AIM

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FUEL REMAINING- A phrase used by either pilots or controllers when relating to the fuel remaining on board until actual fuel exhaustion. When transmitting such information in response to either a controller question or pilot initiated cautionary advisory to air traffic control, pilots will state the APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF MINUTES the flight can continue with the fuel remaining. All reserve fuel SHOULD BE INCLUDED in the time stated, as should an allowance for established fuel gauge system error. FUEL SIPHONING- Unintentional release of fuel caused by overflow, puncture, loose cap, etc. FUEL VENTING(See FUEL SIPHONING.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG G-1

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G GATE HOLD PROCEDURES- Procedures at selected airports to hold aircraft at the gate or other ground location whenever departure delays exceed or are anticipated to exceed 15 minutes. The sequence for departure will be maintained in accordance with initial call-up unless modified by flow control restrictions. Pilots should monitor the ground control/clearance delivery frequency for engine start/taxi advisories or new proposed start/taxi time if the delay changes. GBT(See GROUND-BASED TRANSCEIVER.) GCA(See GROUND CONTROLLED APPROACH.) GDP(See GROUND DELAY PROGRAM.) GENERAL AVIATION- That portion of civil aviation which encompasses all facets of aviation except air carriers holding a certificate of public convenience and necessity from the Civil Aeronau- tics Board and large aircraft commercial operators. (See ICAO term GENERAL AVIATION.) GENERAL AVIATION [ICAO]- All civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and nonscheduled air transport operations for remunera- tion or hire. GEO MAP- The digitized map markings associated with the ASR-9 Radar System. GLIDEPATH(See GLIDESLOPE.) GLIDEPATH [ICAO]- A descent profile determined for vertical guidance during a final approach. GLIDEPATH INTERCEPT ALTITUDE(See GLIDESLOPE INTERCEPT ALTITUDE.) GLIDESLOPE- Provides vertical guidance for aircraft during approach and landing. The glideslope/ glidepath is based on the following: a. Electronic components emitting signals which provide vertical guidance by reference to airborne instruments during instrument approaches such as ILS/MLS, or b. Visual ground aids, such as VASI, which provide vertical guidance for a VFR approach or for the visual portion of an instrument approach and landing. c. PAR. Used by ATC to inform an aircraft making a PAR approach of its vertical position (elevation) relative to the descent profile. (See ICAO term GLIDEPATH.)

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GLIDESLOPE INTERCEPT ALTITUDE- The minimum altitude to intercept the glideslope/path on a precision approach. The intersection of the published intercept altitude with the glideslope/path, designated on Government charts by the lightning bolt symbol, is the precision FAF; however, when the approach chart shows an alternative lower glideslope intercept altitude, and ATC directs a lower altitude, the resultant lower intercept position is then the FAF. (See FINAL APPROACH FIX.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)- A space-base radio positioning, navigation, and time-transfer system. The system provides highly accurate position and velocity information, and precise time, on a continuous global basis, to an unlimited number of properly equipped users. The system is unaffected by weather, and provides a worldwide common grid reference system. The GPS concept is predicated upon accurate and continuous knowledge of the spatial position of each satellite in the system with respect to time and distance from a transmitting satellite to the user. The GPS receiver automatically selects appropriate signals from the satellites in view and translates these into three- dimensional position, velocity, and time. System accuracy for civil users is normally 100 meters horizontally. GO AHEAD- Proceed with your message. Not to be used for any other purpose. GO AROUND- Instructions for a pilot to abandon his/her approach to landing. Additional instructions may follow. Unless otherwise advised by ATC, a VFR aircraft or an aircraft conducting visual approach should overfly the runway while climbing to traffic pattern altitude and enter the traffic pattern via the crosswind leg. A pilot on an IFR flight plan Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG G-2 making an instrument approach should execute the published missed approach procedure or proceed as instructed by ATC; e.g., “Go around” (additional instructions if required). (See LOW APPROACH.) (See MISSED APPROACH.) GPD(See GRAPHIC PLAN DISPLAY.) GPS(See GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM.) GRAPHIC PLAN DIS PLAY (GPD)- A view available with URET that provides a graphic display of aircraft, traffic, and notification of predicted conflicts. Graphic routes for Current Plans and Trial Plans are displayed upon controller request. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL.) GROUND-BASED TRANSCEIVER (GBT)- The ground-based transmitter/receiver (transceiver) re- ceives automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast messages, which are forwarded to an air traffic control facility for processing and display with other radar targets on the plan position indicator (radar display). (See AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE-BROADCAST.) GROUND CLUTTER- A pattern produced on the radar scope by ground returns which may degrade other radar returns in the affected area. The effect of ground clutter is minimized by the use of moving target indicator (MTI) circuits in the radar equipment resulting in a radar presentation which displays only targets which are in motion. (See CLUTTER.) GROUND COMMUNICATION OUTLET (GCO)- An unstaffed, remotely controlled, ground/ground communications facility. Pilots at uncontrolled airports may contact ATC and FSS via VHF to a telephone connection to obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR or IFR flight plan. They may also get an updated weather briefing prior to takeoff. Pilots will use four “key clicks” on the VHF radio to contact the appropriate ATC facility or six “key clicks” to contact the FSS. The GCO system is intended to be used only on the ground. GROUND CONTROLLED APPROACH- A radar approach system operated from the ground by air traffic control personnel transmitting instructions to the pilot by radio. The approach may be conducted with surveillance radar (ASR) only or with both surveillance and precision approach radar (PAR). Usage of the term “GCA” by pilots is discouraged except when referring to a GCA facility. Pilots should specifically request a “PAR” approach when a precision radar approach is desired or request an “ASR” or “surveillance” approach when a nonpreci- sion radar approach is desired. (See RADAR APPROACH.) GROUND DELAY PROGRAM (GDP)- A traffic management process administered by the ATCSCC; when aircraft are held on the ground. The purpose of the program is to support the TM mission and limit airborne holding. It is a flexible program and may be implemented in various forms depending upon the needs of the AT system. Ground delay programs provide for equitable assignment of delays to all system users. GROUND SPEED- The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of the earth. GROUND STOP (GS)- The GS is a process that requires aircraft that meet a specific criteria to remain on the ground. The criteria may be airport specific, airspace specific, or equipment specific; for example, all departures to San Francisco, or all departures entering Yorktown sector, or all Category I and II aircraft going to Charlotte. GSs normally occur with little or no warning. GROUND VISIBILITY(See VISIBILITY.) GS(See GROUND STOP.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG H-1 H HAA(See HEIGHT ABOVE AIRPORT.) HAL(See HEIGHT ABOVE LANDING.) HANDOFF- An action taken to transfer the radar identification of an aircraft from one controller to another if the aircraft will enter the receiving controller's airspace and radio communications with the aircraft will be transferred. HAR(See HIGH ALTITUDE REDESIGN.) HAT(See HEIGHT ABOVE TOUCHDOWN.) HAVE NUMBERS- Used by pilots to inform ATC that they have received runway, wind, and altimeter information only. HAZARDOUS INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISO- RY SERVICE- Continuous recorded hazardous inflight weather forecasts broadcasted to airborne pilots over selected VOR outlets defined as an HIWAS BROADCAST AREA. HAZARDOUS WEATHER INFORMATION- Summary of significant meteorological information (SIGMET/WS), convective significant meteorologi- cal information (convective SIGMET/WST), urgent pilot weather reports (urgent PIREP/UUA), center weather advisories (CWA), airmen's meteorological information (AIRMET/WA) and any other weather such as isolated thunderstorms that are rapidly developing and increasing in intensity, or low ceilings and visibilities that are becoming wide- spread which is considered significant and are not included in a current hazardous weather advisory. HEAVY (AIRCRAFT)- (See AIRCRAFT CLASSES.) HEIGHT ABOVE AIRPORT- The height of the Minimum Descent Altitude above the published airport elevation. This is published in conjunction with circling minimums. (See MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE.) HEIGHT ABOVE LANDING- The height above a designated helicopter landing area used for helicopter instrument approach procedures. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 97.) HEIGHT ABOVE TOUCHDOWN- The height of the Decision Height or Minimum Descent Altitude above the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone (first 3,000 feet of the runway). HAT is published on instrument approach charts in conjunc- tion with all straight-in minimums. (See DECISION HEIGHT.) (See MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE.) HELICOPTER- Rotorcraft that, for its horizontal motion, depends principally on its engine-driven rotors. (See ICAO term HELICOPTER.) HELICOPTER [ICAO]- A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes. HELIPAD- A small, designated area, usually with a prepared surface, on a heliport, airport, landing/take- off area, apron/ramp, or movement area used for takeoff, landing, or parking of helicopters. HELIPORT- An area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters and includes its buildings and facilities if any. HELIPORT REFERENCE POINT (HRP)- The geographic center of a heliport. HERTZ- The standard radio equivalent of frequency in cycles per second of an electromagnetic wave. Kilohertz (kHz) is a frequency of one thousand cycles per second. Megahertz (MHz) is a frequency of one million cycles per second. HF(See HIGH FREQUENCY.) HF COMMUNICATIONS(See HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS.) HIGH ALTITUDE REDESIGN (HAR)- A level of non-restrictive routing (NRR) service for aircraft that have all waypoints associated with the HAR program in their flight management systems or RNAV equipage. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG H-2 HIGH FREQUENCY- The frequency band between 3 and 30 MHz. (See HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS.) HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS- High radio frequencies (HF) between 3 and 30 MHz used for air-to-ground voice communication in overseas operations. HIGH SPEED EXIT(See HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY.) HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY- A long radius taxiway designed and provided with lighting or marking to define the path of aircraft, traveling at high speed (up to 60 knots), from the runway center to a point on the center of a taxiway. Also referred to as long radius exit or turn-off taxiway. The high speed taxiway is designed to expedite aircraft turning off the runway after landing, thus reducing runway occupancy time. HIGH SPEED TURNOFF(See HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY.) HIWAS(See HAZARDOUS INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY SERVICE.) HIWAS AREA(See HAZARDOUS INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY SERVICE.) HIWAS BROADCAST AREA- A geographical area of responsibility including one or more HIWAS outlet areas assigned to an AFSS/FSS for hazardous weather advisory broadcasting. HIWAS OUTLET AREA- An area defined as a 150 NM radius of a HIWAS outlet, expanded as necessary to provide coverage. HOLD FOR RELEASE- Used by ATC to delay an aircraft for traffic management reasons; i.e., weather, traffic volume, etc. Hold for release instructions (including departure delay information) are used to inform a pilot or a controller (either directly or through an authorized relay) that an IFR departure clearance is not valid until a release time or additional instructions have been received. (See ICAO term HOLDING POINT.) HOLD IN LIEU OF PROCEDURE TURN- A hold in lieu of procedure turn shall be established over a final or intermediate fix when an approach can be made from a properly aligned holding pattern. The hold in lieu of procedure turn permits the pilot to align with the final or intermediate segment of the approach and/or descend in the holding pattern to an altitude that will permit a normal descent to the final approach fix altitude. The hold in lieu of procedure turn is a required maneuver (the same as a procedure turn) unless the aircraft is being radar vectored to the final approach course, when “NoPT” is shown on the approach chart, or when the pilot requests or the controller advises the pilot to make a “straight-in” approach. HOLD PROCEDURE- A predetermined maneuver which keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance from air traffic control. Also used during ground operations to keep aircraft within a specified area or at a specified point while awaiting further clearance from air traffic control. (See HOLDING FIX.) (Refer to AIM.) HOLDING FIX- A specified fix identifiable to a pilot by NAVAIDs or visual reference to the ground used as a reference point in establishing and maintaining the position of an aircraft while holding. (See FIX.) (See VISUAL HOLDING.) (Refer to AIM.) HOLDING POINT [ICAO]- A specified location, identified by visual or other means, in the vicinity of which the position of an aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance with air traffic control clearances. HOLDING PROCEDURE(See HOLD PROCEDURE.) HOLD-SHORT POINT- A point on the runway beyond which a landing aircraft with a LAHSO clearance is not authorized to proceed. This point may be located prior to an intersecting runway, taxiway, predetermined point, or approach/departure flight path. HOLD-SHORT POSITION LIGHTS- Flashing in-pavement white lights located at specified hold-short points. HOLD-SHORT POSITION MARKING- The painted runway marking located at the hold-short point on all LAHSO runways. HOLD-SHORT POSITION SIGNS- Red and white holding position signs located alongside the hold-short point. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG H-3 HOMING- Flight toward a NAVAID, without correcting for wind, by adjusting the aircraft heading to maintain a relative bearing of zero degrees. (See BEARING.) (See ICAO term HOMING.) HOMING [ICAO]- The procedure of using the direction-finding equipment of one radio station with the emission of another radio station, where at least one of the stations is mobile, and whereby the mobile station proceeds continuously towards the other station. HOVER CHECK- Used to describe when a helicopter/VTOL aircraft requires a stabilized hover to conduct a performance/power check prior to hover taxi, air taxi, or takeoff. Altitude of the hover will vary based on the purpose of the check. HOVER TAXI- Used to describe a helicopter/VTOL aircraft movement conducted above the surface and in ground effect at airspeeds less than approximately 20 knots. The actual height may vary, and some helicopters may require hover taxi above 25 feet AGL to reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo slingloads. (See AIR TAXI.) (See HOVER CHECK.) (Refer to AIM.) HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?- A question relating to the quality of the transmission or to determine how well the transmission is being received. HZ(See HERTZ.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG I-1 I I SAY AGAIN- The message will be repeated. IAF(See INITIAL APPROACH FIX.) IAP(See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) IAWP- Initial Approach Waypoint ICAO(See ICAO Term INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION.) ICING- The accumulation of airframe ice. Types of icing are: a. Rime Ice- Rough, milky, opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water droplets. b. Clear Ice- A glossy, clear, or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow freezing or large supercooled water droplets. c. Mixed- A mixture of clear ice and rime ice. Intensity of icing: a. Trace- Ice becomes perceptible. Rate of accumulation is slightly greater than the rate of sublimation. Deicing/anti-icing equipment is not utilized unless encountered for an extended period of time (over 1 hour). b. Light- The rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is prolonged in this environment (over 1 hour). Occasional use of deicing/anti-icing equipment removes/prevents accumulation. It does not present a problem if the deicing/anti-icing equipment is used. c. Moderate- The rate of accumulation is such that even short encounters become potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti-icing equipment or flight diversion is necessary. d. Severe- The rate of accumulation is such that deicing/anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard. Immediate flight diversion is necessary. IDENT- A request for a pilot to activate the aircraft transponder identification feature. This will help the controller to confirm an aircraft identity or to identify an aircraft. (Refer to AIM.) IDENT FEATURE- The special feature in the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) equipment. It is used to immediately distinguish one displayed beacon target from other beacon targets. (See IDENT.) IF(See INTERMEDIATE FIX.) IFIM(See INTERNATIONAL FLIGHT INFORMATION MANUAL.) IF NO TRANSMISSION RECEIVED FOR (TIME)- Used by ATC in radar approaches to prefix procedures which should be followed by the pilot in event of lost communications. (See LOST COMMUNICATIONS.) IFR(See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) IFR AIRCRAFT- An aircraft conducting flight in accordance with instrument flight rules. IFR CONDITIONS- Weather conditions below the minimum for flight under visual flight rules. (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) IFR DEPARTURE PROCEDURE(See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) (Refer to AIM.) IFR FLIGHT(See IFR AIRCRAFT.) IFR LANDING MINIMUMS(See LANDING MINIMUMS.) IFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (IR)- Routes used by the Department of Defense and associated Reserve and Air Guard units for the purpose of conducting low-altitude navigation and tactical training in both IFR and VFR weather conditions below 10,000 feet MSL at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots IAS. IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES- Title 14 Code of Federal Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG I-2 Regulations Part 91, prescribes standard takeoff rules for certain civil users. At some airports, obstructions or other factors require the establishm ent of nonstandard takeoff minimums, departure proce- dures, or both to assist pilots in avoiding obstacles during climb to the minimum en route altitude. Those airports are listed in FAA/DOD Instrument Approach Procedures (IAPs) Charts under a section entitled “IFR Takeoff Minimums and Departure Procedures.” The FAA/DOD IAP chart legend illustrates the symbol used to alert the pilot to nonstandard takeoff minimums and departure procedures. When depart- ing IFR from such airports or from any airports where there are no departure procedures, DPs, or ATC facilities available, pilots should advise ATC of any departure limitations. Controllers may query a pilot to determine acceptable departure directions, turns, or headings after takeoff. Pilots should be familiar with the departure procedures and must assure that their aircraft can meet or exceed any specified climb gradients. IF/IAWP- Intermediate Fix/Initial Approach Way- point. The waypoint where the final approach course of a T approach meets the crossbar of the T. When designated (in conjunction with a TAA) this waypoint will be used as an IAWP when approaching the airport from certain directions, and as an IFWP when beginning the approach from another IAWP. IFWP- Intermediate Fix Waypoint ILS(See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) ILS CATEGORIES- 1. ILS Category I. An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach to a height above touchdown of not less than 200 feet and with runway visual range of not less than 1,800 feet.- 2. ILS Category II. An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach to a height above touchdown of not less than 100 feet and with runway visual range of not less than 1,200 feet.- 3. ILS Category III: a. IIIA.-An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach without a decision height minimum and with runway visual range of not less than 700 feet. b. IIIB.-An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach without a decision height minimum and with runway visual range of not less than 150 feet. c. IIIC.-An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach without a decision height minimum and without runway visual range minimum. ILS PRM APPROACH- An instrument landing system (ILS) approach conducted to parallel runways whose extended centerlines are separated by less than 4,300 feet and the parallel runways have a Precision Runway Monitoring (PRM) system that permits simultaneous independent ILS approaches. IM(See INNER MARKER.) IMC(See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) IMMEDIATELY- Used by ATC or pilots when such action compliance is required to avoid an imminent situation. INCERFA (Uncertainty Phase) [ICAO]- A situation wherein uncertainty exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants. INCREASE SPEED TO (SPEED)- (See SPEED ADJUSTMENT.) INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM- An RNAV system which is a form of self-contained navigation. (See Area Navigation/RNAV.) INFLIGHT REFUELING(See AERIAL REFUELING.) INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY(See WEATHER ADVISORY.) INFORMATION REQUEST- A request originated by an FSS for information concerning an overdue VFR aircraft. INITIAL APPROACH FIX- The fixes depicted on instrument approach procedure charts that identify the beginning of the initial approach segment(s). (See FIX.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT(See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT [ICAO]- That segment of an instrument approach procedure between the initial approach fix and the intermediate approach fix or, where applicable, the final approach fix or point. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG I-3 INLAND NAVIGATION FACILITY- A navigation aid on a North American Route at which the common route and/or the noncommon route begins or ends. INNER MARKER- A marker beacon used with an ILS (CAT II) precision approach located between the middle marker and the end of the ILS runway, transmitting a radiation pattern keyed at six dots per second and indicating to the pilot, both aurally and visually, that he/she is at the designated decision height (DH), normally 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation, on the ILS CAT II approach. It also marks progress during a CAT III approach. (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (Refer to AIM.) INNER MARKER BEACON(See INNER MARKER.) INREQ(See INFORMATION REQUEST.) INS(See INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM.) INSTRUMENT APPROACH(See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE- A series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing or to a point from which a landing may be made visually. It is prescribed and approved for a specific airport by competent authority. (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.) a. U.S. civil standard instrum ent approach procedures are approved by the FAA as prescribed under 14 CFR Part 97 and are available for public use. b. U.S. military standard instrument approach procedures are approved and published by the Department of Defense. c. Special instrument approach procedures are approved by the FAA for individual operators but are not published in 14 CFR Part 97 for public use. (See ICAO term INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE [ICAO]- A series of predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en route obstacle clearance criteria apply. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES CHARTS(See AERONAUTICAL CHART.) INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP)- A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) departure procedure published for pilot use, in graphic or textual format, that provides obstruction clearance from the terminal area to the appropriate en route structure. There are two types of DP, Obstacle Departure Procedure (ODP), printed either textually or graphically, and, Standard Instrument Departure (SID), which is always printed graphically. (See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) (See OBSTACLE DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) (See STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURES.) (Refer to AIM.) INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) CHARTS(See AERONAUTICAL CHART.) INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES- Rules governing the procedures for conducting instrument flight. Also a term used by pilots and controllers to indicate type of flight plan. (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.) (See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (See ICAO term INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) (Refer to AIM.) INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES [ICAO]- A set of rules governing the conduct of flight under instrument meteorological conditions. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM- A precision instrument approach system which normally consists of the following electronic components and visual aids: Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG I-4 a. Localizer. (See LOCALIZER.) b. Glideslope. (See GLIDESLOPE.) c. Outer Marker. (See OUTER MARKER.) d. Middle Marker. (See MIDDLE MARKER.) e. Approach Lights. (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.) INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDI- TIONS- Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling less than the minima specified for visual meteorolog- ical conditions. (See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.) (See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) INSTRUMENT RUNWAY- A runway equipped with electronic and visual navigation aids for which a precision or nonprecision approach procedure having straight-in landing minimums has been approved. (See ICAO term INSTRUMENT RUNWAY.) INSTRUMENT RUNWAY [ICAO]- One of the following types of runways intended for the operation of aircraft using instrument approach procedures: a. Nonprecision Approach Runway-An instru- ment runway served by visual aids and a nonvisual aid providing at least directional guidance adequate for a straight-in approach. b. Precision Approach Runway, Category I-An instrument runway served by ILS and visual aids intended for operations down to 60 m (200 feet) decision height and down to an RVR of the order of 800 m. c. Precision Approach Runway, Category II-An instrument runway served by ILS and visual aids intended for operations down to 30 m (100 feet) decision height and down to an RVR of the order of 400 m. d. Precision Approach Runway, Category III-An instrument runway served by ILS to and along the surface of the runway and: 1. Intended for operations down to an RVR of the order of 200 m (no decision height being applicable) using visual aids during the final phase of landing; 2. Intended for operations down to an RVR of the order of 50 m (no decision height being applicable) using visual aids for taxiing; 3. Intended for operations without reliance on visual reference for landing or taxiing. Note 1:_See Annex 10 Volume I, Part I, Chapter 3, for related ILS specifications. Note 2:_Visual aids need not necessarily be matched to the scale of nonvisual aids provided. The criterion for the selection of visual aids is the conditions in which operations are intended to be conducted. INTEGRITY- The ability of a system to provide timely warnings to users when the system should not be used for navigation. INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT(See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT [ICAO]- That segment of an instrument approach procedure between either the intermediate approach fix and the final approach fix or point, or between the end of a reversal, race track or dead reckoning track procedure and the final approach fix or point, as appropriate. INTERMEDIATE FIX- The fix that identifies the beginning of the intermediate approach segment of an instrument approach procedure. The fix is not normally identified on the instrument approach chart as an intermediate fix (IF). (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) INTERMEDIATE LANDING- On the rare occasion that this option is requested, it should be approved. The departure center, however, must advise the ATCSCC so that the appropriate delay is carried over and assigned at the interm ediate airport. An intermediate landing airport within the arrival center will not be accepted without coordination with and the approval of the ATCSCC. INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT- Relating to interna- tional flight, it means: Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG I-5 a. An airport of entry which has been designated by the Secretary of Treasury or Commissioner of Customs as an international airport for customs service. b. A landing rights airport at which specific permission to land must be obtained from customs authorities in advance of contemplated use. c. Airports designated under the Convention on International Civil Aviation as an airport for use by international commercial air transport and/or interna- tional general aviation. (See ICAO term INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.) (Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.) (Refer to IFIM.) INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT [ICAO]- Any airport designated by the Contracting State in whose territory it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where the formalities incident to customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried out. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGA- NIZATION [ICAO]- A specialized agency of the United Nations whose objective is to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster planning and development of international civil air transport. a. Regions include: 1. African-Indian Ocean Region 2. Caribbean Region 3. European Region 4. Middle East/Asia Region 5. North American Region 6. North Atlantic Region 7. Pacific Region 8. South American Region INTERNATIONAL FLIGHT INFORMATION MANUAL- A publication designed primarily as a pilot's preflight planning guide for flights into foreign airspace and for flights returning to the U.S. from foreign locations. INTERROGATOR- The ground-based surveillance radar beacon transmitter-receiver, which normally scans in synchronism with a prim ary radar, transmitting discrete radio signals which repetitious- ly request all transponders on the mode being used to reply. The replies received are mixed with the primary radar returns and displayed on the same plan position indicator (radar scope). Also, applied to the airborne element of the TACAN/DME system. (See TRANSPONDER.) (Refer to AIM.)

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INTERSECTING RUNWAYS- Two or more runways which cross or meet within their lengths. (See INTERSECTION.) INTERSECTIONa. A point defined by any combination of courses, radials, or bearings of two or more navigational aids. b. Used to describe the point where two runways, a runway and a taxiway, or two taxiways cross or meet. INTERSECTION DEPARTURE- A departure from any runway intersection except the end of the runway. (See INTERSECTION.) INTERSECTION TAKEOFF(See INTERSECTION DEPARTURE.) IR(See IFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG J-1 J JAMMING- Electronic or mechanical interference which may disrupt the display of aircraft on radar or the transmission/reception of radio communications/ navigation. JET BLAST- Jet engine exhaust (thrust stream turbulence). (See WAKE TURBULENCE.) JET ROUTE- A route designed to serve aircraft operations from 18,000 feet MSL up to and including flight level 450. The routes are referred to as “J” routes with numbering to identify the designated route; e.g., J105. (See Class A AIRSPACE.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 71.) JET STREAM- A migrating stream of high-speed winds present at high altitudes. JETTISONING OF EXTERNAL STORES- Air- borne release of external stores; e.g., tiptanks, ordnance. (See FUEL DUMPING.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) JOINT USE RESTRICTED AREA(See RESTRICTED AREA.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG K-1 K KNOWN TRAFFIC- With respect to ATC clear- ances, means aircraft whose altitude, position, and intentions are known to ATC. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG L-1 L LAA(See LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY.) LAAS(See LOW ALTITUDE ALERT SYSTEM.) LAHSO- An acronym for “Land and Hold Short Operation.” These operations include landing and holding short of an intersecting runway, a taxiway, a predetermined point, or an approach/departure flightpath. LAHSO-DRY- Land and hold short operations on runways that are dry. LAHSO-WET- Land and hold short operations on runways that are wet (but not contaminated). LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS - Operations which include simultaneous takeoffs and landings and/or simultaneous landings when a landing aircraft is able and is instructed by the controller to hold-short of the intersecting runway/ taxiway or designated hold-short point. Pilots are expected to promptly inform the controller if the hold short clearance cannot be accepted. (See PARALLEL RUNWAYS.) (Refer to AIM.) LANDING AREA- Any locality either on land, water, or structures, including airports/heliports and intermediate landing fields, which is used, or intended to be used, for the landing and takeoff of aircraft whether or not facilities are provided for the shelter, servicing, or for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo. (See ICAO term LANDING AREA.) LANDING AREA [ICAO]- That part of a movement area intended for the landing or take-off of aircraft. LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR- A device which visually indicates the direction in which landings and takeoffs should be made. (See TETRAHEDRON.) (Refer to AIM.) LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE [ICAO]- The length of runway which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing. LANDING MINIMUMS- The minimum visibility prescribed for landing a civil aircraft while using an instrument approach procedure. The minimum applies with other limitations set forth in 14 CFR Part 91 with respect to the Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) or Decision Height (DH) prescribed in the instrument approach procedures as follows: a. Straight-in landing minimums. A statement of MDA and visibility, or DH and visibility, required for a straight-in landing on a specified runway, or b. Circling minimums. A statement of MDA and visibility required for the circle-to-land maneuver. Note:_Descent below the established MDA or DH is not authorized during an approach unless the aircraft is in a position from which a normal approach to the runway of intended landing can be made and adequate visual reference to required visual cues is maintained. (See CIRCLE-TO-LAND MANEUVER.) (See DECISION HEIGHT.) (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (See MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE.) (See STRAIGHT-IN LANDING.) (See VISIBILITY.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) LANDING ROLL- The distance from the point of touchdown to the point where the aircraft can be brought to a stop or exit the runway. LANDING SEQUENCE- The order in which aircraft are positioned for landing. (See APPROACH SEQUENCE.) LAST ASSIGNED ALTITUDE- The last altitude/ flight level assigned by ATC and acknowledged by the pilot. (See MAINTAIN.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) LATERAL NAVIGATION (LNAV)– A function of area navigation (RNAV) equipment which calculates, displays, and provides lateral guidance to a profile or path. LATERAL SEPARATION- The lateral spacing of aircraft at the same altitude by requiring operation on different routes or in different geographical locations. (See SEPARATION.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG L-2 LDA(See LOCALIZER TYPE DIRECTIONAL AID.) (See ICAO Term LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE.) LF(See LOW FREQUENCY.) LIGHTED AIRPORT- An airport where runway and obstruction lighting is available. (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.) (Refer to AIM.) LIGHT GUN- A handheld directional light signaling device which emits a brilliant narrow beam of white, green, or red light as selected by the tower controller. The color and type of light transmitted can be used to approve or disapprove anticipated pilot actions where radio communication is not available. The light gun is used for controlling traffic operating in the vicinity of the airport and on the airport movement area. (Refer to AIM.) LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY (LAA)- A service provided by facilities, which are located on the landing airport, have a discrete ground-to-air communication frequency or the tower frequency when the tower is closed, automated weather reporting with voice broadcasting, and a continuous ASOS/AWOS data display, other continuous direct reading instruments, or manual observations avail- able to the specialist. (See AIRPORT ADVISORY AREA.) LOCAL TRAFFIC- Aircraft operating in the traffic pattern or within sight of the tower, or aircraft known to be departing or arriving from flight in local practice areas, or aircraft executing practice instrument approaches at the airport. (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.) LOCALIZER- The component of an ILS which provides course guidance to the runway. (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (See ICAO term LOCALIZER COURSE.) (Refer to AIM.) LOCALIZER COURSE [ICAO]- The locus of points, in any given horizontal plane, at which the DDM (difference in depth of modulation) is zero. LOCALIZER OFFSET- An angular offset of the localizer from the runway extended centerline in a direction away from the no transgression zone (NTZ) that increases the normal operating zone (NOZ) width. An offset requires a 50 foot increase in DH and is not authorized for CAT II and CAT III approaches. LOCALIZER TYPE DIRECTIONAL AID- A NAVAID used for nonprecision instrument ap- proaches with utility and accuracy comparable to a localizer but which is not a part of a complete ILS and is not aligned with the runway. (Refer to AIM.) LOCALIZER USABLE DISTANCE- The maxi- mum distance from the localizer transmitter at a specified altitude, as verified by flight inspection, at which reliable course information is continuously received. (Refer to AIM.) LOCATOR [ICAO]- An LM/MF NDB used as an aid to final approach. Note:_A locator usually has an average radius of rated coverage of between 18.5 and 46.3 km (10 and 25 NM). LONG RANGE NAVIGATION(See LORAN.) LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION- The longitudi- nal spacing of aircraft at the same altitude by a minimum distance expressed in units of time or miles. (See SEPARATION.) (Refer to AIM.) LORAN- An electronic navigational system by which hyperbolic lines of position are determined by measuring the difference in the time of reception of synchronized pulse signals from two fixed transmit- ters. Loran A operates in the 1750-1950 kHz frequency band. Loran C and D operate in the 100-110 kHz frequency band. (Refer to AIM.) LOST COMMUNICATIONS- Loss of the ability to communicate by radio. Aircraft are sometimes referred to as NORDO (No Radio). Standard pilot procedures are specified in 14 CFR Part 91. Radar controllers issue procedures for pilots to follow in the event of lost communications during a radar approach when weather reports indicate that an aircraft will likely encounter IFR weather conditions during the approach. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer AIM.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG L-3 LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAY STRUCTURE- The network of airways serving aircraft operations up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL. (See AIRWAY.) (Refer to AIM.) LOW ALTITUDE ALERT, CHECK YOUR ALTI- TUDE IMMEDIATELY(See SAFETY ALERT.) LOW ALTITUDE ALERT SYSTEM- An auto- mated function of the TPX-42 that alerts the controller when a Mode C transponder equipped aircraft on an IFR flight plan is below a predetermined minimum safe altitude. If requested by the pilot, Low Altitude Alert System monitoring is also available to VFR Mode C transponder equipped aircraft. LOW APPROACH- An approach over an airport or runway following an instrument approach or a VFR approach including the go-around maneuver where the pilot intentionally does not make contact with the runway. (Refer to AIM.) LOW FREQUENCY- The frequency band between 30 and 300 kHz. (Refer to AIM.) LPV- A type of approach with vertical guidance (APV) based on WAAS, published on RNAV (GPS) approach charts. This procedure takes advantage of the precise lateral guidance available from WAAS. The minima is published as a decision altitude (DA). Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG M-1 M MAA(See MAXIMUM AUTHORIZED ALTITUDE.) MACH NUMBER- The ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound; e.g., MACH .82, MACH 1.6. (See AIRSPEED.) MACH TECHNIQUE [ICAO]- Describes a control technique used by air traffic control whereby turbojet aircraft operating successively along suitable routes are cleared to maintain appropriate MACH numbers for a relevant portion of the en route phase of flight. The principle objective is to achieve improved utilization of the airspace and to ensure that separation between successive aircraft does not decrease below the established minima. MAHWP- Missed Approach Holding Waypoint MAINTAINa. Concerning altitude/flight level, the term means to remain at the altitude/flight level specified. The phrase “climb and” or “descend and” normally precedes “maintain” and the altitude assignment; e.g., “descend and maintain 5,000.” b. Concerning other ATC instructions, the term is used in its literal sense; e.g., maintain VFR. MAINTENANCE PLANNING FRICTION LEVEL- The friction level specified in AC 150/5320-12, Measurement, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport Pavement Surfaces, which represents the friction value below which the runway pavem ent surface rem ains acceptable for any category or class of aircraft operations but which is beginning to show signs of deterioration. This value will vary depending on the particular friction measurement equipment used. MAKE SHORT APPROACH- Used by ATC to inform a pilot to alter his/her traffic pattern so as to make a short final approach. (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.) MAN PORTABLE AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS (MANPADS)- MANPADS are lightweight, shoul- der-launched, missile systems used to bring down aircraft and create mass casualties. The potential for MANPADS use against airborne aircraft is real and requires familiarity with the subject. Terrorists choose MANPADS because the weapons are low cost, highly mobile, require minimal set-up time, and are easy to use and maintain. Although the weapons have limited range, and their accuracy is affected by poor visibility and adverse weather, they can be fired from anywhere on land or from boats where there is unrestricted visibility to the target. MANDATORY ALTITUDE- An altitude depicted on an instrum ent Approach Procedure Chart requiring the aircraft to maintain altitude at the depicted value. MANPADS(See MAN PORTABLE AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS.) MAP(See MISSED APPROACH POINT.) MARKER BEACON- An electronic navigation facility transmitting a 75 MHz vertical fan or boneshaped radiation pattern. Marker beacons are identified by their modulation frequency and keying code, and when received by compatible airborne equipment, indicate to the pilot, both aurally and visually, that he/she is passing over the facility. (See INNER MARKER.) (See MIDDLE MARKER.) (See OUTER MARKER.) (Refer to AIM.) MARSA(See MILITARY AUTHORITY ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SEPARATION OF AIRCRAFT.) MAWP- Missed Approach Waypoint MAXIMUM AUTHORIZED ALTITUDE- A pub- lished altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment. It is the highest altitude on a Federal airway, jet route, area navigation low or high route, or other direct route for which an MEA is designated in 14 CFR Part 95 at which adequate reception of navigation aid signals is assured. MAYDAY- The international radiotelephony distress signal. When repeated three times, it indicates Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG M-2 imminent and grave danger and that immediate assistance is requested. (See PAN-PAN.) (Refer to AIM.) MCA(See MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE.) MDA(See MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE.) MEA(See MINIMUM EN ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE.) MEARTS(See MICRO-EN ROUTE AUTOMATED RADAR TRACKING SYSTEM.) METEOROLOGICAL IMPACT STATEMENT- An unscheduled planning forecast describing conditions expected to begin within 4 to 12 hours which may impact the flow of air traffic in a specific center's (ARTCC) area. METER FIX ARC- A semicircle, equidistant from a meter fix, usually in low altitude relatively close to the meter fix, used to help CTAS/HOST calculate a meter time, and determine appropriate sector meter list assignments for aircraft not on an established arrival route or assigned a meter fix. METER FIX TIME/SLOT TIME- A calculated time to depart the meter fix in order to cross the vertex at the ACLT. This time reflects descent speed adjustment and any applicable time that must be absorbed prior to crossing the meter fix. METER LIST(See ARRIVAL SECTOR ADVISORY LIST.) METER LIST DISPLAY INTERVAL- A dynamic parameter which controls the number of minutes prior to the flight plan calculated time of arrival at the meter fix for each aircraft, at which time the TCLT is frozen and becomes an ACLT; i.e., the VTA is updated and consequently the TCLT modified as appropriate until frozen at which time updating is suspended and an ACLT is assigned. When frozen, the flight entry is inserted into the arrival sector's meter list for display on the sector PVD/MDM. MLDI is used if filed true airspeed is less than or equal to freeze speed parameters (FSPD). METERING- A method of time-regulating arrival traffic flow into a terminal area so as not to exceed a predetermined terminal acceptance rate. METERING AIRPORTS- Airports adapted for metering and for which optimum flight paths are defined. A maximum of 15 airports may be adapted. METERING FIX- A fix along an established route from over which aircraft will be metered prior to entering terminal airspace. Normally, this fix should be established at a distance from the airport which will facilitate a profile descent 10,000 feet above airport elevation (AAE) or above. METERING POSITION(S)- Adapted PVDs/ MDMs and associated “D” positions eligible for display of a metering position list. A maximum of four PVDs/MDMs may be adapted. METERING POSITION LIST- An ordered list of data on arrivals for a selected metering airport displayed on a metering position PVD/MDM. MFT(See METER FIX TIME/SLOT TIME.) MHA(See MINIMUM HOLDING ALTITUDE.) MIA(See MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDES.) MICROBURST- A small downburst with outbursts of damaging winds extending 2.5 miles or less. In spite of its small horizontal scale, an intense microburst could induce wind speeds as high as 150 knots (Refer to AIM.) MIC RO-EN ROUTE AUTOMATED RADAR TRACKING SYSTEM (MEARTS)- An automated radar and radar beacon tracking system capable of employing both short-range (ASR) and long-range (ARSR) radars. This microcomputer driven system provides improved tracking, continuous data record- ing, and use of full digital radar displays. MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM- A precision instrument approach system operating in the microwave spectrum which normally consists of the following components: a. Azimuth Station. b. Elevation Station. c. Precision Distance Measuring Equipment. (See MLS CATEGORIES.) MID RVR(See VISIBILITY.) MIDDLE COMPASS LOCATOR(See COMPASS LOCATOR.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG M-3 MIDDLE MARKER- A marker beacon that defines a point along the glideslope of an ILS normally located at or near the point of decision height (ILS Category I). It is keyed to transmit alternate dots and dashes, with the alternate dots and dashes keyed at the rate of 95 dot/dash combinations per minute on a 1300 Hz tone, which is received aurally and visually by compatible airborne equipment. (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (See MARKER BEACON.) (Refer to AIM.) MILES-IN-TRAIL- A specified distance between aircraft, normally, in the same stratum associated with the same destination or route of flight. MILITARY AUTHORITY ASSUMES RESPONSI- BILITY FOR SEPARATION OF AIRCRAFT- A condition whereby the military services involved assume responsibility for separation between participating military aircraft in the ATC system. It is used only for required IFR operations which are specified in letters of agreement or other appropriate FAA or military documents. MILITARY LANDING ZONE- A landing strip used exclusively by the military for training. A military landing zone does not carry a runway designation. MILITARY OPERATIONS AREA(See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.) MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES- Airspace of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established for the conduct of military flight training at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots IAS. (See IFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.) (See VFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.) MINIMA(See MINIMUMS.) MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE- The lowest altitude at certain fixes at which an aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum en route IFR altitude (MEA). (See MINIMUM EN ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE.) MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE- The lowest altitude, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure where no electronic glideslope is provided. (See NONPRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE.) MINIMUM EN ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE (MEA)- The lowest published altitude between radio fixes which assures acceptable navigational signal cover- age and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes. The MEA prescribed for a Federal airway or segment thereof, area navigation low or high route, or other direct route applies to the entire width of the airway, segment, or route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment, or route. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 95.) (Refer to AIM.) MINIMUM FRICTION LEVEL- The friction level specified in AC 150/5320-12, Measurem ent, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport Pavement Surfaces, that represents the minimum recommended wet pavement surface friction value for any turbojet aircraft engaged in LAHSO. This value will vary with the particular friction measurement equipment used. MINIMUM FUEL- Indicates that an aircraft's fuel supply has reached a state where, upon reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay. This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates an emergency situation is possible should any undue delay occur. (Refer to AIM.) MINIMUM HOLDING ALTITUDE- The lowest altitude prescribed for a holding pattern which assures navigational signal coverage, communica- tions, and meets obstacle clearance requirements. MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDES (MIA)- Minimum altitudes for IFR operations as prescribed in 14 CFR Part 91. These altitudes are published on aeronautical charts and prescribed in 14 CFR Part 95 for airways and routes, and in 14 CFR Part 97 for standard instrument approach procedures. If no applicable minimum altitude is prescribed in 14 CFR Part 95 or 14 CFR Part 97, the following minimum IFR altitude applies: a. In designated mountainous areas, 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown; or Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG M-4 b. Other than mountainous areas, 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown; or c. As otherwise authorized by the Administrator or assigned by ATC. (See MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE.) (See MINIMUM EN ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE.) (See MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE.) (See MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE.) (See MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION- A set of standards which require aircraft to have a minimum navigation performance capability in order to operate in MNPS designated airspace. In addition, aircraft must be certified by their State of Registry for MNPS operation. MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION AIRSPACE- Designated airspace in which MNPS procedures are applied between MNPS certified and equipped aircraft. Under certain conditions, non-MNPS aircraft can operate in MNPSA. However, standard oceanic separation minima is provided between the non-MNPS aircraft and other traffic. Currently, the only designated MNPSA is described as follows: a. Between FL 285 and FL 420; b. Between latitudes 27_N and the North Pole; c. In the east, the eastern boundaries of the CTAs Santa Maria Oceanic, Shanwick Oceanic, and Reykjavik; d. In the west, the western boundaries of CTAs Reykjavik and Gander Oceanic and New York Oceanic excluding the area west of 60_W and south of 38_30'N. MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTI- TUDE (MOCA)- The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 25 statute (22 nautical) miles of a VOR. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 95.) MINIMUM RECEPTION ALTITUDE- The lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 95.) MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDEa. The minimum altitude specified in 14 CFR Part 91 for various aircraft operations. b. Altitudes depicted on approach charts which provide at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance for emergency use within a specified distance from the navigation facility upon which a procedure is predicated. These altitudes will be identified as Minimum Sector Altitudes or Emergency Safe Altitudes and are established as follows: 1. Minimum Sector Altitudes. Altitudes de- picted on approach charts which provide at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance within a 25-mile radius of the navigation facility upon which the procedure is predicated. Sectors depicted on approach charts must be at least 90 degrees in scope. These altitudes are for emergency use only and do not necessarily assure acceptable navigational signal coverage. (See ICAO term Minimum Sector Altitude.) 2. Emergency Safe Altitudes. Altitudes de- picted on approach charts which provide at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance in nonmountainous areas and 2,000 feet of obstacle clearance in designated mountainous areas within a 100-mile radius of the navigation facility upon which the procedure is predicated and normally used only in military procedures. These altitudes are identified on published procedures as “Emergency Safe Alti- tudes.” MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE WARNING- A function of the ARTS III computer that aids the controller by alerting him/her when a tracked Mode C equipped aircraft is below or is predicted by the computer to go below a predetermined minimum safe altitude. (Refer to AIM.) MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDE [ICAO]- The lowest altitude which may be used under emergency conditions which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1,000 feet) above all obstacles located in an area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centered on a radio aid to navigation. MINIMUMS- Weather condition requirements established for a particular operation or type of Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG M-5 operation; e.g., IFR takeoff or landing, alternate airport for IFR flight plans, VFR flight, etc. (See IFR CONDITIONS.) (See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) (See LANDING MINIMUMS.) (See VFR CONDITIONS.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.) MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE (MVA)- The lowest MSL altitude at which an IFR aircraft will be vectored by a radar controller, except as otherwise authorized for radar approaches, departures, and missed approaches. The altitude meets IFR obstacle clearance criteria. It may be lower than the published MEA along an airway or J-route segment. It may be utilized for radar vectoring only upon the controller's determination that an adequate radar return is being received from the aircraft being controlled. Charts depicting minimum vectoring altitudes are normally available only to the controllers and not to pilots. (Refer to AIM.) MINUTES-IN-TRAIL- A specified interval be- tween aircraft expressed in time. This method would more likely be utilized regardless of altitude. MIS(See METEOROLOGICAL IMPACT STATEMENT.) MISSED APPROACH- a. A maneuver conducted by a pilot when an instrument approach cannot be completed to a landing. The route of flight and altitude are shown on instrument approach procedure charts. A pilot executing a missed approach prior to the Missed Approach Point (MAP) must continue along the final approach to the MAP. b. A term used by the pilot to inform ATC that he/she is executing the missed approach. c. At locations where ATC radar service is provided, the pilot should conform to radar vectors when provided by ATC in lieu of the published missed approach procedure. (See MISSED APPROACH POINT.) (Refer to AIM.) MISSED APPROACH POINT- A point prescribed in each instrument approach procedure at which a missed approach procedure shall be executed if the required visual reference does not exist. (See MISSED APPROACH.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE [ICAO]- The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be continued. MISSED APPROACH SEGMENT(See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) MLDI(See METER LIST DISPLAY INTERVAL.) MLS(See MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM.) MLS CATEGORIESa. MLS Category I. An MLS approach procedure which provides for an approach to a height above touchdown of not less than 200 feet and a runway visual range of not less than 1,800 feet. b. MLS Category II. Undefined until data gather- ing/analysis completion. c. MLS Category III. Undefined until data gathering/analysis completion. MM(See MIDDLE MARKER.) MNPS(See MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION.) MNPSA(See MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE- SPECIFICATION AIRSPACE.) MOA(See MILITARY OPERATIONS AREA.) MOCA(See MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE.) MODE- The letter or number assigned to a specific pulse spacing of radio signals transmitted or received by ground interrogator or airborne transponder components of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG M-6 System (ATCRBS). Mode A (military Mode 3) and Mode C (altitude reporting) are used in air traffic control. (See INTERROGATOR.) (See RADAR.) (See TRANSPONDER.) (See ICAO term MODE.) (Refer to AIM.) MODE (SSR MODE) [ICAO]- The letter or number assigned to a specific pulse spacing of the interrogation signals transmitted by an interrogator. There are 4 modes, A, B, C and D specified in Annex 10, corresponding to four different interrogation pulse spacings. MODE C INTRUDER ALERT- A function of certain air traffic control automated systems designed to alert radar controllers to existing or pending situations between a tracked target (known IFR or VFR aircraft) and an untracked target (unknown IFR or VFR aircraft) that requires immediate attention/ action. (See CONFLICT ALERT.) MONITOR- (When used with communication transfer) listen on a specific frequency and stand by for instructions. Under normal circumstances do not establish communications. MONITOR ALERT (MA)- A function of the ETMS that provides traffic management personnel with a tool for predicting potential capacity problems in individual operational sectors. The MA is an indication that traffic management personnel need to analyze a particular sector for actual activity and to determine the required action(s), if any, needed to control the demand. MONITOR ALERT PARAMETER (MAP)- The number designated for use in monitor alert processing by the ETMS. The MAP is designated for each operational sector for increments of 15 minutes. MOSAIC/MULTI-SENSOR MODE- Accepts posi- tional data from multiple radar or ADS-B sites. Targets are displayed from a single source within a radar sort box according to the hierarchy of the sources assigned. MOVEMENT AREA- The runways, taxiways, and other areas of an airport/heliport which are utilized for taxiing/hover taxiing, air taxiing, takeoff, and landing of aircraft, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. At those airports/heliports with a tower, specific approval for entry onto the movement area must be obtained from ATC. (See ICAO term MOVEMENT AREA.) MOVEMENT AREA [ICAO]- That part of an aerodrome to be used for the takeoff, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s). MOVING TARGET INDICATOR- An electronic device which will permit radar scope presentation only from targets which are in motion. A partial remedy for ground clutter. MRA(See MINIMUM RECEPTION ALTITUDE.) MSA(See MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE.) MSAW(See MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE WARNING.) MTI(See MOVING TARGET INDICATOR.) MTR(See MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.) MULTICOM- A mobile service not open to public correspondence used to provide communications essential to conduct the activities being performed by or directed from private aircraft. MULTIPLE RUNWAYS- The utilization of a dedicated arrival runway(s) for departures and a dedicated departure runway(s) for arrivals when feasible to reduce delays and enhance capacity. MVA(See MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG N-1

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N NAS(See NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM.) NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM- The common network of U.S. airspace; air navigation facilities, equipment and services, airports or landing areas; aeronautical charts, information and services; rules, regulations and procedures, technical information, and manpower and material. Included are system components shared jointly with the military. NATIONAL BEACON CODE ALLOCATION PLAN AIRSPACE- Airspace over United States territory located within the North American continent between Canada and Mexico, including adjacent territorial waters outward to about boundaries of oceanic control areas (CTA)/Flight Information Regions (FIR). (See FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION.) NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA CENTER- A facility in Washington D.C., established by FAA to operate a central aeronautical information service for the collection, validation, and dissemination of aeronau- tical data in support of the activities of government, industry, and the aviation community. The informa- tion is published in the National Flight Data Digest. (See NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA DIGEST.) NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA DIGEST- A daily (except weekends and Federal holidays) publication of flight information appropriate to aeronautical charts, aeronautical publications, Notices to Airmen, or other media serving the purpose of providing operational flight data essential to safe and efficient aircraft operations. NATIONAL SEARCH AND RESCUE PLAN- An interagency agreement which provides for the effective utilization of all available facilities in all types of search and rescue missions. NAVAID(See NAVIGATIONAL AID.) NAVAID CLASSES- VOR, VORTAC, and TACAN aids are classed according to their operational use. The three classes of NAVAIDs are: a. T- Terminal. b. L- Low altitude. c. H- High altitude. Note:_The normal service range for T, L, and H class aids is found in the AIM. Certain operational requirements make it necessary to use some of these aids at greater service ranges than specified. Extended range is made possible through flight inspection determinations. Some aids also have lesser service range due to location, terrain, frequency protection, etc. Restrictions to service range are listed in Airport/Facility Directory. NAVIGABLE AIRSPACE- Airspace at and above the minimum flight altitudes prescribed in the CFRs including airspace needed for safe takeoff and landing. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) NAVIGATION REFERENCE SYSTEM (NRS)- The NRS is a system of waypoints developed for use within the United States for flight planning and navigation without reference to ground based navigational aids. The NRS waypoints are located in a grid pattern along defined latitude and longitude lines. The initial use of the NRS will be in the high altitude environment in conjunction with the High Altitude Redesign initiative. The NRS waypoints are intended for use by aircraft capable of point-to-point navigation. NAVIGATIONAL AID- Any visual or electronic device airborne or on the surface which provides point-to-point guidance information or position data to aircraft in flight. (See AIR NAVIGATION FACILITY.) NBCAP AIRSPACE(See NATIONAL BEACON CODE ALLOCATION PLAN AIRSPACE.) NDB(See NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON.) NEGATIVE- “No,” or “permission not granted,” or “that is not correct.” NEGATIVE CONTACT- Used by pilots to inform ATC that: a. Previously issued traffic is not in sight. It may be followed by the pilot's request for the controller to provide assistance in avoiding the traffic. b. They were unable to contact ATC on a particular frequency. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG N-2 NFDC(See NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA CENTER.) NFDD(See NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA DIGEST.) NIGHT- The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American Air Almanac, converted to local time. (See ICAO term NIGHT.) NIGHT [ICAO]- The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be specified by the appropriate authority. Note:_Civil twilight ends in the evening when the center of the sun's disk is 6 degrees below the horizon and begins in the morning when the center of the sun's disk is 6 degrees below the horizon. NO GYRO APPROACH- A radar approach/vector provided in case of a malfunctioning gyro-compass or directional gyro. Instead of providing the pilot with headings to be flown, the controller observes the radar track and issues control instructions “turn right/left” or “stop turn” as appropriate. (Refer to AIM.) NO GYRO VECTOR(See NO GYRO APPROACH.) NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE (NTZ)- The NTZ is a 2,000 foot wide zone, located equidistant between parallel runway final approach courses in which flight is not allowed. NONAPPROACH CONTROL TOWER- Author- izes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D airspace. The primary function of a nonapproach control tower is the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and on the landing area. Nonapproach control towers also separate aircraft operating under instrument flight rules clearances from approach controls and centers. They provide ground control services to aircraft, vehicles, personnel, and equipment on the airport movement area. NONCOMMON ROUTE/PORTION- That segment of a North American Route between the inland navigation facility and a designated North American terminal. NONCOMPOSITE SEPARATION- Separation in accordance with minima other than the composite separation minimum specified for the area con- cerned. NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON- An L/MF or UHF radio beacon transmitting nondirectional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft equipped with direction finding equipment can determine his/her bearing to or from the radio beacon and “home” on or track to or from the station. When the radio beacon is installed in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System marker, it is normally called a Compass Locator. (See AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER.) (See COMPASS LOCATOR.)

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NONMOVEMENT AREAS- Taxiways and apron (ramp) areas not under the control of air traffic. NONPRECISION APPROACH(See NONPRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE.) NONPRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE- A standard instrument approach procedure in which no electronic glideslope is provided; e.g., VOR, TACAN, NDB, LOC, ASR, LDA, or SDF approaches. NONRADAR- Precedes other terms and generally means without the use of radar, such as: a. Nonradar Approach. Used to describe instru- ment approaches for which course guidance on final approach is not provided by ground-based precision or surveillance radar. Radar vectors to the final approach course may or may not be provided by ATC. Examples of nonradar approaches are VOR, NDB, TACAN, and ILS/MLS approaches. (See FINAL APPROACH COURSE.) (See FINAL APPROACH-IFR.) (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (See RADAR APPROACH.) b. Nonradar Approach Control. An ATC facility providing approach control service without the use of radar. (See APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.) (See APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE.)

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c. Nonradar Arrival. An aircraft arriving at an airport without radar service or at an airport served by a radar facility and radar contact has not been Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG N-3 established or has been terminated due to a lack of radar service to the airport. (See RADAR ARRIVAL.) (See RADAR SERVICE.) d. Nonradar Route. A flight path or route over which the pilot is performing his/her own navigation. The pilot may be receiving radar separation, radar monitoring, or other ATC services while on a nonradar route. (See RADAR ROUTE.) e. Nonradar Separation. The spacing of aircraft in accordance with established minima without the use of radar; e.g., vertical, lateral, or longitudinal separation. (See RADAR SEPARATION.) (See ICAO term NONRADAR SEPARATION.)

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NONRADAR SEPARATION [ICAO]- The separa- tion used when aircraft position information is derived from sources other than radar. NON-RESTRICTIVE ROUTING (NRR)- Portions of a proposed route of flight where a user can flight plan the most advantageous flight path with no requirement to make reference to ground-based NAVAIDs. NOPAC(See NORTH PACIFIC.) NORDO(See LOST COMMUNICATIONS.) NORMAL OPERATING ZONE (NOZ)- The NOZ is the operating zone within which aircraft flight remains during normal independent simultaneous parallel ILS approaches. NORTH AMERICAN ROUTE- A numerically coded route preplanned over existing airway and route systems to and from specific coastal fixes serving the North Atlantic. North American Routes consist of the following: a. Common Route/Portion. That segment of a North American Route between the inland navigation facility and the coastal fix. b. Noncommon Route/Portion. That segment of a North American Route between the inland navigation facility and a designated North American terminal. c. Inland Navigation Facility. A navigation aid on a North American Route at which the common route and/or the noncommon route begins or ends. d. Coastal Fix. A navigation aid or intersection where an aircraft transitions between the domestic route structure and the oceanic route structure. NORTH AMERICAN ROUTE PROGRAM (NRP)- The NRP is a set of rules and procedures which are designed to increase the flexibility of user flight planning within published guidelines. NORTH MARK- A beacon data block sent by the host computer to be displayed by the ARTS on a 360 degree bearing at a locally selected radar azimuth and distance. The North Mark is used to ensure correct range/azimuth orientation during periods of CENRAP. NORTH PACIFIC- An organized route system between the Alaskan west coast and Japan. NOTAM(See NOTICE TO AIRMEN.) NOTAM [ICAO]- A notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. a. I Distribution- Distribution by means of telecommunication. b. II Distribution- Distribution by means other than telecommunications. NOTIC E TO AIR MEN- A notice containing information (not known sufficiently in advance to publicize by other means) concerning the establish- ment, condition, or change in any component (facility, service, or procedure of, or hazard in the National Airspace System) the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. a. NOTAM(D)- A NOTAM given (in addition to local dissemination) distant dissemination beyond the area of responsibility of the Flight Service Station. These NOTAMs will be stored and available until canceled. b. NOTAM(L)- A NOTAM given local disse- mination by voice and other means, such as telautograph and telephone, to satisfy local user requirements. c. FDC NOTAM- A NOTAM regulatory in nature, transmitted by USNOF and given system wide dissemination. (See ICAO term NOTAM.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG N-4 NOTIC ES TO AIR MEN PUBLIC ATION- A publication issued every 28 days, designed primarily for the pilot, which contains current NOTAM information considered essential to the safety of flight as well as supplem ental data to other aeronautical publications. The contraction NTAP is used in NOTAM text. (See NOTICE TO AIRMEN.) NRR(See NON-RESTRICTIVE ROUTING.) NRS(See NAVIGATION REFERENCE SYSTEM.) NTAP(See NOTICES TO AIRMEN PUBLICATION.) NUMEROUS TARGETS VICINITY (LOCA- TION)- A traffic advisory issued by ATC to advise pilots that targets on the radar scope are too numerous to issue individually. (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG O-1 O OBSTACLE- An existing object, object of natural growth, or terrain at a fixed geographical location or which may be expected at a fixed location within a prescribed area with reference to which vertical clearance is or must be provided during flight operation. OBSTACLE DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (ODP)- A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) departure procedure printed for pilot use in textual or graphic form to provide obstruction clearance via the least onerous route from the term inal area to the appropriate en route structure. ODPs are recom- mended for obstruction clearance and may be flown without ATC clearance unless an alternate departure procedure (SID or radar vector) has been specifically assigned by ATC. (See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) (See STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURES.) (Refer to AIM.) OBSTACLE FREE ZONE- The OFZ is a three dimensional volume of airspace which protects for the transition of aircraft to and from the runway. The OFZ clearing standard precludes taxiing and parked airplanes and object penetrations, except for frangible NAVAID locations that are fixed by function. Additionally, vehicles, equipment, and personnel may be authorized by air traffic control to enter the area using the provisions of FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3-1-5, VEHICLES/EQUIPMENT/ PERSONNEL ON RUNWAYS. The runway OFZ and when applicable, the inner-approach OFZ, and the inner-transitional OFZ, comprise the OFZ. a. Runway OFZ. The runway OFZ is a defined volume of airspace centered above the runway. The runway OFZ is the airspace above a surface whose elevation at any point is the same as the elevation of the nearest point on the runway centerline. The runway OFZ extends 200 feet beyond each end of the runway. The width is as follows: 1. For runways serving large airplanes, the greater of: (a) 400 feet, or (b) 180 feet, plus the wingspan of the most demanding airplane, plus 20 feet per 1,000 feet of airport elevation. 2. For runways serving only small airplanes: (a) 300 feet for precision instrument run- ways. (b) 250 feet for other runways serving small airplanes with approach speeds of 50 knots, or more. (c) 120 feet for other runways serving small airplanes with approach speeds of less than 50 knots. b. Inner-approach OFZ. The inner-approach OFZ is a defined volume of airspace centered on the approach area. The inner-approach OFZ applies only to runways with an approach lighting system. The inner-approach OFZ begins 200 feet from the runway threshold at the same elevation as the runway threshold and extends 200 feet beyond the last light unit in the approach lighting system. The width of the inner-approach OFZ is the same as the runway OFZ and rises at a slope of 50 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical) from the beginning. c. Inner-transitional OFZ. The inner transitional surface OFZ is a defined volume of airspace along the sides of the runway and inner-approach OFZ and applies only to precision instrument runways. The inner-transitional surface OFZ slopes 3 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical) out from the edges of the runway OFZ and inner-approach OFZ to a height of 150 feet above the established airport elevation. (Refer to AC 150/5300-13, Chapter 3.) (Refer to FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3-1-5, VEHICLES/EQUIPMENT/PERSONNEL ON RUNWAYS.) OBSTRUCTION- Any object/obstacle exceeding the obstruction standards specified by 14 CFR Part 77, Subpart C. OBSTRUCTION LIGHT- A light or one of a group of lights, usually red or white, frequently mounted on a surface structure or natural terrain to warn pilots of the presence of an obstruction. OCEANIC AIRSPACE- Airspace over the oceans of the world, considered international airspace, where oceanic separation and procedures per the Interna- tional Civil Aviation Organization are applied. Responsibility for the provisions of air traffic control Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG O-2 service in this airspace is delegated to various countries, based generally upon geographic proximi- ty and the availability of the required resources. OCEANIC DISPLAY AND PLANNING SYS- TEM- An automated digital display system which provides flight data processing, conflict probe, and situation display for oceanic air traffic control. OCEANIC NAVIGATIONAL ERROR REPORT- A report filed when an aircraft exiting oceanic airspace has been observed by radar to be off course. ONER reporting parameters and procedures are contained in FAAO 7110.82, Monitoring of Navigational Perfor- mance In Oceanic Areas. OCEANIC PUBLISHED ROUTE- A route estab- lished in international airspace and charted or described in flight information publications, such as Route Charts, DOD Enroute Charts, Chart Supple- ments, NOTAMs, and Track Messages. OCEANIC TRANSITION ROUTE- An ATS route established for the purpose of transitioning aircraft to/from an organized track system. ODAPS(See OCEANIC DISPLAY AND PLANNING SYSTEM.) ODP(See OBSTACLE DEPARTURE PROCEDURE.) OFF COURSE- A term used to describe a situation where an aircraft has reported a position fix or is observed on radar at a point not on the ATC-approved route of flight. OFF-ROUTE VECTOR- A vector by ATC which takes an aircraft off a previously assigned route. Altitudes assigned by ATC during such vectors provide required obstacle clearance. OFFSET PARALLEL RUNWAYS- Staggered runways having centerlines which are parallel. OFFSHORE/CONTROL AIRSPACE AREA- That portion of airspace between the U.S. 12 NM limit and the oceanic CTA/FIR boundary within which air traffic control is exercised. These areas are established to provide air traffic control services. Offshore/Control Airspace Areas may be classified as either Class A airspace or Class E airspace. OFT(See OUTER FIX TIME.) OM(See OUTER MARKER.) OMEGA- An RNAV system designed for long-range navigation based upon ground-based electronic navigational aid signals. ON COURSEa. Used to indicate that an aircraft is established on the route centerline. b. Used by ATC to advise a pilot making a radar approach that his/her aircraft is lined up on the final approach course. (See ON-COURSE INDICATION.) ON-COURSE INDICATION- An indication on an instrument, which provides the pilot a visual means of determining that the aircraft is located on the centerline of a given navigational track, or an indication on a radar scope that an aircraft is on a given track. ONE-MINUTE WEATHER- The most recent one minute updated weather broadcast received by a pilot from an uncontrolled airport ASOS/AWOS. ONER(See OCEANIC NAVIGATIONAL ERROR REPORT.) OPERATIONAL(See DUE REGARD.) OPPOSITE DIRECTION AIRCRAFT- Aircraft are operating in opposite directions when: a. They are following the same track in reciprocal directions; or b. Their tracks are parallel and the aircraft are flying in reciprocal directions; or c. Their tracks intersect at an angle of more than 135_. OPTION APPROACH- An approach requested and conducted by a pilot which will result in either a touch-and-go, missed approach, low approach, stop-and-go, or full stop landing. (See CLEARED FOR THE OPTION.) (Refer to AIM.) ORGANIZED TRACK SYSTEM- A series of ATS routes which are fixed and charted; i.e., CEP, NOPAC, or flexible and described by NOTAM; i.e., NAT TRACK MESSAGE. OROCA- An off-route altitude which provides obstruction clearance with a 1,000 foot buffer in Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG O-3 nonmountainous terrain areas and a 2,000 foot buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United States. This altitude may not provide signal coverage from ground-based navigational aids, air traffic control radar, or communications coverage. OTR(See OCEANIC TRANSITION ROUTE.) OTS(See ORGANIZED TRACK SYSTEM.) OUT- The conversation is ended and no response is expected. OUTER AREA (associated with Class C airspace)- Nonregulatory airspace surrounding designated Class C airspace airports wherein ATC provides radar vectoring and sequencing on a full-time basis for all IFR and participating VFR aircraft. The service provided in the outer area is called Class C service which includes: IFR/IFR-standard IFR separation; IFR/VFR-traffic advisories and conflict resolution; and VFR/VFR-traffic advisories and, as appropriate, safety alerts. The normal radius will be 20 nautical miles with some variations based on site-specific requirements. The outer area extends outward from the primary Class C airspace airport and extends from the lower limits of radar/radio coverage up to the ceiling of the approach control's delegated airspace excluding the Class C charted area and other airspace as appropriate. (See CONFLICT RESOLUTION.) (See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.) OUTER COMPASS LOCATOR(See COMPASS LOCATOR.) OUTER FIX- A general term used within ATC to describe fixes in the terminal area, other than the final approach fix. Aircraft are normally cleared to these fixes by an Air Route Traffic Control Center or an Approach Control Facility. Aircraft are normally cleared from these fixes to the final approach fix or final approach course. OR OUTER FIX- An adapted fix along the converted route of flight, prior to the meter fix, for which crossing times are calculated and displayed in the metering position list. OUTER FIX ARC- A semicircle, usually about a 50-70 mile radius from a meter fix, usually in high altitude, which is used by CTAS/HOST to calculate outer fix times and determine appropriate sector meter list assignments for aircraft on an established arrival route that will traverse the arc. OUTER FIX TIME- A calculated time to depart the outer fix in order to cross the vertex at the ACLT. The time reflects descent speed adjustments and any applicable delay time that must be absorbed prior to crossing the meter fix. OUTER MARKER- A marker beacon at or near the glideslope intercept altitude of an ILS approach. It is keyed to transmit two dashes per second on a 400 Hz tone, which is received aurally and visually by compatible airborne equipment. The OM is normally located four to seven miles from the runway threshold on the extended centerline of the runway. (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (See MARKER BEACON.) (Refer to AIM.) OVER- My transmission is ended; I expect a response. OVERHEAD MANEUVER- A series of predeter- mined maneuvers prescribed for aircraft (often in formation) for entry into the visual flight rules (VFR) traffic pattern and to proceed to a landing. An overhead maneuver is not an instrument flight rules (IFR) approach procedure. An aircraft executing an overhead maneuver is considered VFR and the IFR flight plan is cancelled when the aircraft reaches the “initial point” on the initial approach portion of the maneuver. The pattern usually specifies the following: a. The radio contact required of the pilot. b. The speed to be maintained. c. An initial approach 3 to 5 miles in length. d. An elliptical pattern consisting of two 180 degree turns. e. A break point at which the first 180 degree turn is started. f. The direction of turns. g. Altitude (at least 500 feet above the convention- al pattern). h. A “Roll-out” on final approach not less than 1/4 mile from the landing threshold and not less than 300 feet above the ground. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG O-4 OVERLYING CENTER- The ARTCC facility that is responsible for arrival/departure operations at a specific terminal. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG P-1 P P TIME(See PROPOSED DEPARTURE TIME.) P-ACP(See PREARRANGED COORDINATION PROCEDURES.) PAN-PAN- The international radio-telephony urgen- cy signal. When repeated three times, indicates uncertainty or alert followed by the nature of the urgency. (See MAYDAY.) (Refer to AIM.) PAR(See PRECISION APPROACH RADAR.) PAR [ICAO]- (See ICAO Term PRECISION APPROACH RADAR.) PARALLEL ILS APPROACHES- Approaches to parallel runways by IFR aircraft which, when established inbound toward the airport on the adjacent final approach courses, are radar-separated by at least 2 miles. (See FINAL APPROACH COURSE.) (See SIMULTANEOUS ILS APPROACHES.) PARALLEL MLS APPROACHES(See PARALLEL ILS APPROACHES.) PARALLEL OFFSET ROUTE- A parallel track to the left or right of the designated or established airway/route. Normally associated with Area Navi- gation (RNAV) operations. (See AREA NAVIGATION.) PARALLEL RUNWAYS- Two or more runways at the same airport whose centerlines are parallel. In addition to runway number, parallel runways are designated as L (left) and R (right) or, if three parallel runways exist, L (left), C (center), and R (right). PBCT(See PROPOSED BOUNDARY CROSSING TIME.) PDC(See PRE-DEPARTURE CLEARANCE.) PERMANENT ECHO- Radar signals reflected from fixed objects on the earth's surface; e.g., buildings, towers, terrain. Permanent echoes are distinguished from “ground clutter” by being definable locations rather than large areas. Under certain conditions they may be used to check radar alignment. PHOTO RECONNAISSANCE- Military activity that requires locating individual photo targets and navigating to the targets at a preplanned angle and altitude. The activity normally requires a lateral route width of 16 NM and altitude range of 1,500 feet to 10,000 feet AGL.

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PILOT BRIEFING- A service provided by the FSS to assist pilots in flight planning. Briefing items may include weather information, NOTAMS, military activities, flow control information, and other items as requested. (Refer to AIM.) PILOT IN COMMAND- The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft during flight time. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) PILOT WEATHER REPORT- A report of meteoro- logical phenomena encountered by aircraft in flight. (Refer to AIM.)

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PILOT'S DISCRETION- When used in conjunc- tion with altitude assignments, means that ATC has offered the pilot the option of starting climb or descent whenever he/she wishes and conducting the climb or descent at any rate he/she wishes. He/she may temporarily level off at any intermediate altitude. However, once he/she has vacated an altitude, he/she may not return to that altitude. PIREP(See PILOT WEATHER REPORT.) PITCH POINT- A fix/waypoint that serves as a transition point from a departure procedure or the low altitude ground-based navigation structure into the high altitude waypoint system. PLANS DISPLAY- A display available in URET that provides detailed flight plan and predicted conflict information in textual format for requested Current Plans and all Trial Plans. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG P-2