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飞行员操作飞行手册Pilot Operational Flying Manual [复制链接]

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发表于 2009-3-21 12:08:36 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
飞行员操作飞行手册Pilot Operational Flying Manual
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发表于 2009-3-21 12:09:02 |只看该作者

Operational Flying

A Professional Pilot’s Manual

Based on Joint Airworthiness Requirements

Phil Croucher

Legal Bit (Small Print)

This book is sold as is without warranty, either express or implied, including but not limited to the

implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Neither the Author, the

Publisher nor its dealers or distributors assumes liability for any alleged or actual damages arising from

its use. In other words:

This is an English translation of official documentation, which changes, so there could be technical

inaccuracies. As a result, alterations will be made to this book without reference to anyone, and it's not

guaranteed to suit your purposes. In addition, no liability is accepted by the author or publisher, their

distributors or dealers for situations arising from its use.

Copyrights, etc.

All rights reserved.

Our staff of Witches, Weird Hags and Assorted Familiars are prepared to cause Visitations of a most

Irritating and Embarrassing nature upon anyone foolish enough to copy parts of this work without the

permission of the author.

Seriously, illegal copying is very, very, naughty! No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or

otherwise, or used in any other form than originally supplied, without prior permission from the author.

Graphics copyright © Phil Croucher (with help from Corel Corporation).

Charts in this publication are not to be used for navigation purposes.

Notice is hereby given that the name PHILIP ANDREW CROUCHER, in capital letters, or any

variation thereof, is claimed by Phil Croucher, which name may not be used without permission.

Updates are available for reduced cost on proof of original purchase.

Published by : Electrocution Technical Publishers. www.electrocution.com. ISBN 0-9732253-2-7

Dedication and thanks

This is the result of all the mistakes I made because there wasn't a book like this one to refer to. It

contains all the items I often needed in an Operations Manual but was never able to find, either because

they weren't there or the Manual itself was badly organised. My thanks are due to all the long-suffering

people I have met in my career, especially to Tony Boulter who gave me the chance to make all the

mistakes in the first place! Several beers are also owed to Peter Godwin, Peter Boitel-Gill, Rufus Foster,

Colin Heathcote, Arthur Mitchell, John Wood, Kevin Bodley, John Marsden, the late John “Chalky”

White, Graeme Matthews, Dave Richards, Mike Barringer, John Woodhouse, Neil Laird, Ron Howard,

Dave Moss, Neil & Kim Charles, Dave Ankin, Bob Walton (for the preafrooding), Ray Portlock (for the

beer), Pat Tan, John Bulmer, Paul Smith, Northern Mountain Helicopters and several others, especially

Jim Gray, Peter Rover and many other Transport Canada or CAA members, many of whom have asked

to remain anonymous.

About the Author

Phil Croucher holds JAR, UK, US and Canadian licences for aeroplanes and helicopters and around

7200 hours on 35 types, with a considerable operational background, and training experience from the

computer industry, in which he is equally well qualified. He has at various times been a Chief Pilot, Ops

Manager, Training Captain and Type Rating Examiner for several companies. He can be contacted at

www.electrocution.com

Table Of Contents

Introduction 1

What Sort Of Company Do You Keep? 3

Scheduled 4

Charter 5

Corporate 6

The Operations Manual 9

Flying Staff Instructions And Crew Notices 12

Operating Regions 12

Company Personalities 12

The Managing Director (or CEO) 12

The Chief Pilot 13

Flight Safety Officer 14

The Chief Training Captain 15

Fleet Manager 15

Base Manager 15

The Maintenance Contractor 15

Engineers 15

The Operations Manager 15

Quality Assurance Manager 17

The Company Pilot 17

The First Officer 19

The Pilot's Assistant 20

Cabin Attendants 21

Others 21

Customers 21

Admin 23

Supervision of Company Operations 23

Additional Instructions and Information 23

Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Program 23

Operational Control 23

Public Relations and Press Enquiries 23

ii Operational Flying

Expenses 24

Quality System 25

Quality Policy Statement 26

Management Reviews 26

Documentation 27

Supervisors 27

Auditing 27

Reviews 28

Crew Composition 29

IFR 29

Aeroplane 29

Two-pilots 29

Single-pilot 29

Helicopter 29

Two-pilots 29

Single-pilot 29

VFR 29

Aeroplane 29

Helicopter 30

Cabin Crew 30

Designation of Aircraft Commander 30

Incapacitation 30

Qualifications 31

Commanders 31

Aeroplane 31

Recency 31

Helicopter 31

Recency 32

Co-Pilots 32

Recency 32

Cabin Crew 32

Crew Health Precautions 33

Flight Time & Duty Hours 35

Your Responsibilities 37

Company Responsibilities 38

Maximum Duty Period (FDP) 38

Discretion to Extend FDPs 40

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发表于 2009-3-21 12:09:13 |只看该作者

Minimum Rest Periods 41

Discretion to Reduce a Rest Period 41

Split Duties 41

In-Flight Relief 42

Positioning 42

Travelling Time 43

Standby Duty 43

Cumulative Limits 44

UK 44

Table Of Contents iii

Canada 44

Duty Cycles 44

Records To Be Maintained 45

Pre And Post Flight Activity 45

Delayed Reporting Time 45

Pleasure Flying 45

Definitions 46

Week 46

Rostering Period 46

Rostered, Scheduled or Planned Duties 46

Operational Procedures 47

Flight Planning 47

Procedure For Charter Queries 47

Sub Charters 51

Minimum Flight Altitudes 51

Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude (MOCA) 51

Navigation Aids 52

Minimum Off-Route Altitude (MORA) 52

Mininum Enroute Altitude 52

Minimum Sector Altitude 52

Allowance for Wind Speed 52

Temperature Correction 52

Aeroplanes 53

Single-engined 53

Multi-Engined 53

Class A 53

Class B 54

Class C 54

Helicopters 55

Classes 1 and 2 55

Class 3 55

Aerodromes and Heliports 55

Airfield Categorisation 56

Category A—GREEN 56

Category B—YELLOW 56

Category C—RED 56

Other Categories 57

Alternates 57

Helicopter Landing Sites 57

Airways Manuals 60

Operating Minima 60

Planning Requirements 62

Take-Off/Alternates 62

Destinations 63

Destination and En-Route Alternates 64

DH/MDH 64

iv Operational Flying

Non-Precision Approaches (Onshore) 65

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Visual Reference 65

Required Runway Visual Range (RVR) 65

Converting Reported Met Vis to RVR* 66

Precision Approaches (Onshore) 66

Visual Reference 66

Runway Visual Range 67

Single-Pilot Operation 67

Commencement and Continuation of an Approach 67

Visual Manoeuvring (Circling) 67

Visual Approach 68

Aerodromes Without Approach Aids 68

Airborne Radar Approach (ARA)—Helicopters Overwater 68

Minimum Descent Height (MDH) 68

Minimum descent altitude (MDA) 68

Decision range (DR) 69

Visual reference 69

Single pilot operations 69

Heliport Minima for VFR/IFR, Onshore/Overwater 69

VFR En-Route Minima 69

Helicopters 69

Single-Engined Aeroplanes 69

Multi-Engined Aeroplanes 70

Presentation and Application of Operating Minima 70

Altitude Correction 70

Interpreting Meteorological Information 70

METARs 70

Aerodrome Weather Forecasts (TAFs) 72

Fuel, Oil and Water Methanol 73

IFR 73

Helicopters 73

Final Reserve Fuel 74

Isolated Heliports 74

Fixed Wing 74

Fuel Planning 74

Standard Procedure 74

Decision Point Procedure 75

Isolated Aerodrome Procedure 76

Predetermined Point Procedure 76

Oil 76

Water Methanol 77

Mass and Centre of Gravity 77

Standard Mass Values 79

Aeroplane 79

Helicopters 79

Canada 80

Table Of Contents v

Distribution 80

The Load Plan 84

Sample Load Plan 84

Loadsheets 85

Paperwork 85

ATS Flight Plan 85

Operational Flight Plan 87

Technical Log 88

Examples 88

Documents, Forms and Information to be Carried 90

Maintenance Of Records 91

Ground Handling Instructions 91

Fuelling Procedures 91

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At Base 95

En Route 95

Passengers on Board 96

Handling Procedures Related to Safety 96

Passengers 96

Transport Arrangements 97

Baggage and Freight 97

Ground Operations 98

Refusal of Embarkation 98

De-icing/Anti-icing on the Ground 98

Certification for Icing Conditions 98

Ground De-icing 98

De-icing Fluids 99

Flight Procedures 100

Flight Plan Annotation of VFR/IFR 100

Minimum Radar Service 100

Special Helicopter Zones 101

Recording Of Flight Times 101

Navigation Procedures 101

Altimeter Checks 102

Setting Procedures 102

Temperature Error 103

Altitude Alerting Systems 103

Audio Voice Alerting Device 103

Ground Proximity Warning Systems 103

Basic GPWS 103

Advanced GPWS 104

Warnings – Discretionary Action by Commander 104

Limitations 104

Unwanted Warnings 104

TCAS/ACAS 104

In-Flight Fuel Management 105

Adverse & Hazardous Atmospheric Conditions 105

vi Operational Flying

Thunderstorms 105

Icing Conditions 108

Turbulence 109

Windshear 110

Jetstreams 111

Shallow fog 111

Whiteout 112

Clear Air Turbulence 112

Rain, Snow and Other Precipitation 112

Sandstorms 114

Volcanic Ash 114

Mountain Waves 114

Significant Temperature Inversions 115

Wake Turbulence 115

Successive aircraft on finals 116

Departing aircraft 116

Same or parallel runways less than 760m apart (inc grass) 116

Runways with displaced landing thresholds where flight paths cross 116

Crossing and diverging or parallel runways over 760m apart 116

Opposite direction runways 116

Crew Members at their Stations 117

Use of Crew/Passenger Safety Belts/Harnesses 117

Crew 117

Passengers 117

Admission to Flight Deck or Cockpit 117

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Use of Vacant Crew Seats 118

Incapacitation 118

Partial or Gradual 119

Sudden or Complete 119

Cabin Safety 120

Pre-flight 121

Pre-board Briefing Concerning Dangerous Goods 123

Pre-Take-off Demonstration 123

In Flight 123

Before Landing 123

Post Flight 123

Refuelling 124

All Weather Operations 124

Non-precision and Category I Operations 124

Operating Minima 124

Definitions 124

Operating Procedures 124

Take-off Briefing 124

Monitoring of Radio Aids 126

Missed Approach 127

International Operations 128

Table Of Contents vii

Extended Range Twin Operations (ETOPS) 130

Carriage of Freight Overseas 130

Minimum Equipment and Configuration Deviation Lists 131

Non-Revenue Flights 133

Passenger Carrying 133

Non-Passenger 133

Oxygen Requirements 133

Non-pressurised Aeroplanes 134

Pressurised Aeroplanes 134

Flight Crew 134

Cabin Crew 135

Passengers 135

Crew Protective Breathing Equipment – Pressurised Aeroplanes 135

Flight Crew 135

Cabin Crew 135

Performance 135

Density Altitude 137

Altitude 138

Humidity 138

Temperature 138

Pressure 138

Runway length 138

Airfield altitude and ambient temperature 139

Aircraft weight 139

Runway slope 140

Surface winds 140

Surface 140

Obstacles 140

Balked Approach Flight Path 141

Diversions 141

Speed 142

Power Settings 142

Miscellaneous 142

Summary 142

Checklists 142

Daily Inspections 143

Radio Procedures 143

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Transponders 144

Radio failure 144

RT Emergency Procedures 144

Flights Over Water 145

Helicopters 145

Aeroplanes 145

Life Raft 145

Flares 146

Personal Locator Beacon 146

viii Operational Flying

Immersion Suits 146

Sea State 146

Weather Minima 146

Ditching 146

Sea Movement 146

The Procedure 147

Equipment 149

Rafts 149

Lifejackets 149

Immersion Suits 149

Operations and Forced Landings In Remote Areas 150

Use And Location Of Emergency Equipment 151

Dangerous Goods And Weapons 153

Applicability 154

Exemptions 155

Units of Measurement 156

Responsibilities 157

Employers 157

Carriers 157

Shippers 157

Classes & Labelling 157

Multiple Hazards 157

Packaging 158

Guidance for Acceptance, Handling and Stowage 158

How to use the IATA Book 159

Responding to Emergencies 161

Duties of Personnel 161

Carriage of Employees 161

Weapons, Munitions of War and Sporting Weapons 162

Carriage of Livestock 162

Security 163

Training 163

Search Procedures 163

Flight Crew Security 163

Carriage of Authorised Persons 163

Carriage of Unauthorised Persons 164

Unlawful Interference 164

Reporting 165

Bomb Threats 165

Security of Information 165

Accidents & Occurrences 167

Post Accident Procedures 168

Aircraft Accident Reporting 168

Flying After an Accident 169

Incident 169

Examples 169

Table Of Contents ix

Serious Incidents 169

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Supporting Information 170

Accident and Incident Report Distribution 170

Mandatory Occurrence Reporting Scheme 170

Objectives of the Scheme 171

Definition of a Reportable Occurrence 171

Informing Base of Occurrences 171

Airprox, Birdstrike and Lightning Strike Reports 171

Birdstrikes 172

Wake Turbulence 173

Confidential Human Factors Incident Report (CHIRPS) 173

Investigation/Rectification away from Base 173

Dangerous Goods Accidents/Occurrences 173

Report 173

In-flight Emergency 174

Confidentiality 174

Aircraft Overdue Action 174

Assistance to Others In Distress 174

Special Use Of Aircraft 175

External Slung Loads 176

Ground Crews 178

Equipment 178

Static Electricity 179

Setting Up 179

Helicopter Condition 179

Condition of sling equipment 180

Loading and unloading areas 181

Performance planning 181

Preparation of loads 181

Personnel briefing 183

Hooking Up 183

Load Behaviour 185

Setting Down 187

Vertical Reference (Longlining) 188

EM Bird 193

Aerial Application 194

The Rotor Wake 194

The Procedure 195

Spray Drift 198

Seeding 199

Fire Suppression 199

Aerial Ignition 203

Casualty Evacuation/Air Ambulance 205

Pleasure Flying 207

Running The Site 208

The Technical Bits (UK) 212

x Operational Flying

Final Approach and Takeoff Area (FATO) 212

Safety Area (SA) 212

Touchdown and Liftoff Area (TLOF) 213

Taxiways 213

Helicopter Acceleration Area (HAA) 213

Takeoff Area (TA) 213

Inner Approach Area (IAA) 213

Side Surfaces and Slopes 214

Special Events (for UK) 214

Line Patrol 215

Power Line Cleaning & Maintenance 217

Civil Aviation Notification Procedure (CANP) 217

Pipeline Survey 217

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UK Police Operations 217

Prisoners 218

Persons under the influence 218

Bodies and remains 218

Police Dogs 218

Weapons and Munitions 219

Hover Emplaning and Deplaning 219

Deplaning Procedure 220

Emplaning Procedure 220

Formation Flying 220

Landing Helicopters on Roads 220

Parachute Dropping 221

Mountain Flying 221

Illusions 223

Winds 225

Landing Sites 226

Approaches 228

Log Pads and Platforms 230

Summary 231

Night Flying 231

Winter Operations 233

The Weather 233

Whiteout 235

Taking off 235

The Cruise 235

Landing 236

Aeroplanes 236

Helicopters 236

Aerial Filming and Photography 237

The Movies 238

Aerial Survey 239

Air Testing 240

Seismic Support 240

Table Of Contents xi

Avalanche Control 242

Aerial Harvesting 243

Wildlife Capture 244

Instrument Flying 244

Techie Stuff 245

Leading Edge Protective Tape 246

Propeller Overspeed 246

Failure of Feathering System 247

Twins 247

Profiles 249

Factors Affecting Performance 251

Density Altitude 251

Aircraft Weight 252

Dynamic Rollover 252

Engine Failure and Autorotations 252

Power-On Recoveries 257

Tail Rotor Failure 258

Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness 259

Jammed Controls 260

Hydraulic Boost Failure 260

Overpitching 260

Engine Handling 260

Oil 263

Carburettor Icing 264

Oil Cans 265

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Schermuly Flares 265

Height/Velocity Curve 265

Aircraft Husbandry 266

Maintenance 267

Type Certification 269

Busbars 269

Fire 269

Legal Stuff 271

Law in General 271

Common Law 271

Administrative Law 272

Interpretation 274

Precedent 275

Summary 275

Negligence 276

UK Air Transport Law 276

Authorised Persons 278

Statements 279

Interviews 279

Production of Licences 280

Log Books 280

xii Operational Flying

Prohibited Airspace 281

Commercial Air Transport? 281

International Air Law 285

Employment 286

Employer's Duties 287

Your duties 287

Health And Safety At Work 288

Setting up a Company 289

Financial Matters 290

Business Plan 291

Purchasing An Aircraft 292

Aircraft Valuation 295

Depreciation 295

Direct Operating Costs 295

Fixed Costs 296

Incidental Costs 299

Obtaining An AOC 299

The Operations Manual (again) 299

Back To The AOC 301

Running Things 302

The Operations Department 303

Corporate Flight Departments 304

Being A Chief Pilot 305

Being a Boss 306

Training and Testing 307

Licensing 307

Training in General 310

Initial Training 311

Conversion Training 311

Recurrent Training 311

Checks Required 312

Emergency and Lifesaving Equipment Check 312

Type Rating Test/Renewal Check 312

Operator Proficiency Check 312

Instrument Approach Proficiency Check 313

Instrument Rating 313

Area Competence Check 313

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