0 ``Altimeter one zero zero two millibars.'' 1058.9 ``Altimeter one zero five eight millibars.''

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4. When altimeter is in excess of 31.00: (a) Advise all aircraft. PHRASEOLOGY``ALTIMETER IN EXCESS OF THREE ONE ZERO ZERO. HIGH PRESSURE ALTIMETER PROCEDURES ARE IN EFFECT.'' (b) Advise VFR aircraft to set altimeter to 31.00 en route. PHRASEOLOGY``RECOMMEND YOU SET ALTIMETER THREE ONE ZERO ZERO EN ROUTE.'' 14-1-9. WEATHER REMARKS Announce pertinent remarks from surface weather observations in accordance with FAAO JO 7340.2, Contractions, and as shown in the following tables. Do not state additive data or other information intended for NWS analysis or processing that does not contribute to the description of the conditions occurring at the station. a. SKY AND CEILING. (See TBL 14-1-17.) TBL 14-1-17 Sky and Ceiling Contraction Phraseology CIG 005V010 ``Ceiling variable between five hundred and one thousand.'' CIG 020 RY11 ``Ceiling two thousand at runway one one.'' CB N MOV E ``Cumulonimbus north moving east.'' CBMAM DSNT S ``Cumulonimbus mammatus distant south.'' CLDS TPG MT SW ``Clouds topping mountain southwest.'' CONTRAILS N FL420 ``Condensation trails north at flight level four two zero.'' FRQ LTCIC VC ``Frequent lightning in cloud in the vicinity.'' LWR CLDS NE ``Lower clouds northeast.'' OCNL LTGICCG NW ``Occasional lightning in cloud and cloud to ground northwest.'' RDGS OBSCD W-N ``Ridges obscured west through north.'' b. Obscuring Phenomena. (See TBL 14-1-18.) 3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 7/31/08 JO 7110.10T 2/14/08 14-1-7 General TBL 14-1-18 Obscuring Phenomena Contraction Phraseology BLSN SCT000 ``Blowing snow obscuring three to four-eights of the sky.'' DU BKN000 ``Dust obscuring five to seven-eights of the sky.'' FG FU FEW000 ``Fog and smoke obscuring one to two-eights of the sky.'' FU SCT020 ``Smoke layer two thousand scattered.'' SN BKN000 ``Snow obscuring five to seven-eights of the sky.''