飞行员操作飞行手册Pilot Operational Flying Manual
飞行员操作飞行手册Pilot Operational Flying Manual**** Hidden Message ***** Operational FlyingA Professional Pilot’s ManualBased on Joint Airworthiness RequirementsPhil CroucherLegal Bit (Small Print)This book is sold as is without warranty, either express or implied, including but not limited to theimplied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Neither the Author, thePublisher nor its dealers or distributors assumes liability for any alleged or actual damages arising fromits use. In other words:This is an English translation of official documentation, which changes, so there could be technicalinaccuracies. As a result, alterations will be made to this book without reference to anyone, and it's notguaranteed to suit your purposes. In addition, no liability is accepted by the author or publisher, theirdistributors or dealers for situations arising from its use.Copyrights, etc.All rights reserved.Our staff of Witches, Weird Hags and Assorted Familiars are prepared to cause Visitations of a mostIrritating and Embarrassing nature upon anyone foolish enough to copy parts of this work without thepermission of the author.Seriously, illegal copying is very, very, naughty! No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, or used in any other form than originally supplied, without prior permission from the author.Graphics copyright © Phil Croucher (with help from Corel Corporation).Charts in this publication are not to be used for navigation purposes.Notice is hereby given that the name PHILIP ANDREW CROUCHER, in capital letters, or anyvariation thereof, is claimed by Phil Croucher, which name may not be used without permission.Updates are available for reduced cost on proof of original purchase.Published by : Electrocution Technical Publishers. www.electrocution.com. ISBN 0-9732253-2-7Dedication and thanksThis is the result of all the mistakes I made because there wasn't a book like this one to refer to. Itcontains all the items I often needed in an Operations Manual but was never able to find, either becausethey weren't there or the Manual itself was badly organised. My thanks are due to all the long-sufferingpeople I have met in my career, especially to Tony Boulter who gave me the chance to make all themistakes in the first place! Several beers are also owed to Peter Godwin, Peter Boitel-Gill, Rufus Foster,Colin Heathcote, Arthur Mitchell, John Wood, Kevin Bodley, John Marsden, the late John “Chalky”White, Graeme Matthews, Dave Richards, Mike Barringer, John Woodhouse, Neil Laird, Ron Howard,Dave Moss, Neil & Kim Charles, Dave Ankin, Bob Walton (for the preafrooding), Ray Portlock (for thebeer), Pat Tan, John Bulmer, Paul Smith, Northern Mountain Helicopters and several others, especiallyJim Gray, Peter Rover and many other Transport Canada or CAA members, many of whom have askedto remain anonymous.About the AuthorPhil Croucher holds JAR, UK, US and Canadian licences for aeroplanes and helicopters and around7200 hours on 35 types, with a considerable operational background, and training experience from thecomputer industry, in which he is equally well qualified. He has at various times been a Chief Pilot, OpsManager, Training Captain and Type Rating Examiner for several companies. He can be contacted atwww.electrocution.comTable Of ContentsIntroduction 1What Sort Of Company Do You Keep? 3Scheduled 4Charter 5Corporate 6The Operations Manual 9Flying Staff Instructions And Crew Notices 12Operating Regions 12Company Personalities 12The Managing Director (or CEO) 12The Chief Pilot 13Flight Safety Officer 14The Chief Training Captain 15Fleet Manager 15Base Manager 15The Maintenance Contractor 15Engineers 15The Operations Manager 15Quality Assurance Manager 17The Company Pilot 17The First Officer 19The Pilot's Assistant 20Cabin Attendants 21Others 21Customers 21Admin 23Supervision of Company Operations 23Additional Instructions and Information 23Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Program 23Operational Control 23Public Relations and Press Enquiries 23ii Operational FlyingExpenses 24Quality System 25Quality Policy Statement 26Management Reviews 26Documentation 27Supervisors 27Auditing 27Reviews 28Crew Composition 29IFR 29Aeroplane 29Two-pilots 29Single-pilot 29Helicopter 29Two-pilots 29Single-pilot 29VFR 29Aeroplane 29Helicopter 30Cabin Crew 30Designation of Aircraft Commander 30Incapacitation 30Qualifications 31Commanders 31Aeroplane 31Recency 31Helicopter 31Recency 32Co-Pilots 32Recency 32Cabin Crew 32Crew Health Precautions 33Flight Time & Duty Hours 35Your Responsibilities 37Company Responsibilities 38Maximum Duty Period (FDP) 38Discretion to Extend FDPs 40 Minimum Rest Periods 41Discretion to Reduce a Rest Period 41Split Duties 41In-Flight Relief 42Positioning 42Travelling Time 43Standby Duty 43Cumulative Limits 44UK 44Table Of Contents iiiCanada 44Duty Cycles 44Records To Be Maintained 45Pre And Post Flight Activity 45Delayed Reporting Time 45Pleasure Flying 45Definitions 46Week 46Rostering Period 46Rostered, Scheduled or Planned Duties 46Operational Procedures 47Flight Planning 47Procedure For Charter Queries 47Sub Charters 51Minimum Flight Altitudes 51Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude (MOCA) 51Navigation Aids 52Minimum Off-Route Altitude (MORA) 52Mininum Enroute Altitude 52Minimum Sector Altitude 52Allowance for Wind Speed 52Temperature Correction 52Aeroplanes 53Single-engined 53Multi-Engined 53Class A 53Class B 54Class C 54Helicopters 55Classes 1 and 2 55Class 3 55Aerodromes and Heliports 55Airfield Categorisation 56Category A—GREEN 56Category B—YELLOW 56Category C—RED 56Other Categories 57Alternates 57Helicopter Landing Sites 57Airways Manuals 60Operating Minima 60Planning Requirements 62Take-Off/Alternates 62Destinations 63Destination and En-Route Alternates 64DH/MDH 64iv Operational FlyingNon-Precision Approaches (Onshore) 65 Visual Reference 65Required Runway Visual Range (RVR) 65Converting Reported Met Vis to RVR* 66Precision Approaches (Onshore) 66Visual Reference 66Runway Visual Range 67Single-Pilot Operation 67Commencement and Continuation of an Approach 67Visual Manoeuvring (Circling) 67Visual Approach 68Aerodromes Without Approach Aids 68Airborne Radar Approach (ARA)—Helicopters Overwater 68Minimum Descent Height (MDH) 68Minimum descent altitude (MDA) 68Decision range (DR) 69Visual reference 69Single pilot operations 69Heliport Minima for VFR/IFR, Onshore/Overwater 69VFR En-Route Minima 69Helicopters 69Single-Engined Aeroplanes 69Multi-Engined Aeroplanes 70Presentation and Application of Operating Minima 70Altitude Correction 70Interpreting Meteorological Information 70METARs 70Aerodrome Weather Forecasts (TAFs) 72Fuel, Oil and Water Methanol 73IFR 73Helicopters 73Final Reserve Fuel 74Isolated Heliports 74Fixed Wing 74Fuel Planning 74Standard Procedure 74Decision Point Procedure 75Isolated Aerodrome Procedure 76Predetermined Point Procedure 76Oil 76Water Methanol 77Mass and Centre of Gravity 77Standard Mass Values 79Aeroplane 79Helicopters 79Canada 80Table Of Contents vDistribution 80The Load Plan 84Sample Load Plan 84Loadsheets 85Paperwork 85ATS Flight Plan 85Operational Flight Plan 87Technical Log 88Examples 88Documents, Forms and Information to be Carried 90Maintenance Of Records 91Ground Handling Instructions 91Fuelling Procedures 91 At Base 95En Route 95Passengers on Board 96Handling Procedures Related to Safety 96Passengers 96Transport Arrangements 97Baggage and Freight 97Ground Operations 98Refusal of Embarkation 98De-icing/Anti-icing on the Ground 98Certification for Icing Conditions 98Ground De-icing 98De-icing Fluids 99Flight Procedures 100Flight Plan Annotation of VFR/IFR 100Minimum Radar Service 100Special Helicopter Zones 101Recording Of Flight Times 101Navigation Procedures 101Altimeter Checks 102Setting Procedures 102Temperature Error 103Altitude Alerting Systems 103Audio Voice Alerting Device 103Ground Proximity Warning Systems 103Basic GPWS 103Advanced GPWS 104Warnings – Discretionary Action by Commander 104Limitations 104Unwanted Warnings 104TCAS/ACAS 104In-Flight Fuel Management 105Adverse & Hazardous Atmospheric Conditions 105vi Operational FlyingThunderstorms 105Icing Conditions 108Turbulence 109Windshear 110Jetstreams 111Shallow fog 111Whiteout 112Clear Air Turbulence 112Rain, Snow and Other Precipitation 112Sandstorms 114Volcanic Ash 114Mountain Waves 114Significant Temperature Inversions 115Wake Turbulence 115Successive aircraft on finals 116Departing aircraft 116Same or parallel runways less than 760m apart (inc grass) 116Runways with displaced landing thresholds where flight paths cross 116Crossing and diverging or parallel runways over 760m apart 116Opposite direction runways 116Crew Members at their Stations 117Use of Crew/Passenger Safety Belts/Harnesses 117Crew 117Passengers 117Admission to Flight Deck or Cockpit 117 Use of Vacant Crew Seats 118Incapacitation 118Partial or Gradual 119Sudden or Complete 119Cabin Safety 120Pre-flight 121Pre-board Briefing Concerning Dangerous Goods 123Pre-Take-off Demonstration 123In Flight 123Before Landing 123Post Flight 123Refuelling 124All Weather Operations 124Non-precision and Category I Operations 124Operating Minima 124Definitions 124Operating Procedures 124Take-off Briefing 124Monitoring of Radio Aids 126Missed Approach 127International Operations 128Table Of Contents viiExtended Range Twin Operations (ETOPS) 130Carriage of Freight Overseas 130Minimum Equipment and Configuration Deviation Lists 131Non-Revenue Flights 133Passenger Carrying 133Non-Passenger 133Oxygen Requirements 133Non-pressurised Aeroplanes 134Pressurised Aeroplanes 134Flight Crew 134Cabin Crew 135Passengers 135Crew Protective Breathing Equipment – Pressurised Aeroplanes 135Flight Crew 135Cabin Crew 135Performance 135Density Altitude 137Altitude 138Humidity 138Temperature 138Pressure 138Runway length 138Airfield altitude and ambient temperature 139Aircraft weight 139Runway slope 140Surface winds 140Surface 140Obstacles 140Balked Approach Flight Path 141Diversions 141Speed 142Power Settings 142Miscellaneous 142Summary 142Checklists 142Daily Inspections 143Radio Procedures 143 Transponders 144Radio failure 144RT Emergency Procedures 144Flights Over Water 145Helicopters 145Aeroplanes 145Life Raft 145Flares 146Personal Locator Beacon 146viii Operational FlyingImmersion Suits 146Sea State 146Weather Minima 146Ditching 146Sea Movement 146The Procedure 147Equipment 149Rafts 149Lifejackets 149Immersion Suits 149Operations and Forced Landings In Remote Areas 150Use And Location Of Emergency Equipment 151Dangerous Goods And Weapons 153Applicability 154Exemptions 155Units of Measurement 156Responsibilities 157Employers 157Carriers 157Shippers 157Classes & Labelling 157Multiple Hazards 157Packaging 158Guidance for Acceptance, Handling and Stowage 158How to use the IATA Book 159Responding to Emergencies 161Duties of Personnel 161Carriage of Employees 161Weapons, Munitions of War and Sporting Weapons 162Carriage of Livestock 162Security 163Training 163Search Procedures 163Flight Crew Security 163Carriage of Authorised Persons 163Carriage of Unauthorised Persons 164Unlawful Interference 164Reporting 165Bomb Threats 165Security of Information 165Accidents & Occurrences 167Post Accident Procedures 168Aircraft Accident Reporting 168Flying After an Accident 169Incident 169Examples 169Table Of Contents ixSerious Incidents 169 Supporting Information 170Accident and Incident Report Distribution 170Mandatory Occurrence Reporting Scheme 170Objectives of the Scheme 171Definition of a Reportable Occurrence 171Informing Base of Occurrences 171Airprox, Birdstrike and Lightning Strike Reports 171Birdstrikes 172Wake Turbulence 173Confidential Human Factors Incident Report (CHIRPS) 173Investigation/Rectification away from Base 173Dangerous Goods Accidents/Occurrences 173Report 173In-flight Emergency 174Confidentiality 174Aircraft Overdue Action 174Assistance to Others In Distress 174Special Use Of Aircraft 175External Slung Loads 176Ground Crews 178Equipment 178Static Electricity 179Setting Up 179Helicopter Condition 179Condition of sling equipment 180Loading and unloading areas 181Performance planning 181Preparation of loads 181Personnel briefing 183Hooking Up 183Load Behaviour 185Setting Down 187Vertical Reference (Longlining) 188EM Bird 193Aerial Application 194The Rotor Wake 194The Procedure 195Spray Drift 198Seeding 199Fire Suppression 199Aerial Ignition 203Casualty Evacuation/Air Ambulance 205Pleasure Flying 207Running The Site 208The Technical Bits (UK) 212x Operational FlyingFinal Approach and Takeoff Area (FATO) 212Safety Area (SA) 212Touchdown and Liftoff Area (TLOF) 213Taxiways 213Helicopter Acceleration Area (HAA) 213Takeoff Area (TA) 213Inner Approach Area (IAA) 213Side Surfaces and Slopes 214Special Events (for UK) 214Line Patrol 215Power Line Cleaning & Maintenance 217Civil Aviation Notification Procedure (CANP) 217Pipeline Survey 217 UK Police Operations 217Prisoners 218Persons under the influence 218Bodies and remains 218Police Dogs 218Weapons and Munitions 219Hover Emplaning and Deplaning 219Deplaning Procedure 220Emplaning Procedure 220Formation Flying 220Landing Helicopters on Roads 220Parachute Dropping 221Mountain Flying 221Illusions 223Winds 225Landing Sites 226Approaches 228Log Pads and Platforms 230Summary 231Night Flying 231Winter Operations 233The Weather 233Whiteout 235Taking off 235The Cruise 235Landing 236Aeroplanes 236Helicopters 236Aerial Filming and Photography 237The Movies 238Aerial Survey 239Air Testing 240Seismic Support 240Table Of Contents xiAvalanche Control 242Aerial Harvesting 243Wildlife Capture 244Instrument Flying 244Techie Stuff 245Leading Edge Protective Tape 246Propeller Overspeed 246Failure of Feathering System 247Twins 247Profiles 249Factors Affecting Performance 251Density Altitude 251Aircraft Weight 252Dynamic Rollover 252Engine Failure and Autorotations 252Power-On Recoveries 257Tail Rotor Failure 258Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness 259Jammed Controls 260Hydraulic Boost Failure 260Overpitching 260Engine Handling 260Oil 263Carburettor Icing 264Oil Cans 265 Schermuly Flares 265Height/Velocity Curve 265Aircraft Husbandry 266Maintenance 267Type Certification 269Busbars 269Fire 269Legal Stuff 271Law in General 271Common Law 271Administrative Law 272Interpretation 274Precedent 275Summary 275Negligence 276UK Air Transport Law 276Authorised Persons 278Statements 279Interviews 279Production of Licences 280Log Books 280xii Operational FlyingProhibited Airspace 281Commercial Air Transport? 281International Air Law 285Employment 286Employer's Duties 287Your duties 287Health And Safety At Work 288Setting up a Company 289Financial Matters 290Business Plan 291Purchasing An Aircraft 292Aircraft Valuation 295Depreciation 295Direct Operating Costs 295Fixed Costs 296Incidental Costs 299Obtaining An AOC 299The Operations Manual (again) 299Back To The AOC 301Running Things 302The Operations Department 303Corporate Flight Departments 304Being A Chief Pilot 305Being a Boss 306Training and Testing 307Licensing 307Training in General 310Initial Training 311Conversion Training 311Recurrent Training 311Checks Required 312Emergency and Lifesaving Equipment Check 312Type Rating Test/Renewal Check 312Operator Proficiency Check 312Instrument Approach Proficiency Check 313Instrument Rating 313Area Competence Check 313