aviation terms

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DA Drift angle DADC Digital air-data computer DAMPED FREQUENCY The frequency of oscillation of an under damped second-order filter; See Also: second-order filter; Symbols: omega; Typical Units: rad/s, Hz; Dimensio... DAMPING RATIO Control parameter for a second order filter. Symbols: zeta; v. ?' K6 K/ i( H( YDAP Decision Altitude 9 V) M' [# }4 o; P+ l0 eDARTBOARD Ground-based interference from "ASPIDISTRA" of enemy RT and WT channels in the 300 kHz band. DATA SOURCE OBJECT (DSO) Software that receives data from a physical device, translates the data into standard units, maintains equipment status, and provides a common interfa... ; }; L6 V9 ^# y4 q1 H2 d6 WDATA TRANSFER SYSTEM Total pressure 3 R4 ^$ u, ?) [5 U6 [( H4 n. dDATA TRANSFER SYSTEM (DTS). A device for transferring data with avionics, similar to a diskette drive; % b/ }7 z' X8 q% B: R6 VDB Decibel DC Dual Control DCA Directorate of Civil Aviation " l5 l0 s& ]8 k9 O6 FDCT direct 3 c. B! ]9 `& kDEAD RECKONING (DR) A method of navigation based on basic information (barometric altitude, magnetic heading, airspeed, wind conditions) from best available source; somet... # x! ?7 ^0 C0 _9 E6 u2 o* m3 R4 ODEAD STICK A term used to describe unpowered flight (glide) when the engine quits running. 0 g; K y# u9 ZDECISION HEIGHT with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the height at which a decision must be made, during an ILS or PAR instrument approach, to either cont... DECISION HEIGHT (DH) With respect to the operation of aircraft, means the height at which a decision must be made during an ILS, MLS, or PAR instrument approach to either ... ; z' P; R6 b6 M; fDECKER Phosphorous coated rags transported in water and designed to fire crops and forests. This tactic was of little effect. 4 b5 a! g4 W/ ?0 }7 _ ]* Y7 E5 RDEG Degrees 4 }: t+ ?- F: X+ vDEL Delay/delayed # l$ Q0 I! V3 ^& n2 xDELAY Delays are incurred when any action is taken by a controller that prevents an aircraft from proceeding normally to its destination for an interval of ... DELTA Difference; error. 7 m1 K4 o, _9 e. J: W6 ODEP Departure

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DEPART FROM HOVER (DHOV) A guidance mode providing lateral guidance, longitudinal guidance and vertical guidance for a set heading or bank angle, a set speed, and a set climb ... / I% f t0 q' u' L! jDEPARTURES The number of aircraft take-offs actually performed in domestic and international scheduled and non-scheduled passenger/cargo and all-cargo revenue se... DERIVATIVE Rate of change, usually with respect to time; Symbols: x dot, x prime, x sup (1), dx/dt, Dx; DERIVED Calculated values for which no direct measurement exists; Compare: estimated, filtered, measured, raw, selected, smoothed DESALT Desired altitude 9 i, b9 v$ Z y: LDESIRED What must be achieved in order to match a plan; Synonyms: reference; . }; [& e6 l, r. B! P( Q: uDESIRED ALTITUDE (DESALT) A guidance control law parameter, generated by the vertical guidance modes; altitude which controlled altitude is attempting to achieve Typical Units:... DESIRED PATH A trajectory in space determined by guidance to meet the current mission objectives; DESIRED SPEED (DESS) A guidance control law parameter, generated by the longitudinal guidance modes; speed which controlled speed is attempting to achieve Typical Units: f... DESS Desired speed # z2 x, y$ b8 L" oDEV Deviation 5 N) _$ } t6 b- N4 N. p7 F6 C" |% NDEVIATION Difference from desired; 8 p) F1 {% N" jDEVICE A piece of equipment, a subsystem; Synonyms: physical device, unit 6 b+ F: s+ c& b* b' X y" U3 i2 GDF Direction Finder DFAD Digitized Feature Analysis Data * t) J( k, X% z" ?DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung AG DG Directional gyro DGNSS Differential GNSS DGPS Differential global positioning system. LA- prefix refers to local area DGPS; WA- prefix refers to wide-area DGPS signal retransmission schemes. 4 l8 T0 ]0 B5 J5 D3 dDGT REN Differential GPS DH Decision Height . C3 G f; B: g: W C0 [4 D3 yDHOV Depart from hover

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DIALED IN Slang term for the condition in which the aircraft is set up to fly smoothly and predictably. This is the state where the mechanics and electronics wo... DIFFERENCE EQUATION Distance Measuring Equipment DIFFERENT EQUATION A mathematical relationship to model a continuous function, expressed in terms of derivatives; Initial conditions are usually given or implied. In avi... DIGITAL MAP GENERATOR (DMG) Digital equipment that produces map video, and sometimes contains TRN; uses Digital Terrain Elevation Data and Digitized Feature Analysis Data; Displa... 3 E! N4 ?- i& O- z' V/ TDIGITAL TERRAIN ELAVATION DATA(DTED) On a digital map, data for elevation of terrain; DTED is usually provided by Defense Mapping Agency; Compare: Digitized Feature Analysis Data; * ~% o& O8 ]! W- S. L( ~DIGITIZED FEATURE ANALYSIS (DFAD) On a digital map, data for cultural features such as buildings and roads; DFAD is usually provided by Defense Mapping Agency; Compare: Digital Terrain... DIGITZER Any electronic device capable of converting information to a digital format; usually refers to encoding devices that convert sensed altitude into a tr... DIHEDRAL The V-shaped bend in the wing. The upward angle of the airplane`s wings with respect to the horizontal. Typically, more dihedral causes more aerodynam... 4 c6 V2 x1 K# {* XDIMENSIONLESS No units, such as ratios; Synonyms: unit less; DINA An American improvement of MANDREL airborne jamming device operating in the 95-210 MHz band. Also named PIPERACK when used to counter FuG 220 AI radar... 9 U1 E0 [7 o) c3 L# i# lDING Minor dent or damage to the structure. Also, a nick in a prop. Dinged props must be replaced. DIRECT Towards a point along the shortest distance; Compare: course ! @' h5 E0 _1 R j$ TDIRECTION bearing. 8 V$ |$ Z3 K2 n( t( S/ Y: PDIRECTIONAL STABILITY The tendency of an aircraft to keep flying the direction its pointed. ( Y! o1 w6 J# b* l% O* [DIRTY Extension of gear, hook, flaps, etc. for slow speed flight or landing.

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DIRTY UP Extension of gear, hook, flaps, etc. for slow speed flight or landing. + M* ?" h3 z" D t" }DISCRETE TIME Time divided into quantized intervals; in avionics, time is usually divided into equal intervals to create a periodic process; Compare: continuous tim... * q) K; P* u; b# ?$ a) p+ w) MDISCRETE-TIME EQUATION A mathematical relationship to describe a function of time, expressed in terms of discrete time; Compare: continuous-time equation, difference equatio... 3 k' o e, a0 W0 ^3 j7 R/ V2 |DISTANCE Method of measurement dependent on use; Synonyms: range; 7 l T! D5 E1 }DISTANCE MEASUREING EQUIPMENT(DME) Equipment for measuring distance, usually from an aircraft to a ground station; usually part of a Tactical Air Navigation system , {4 l$ q: ~2 kDISTRESS A condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance. 6 ]9 v- `8 d \- GDITCH To land safely somewhere other than a runway. DIVERT To change from a scheduled landing base to an alternate airfield. DLA Delay (Message of an ICAO FPL) DME Distance Measuring Equipment. DMG Digital Map Generator 6 T$ a; K6 q4 l# u$ I& E" pDNS Doppler Navigation System DOF Distance Measuring Equipment , ^- P2 j$ i4 [; f. [1 |DOMESTIC OPERATIONS Operations within and between: the 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the United States Vi... DOP Dilution of Precision (GPS) ' |6 S6 n6 h0 V( p+ g0 N2 n2 h. cDOPPLER A technique for measuring velocity by radiating and determining frequency shift DOPPLER NAVIGATION SYSTEM (DNS,DPLR) A navigation for measuring velocity by radiating and determining frequency shift; DORSAL FIN An extension of the vertical fin forward of the main part of the fin, and against the fuselage. On the top, or "dorsal" side of the aircraft. u5 ]* s6 S4 G: k# \# U5 LDOWN THRUST Downward angle of the engine relative to the centerline of the airplane. Down thrust helps overcome the normal climbing tendency caused by the torque ... DP Deal Pending ; [! f) U- \1 h, w( c8 M2 ^3 \5 mDPLR Doppler navigation system DR Ded (deduced) reckoning. 0 f$ m3 F. q* g0 T9 G: RDRAG Force created by an airfoil moving through atmosphere, opposite to the direction of motion. The air resistance to forward motion. Drag can be increase... & B/ R) l4 x! W' h9 Q* L r0 xDRIFT Slow, monotonic change in measured data

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DRMS Distance root mean squared. DRUMSTICK Ground based interference with enemy WT transmissions in the 3-6 MHz bands DSO Data source object ( {! k _+ \# I& e* w5 }2 iDSP Data Processing 5 o1 d% ~+ [3 B6 h" TDTED Digital Terrain Elevation Data DTK Desired track $ l1 U. u$ e6 `DTU Data transfer unit 7 b5 c0 F9 n4 K0 d' ^DUAL RATES Radio function used to adjust control sensitivity. 4 Q- K# @) P8 u2 q* |% CDUAT Direct User Access Terminal (US Computer Self-Briefing system) DUNKEL-NACHTJAGD - DARK NIGHT HUNT; German night fighter zone not backed by searchlights 1 K6 k6 `; g4 ~6 V# XDUPLES Separate channels for transmitting and receiving DœPEL The German version of WINDOW. Strips of silver paper dropped to confuse the ground radars E Airspace ICAO Class E * r6 L/ A* V$ DEAA Experimental Aircraft Association ' P. a* [/ H- A3 Z5 ~0 d/ TEAD European AIS Database 4 p& G% A) C9 I/ z4 n1 lEAG European ATFM Advisory Group EANPG European Air Navigation Planning Group (ICAO) + h* {$ T9 [+ A! X- b( L6 REARLY EXTENDED VALIDATION INTEGRATIONPROGRAM (EEVIP) An FAA program, first implemented for the Boeing 777, to give "out-of-the-box" ETOPS clearance to a new plane, rather than waiting for a couple of yea... 2 f' ? w" g& f8 Y7 XEAROM Electrically alterable read-only memory, a type of digital memory device. " J( S2 p; |# c! o1 Z# yEART-REFERENCED FLIGHT PATHANGLE Angle in vertical plane of airspeed vector and groundspeed vector; usual definition for flight path angle; Compare: air-mass flight path angle; Symbol... EARTH COORDINATES Coordinates referenced to the earth; See Also: east-north-up; Compare: body coordinates, stability coordinates $ b) G, P3 M5 gEARTH DATA Environmental data related to the earth at some point of interest; usually a function of latitude and longitude EARTH ECCENTRICITY A measure of the degree to which the earth is oblate; Symbols: epsilon; EARTH MODEL The earth model computes data related to the earth. Most data is a function of position. Standard models are: International, Clarke 1866, Clarke 1880,... EARTH RADIUS Radius of the earth, function of position, separate radii for longitudinal radius and for lateral radius; See Also: state data; Symbols: rho; Typical ... EARTH RADIUS BEST SPHERE Gaussian radius of curvature 6 S6 j$ o$ j; ]' W+ }- u6 e/ u. FEARTH RADIUS EAST/WEST Prime radius of curvature

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EARTH RADIUS NORTH/SOUTH Meridian radius of curvature % p* h. Q8 q1 V: J% gEARTH SPEED Total velocity measured with respect to a plane tangent to the earth`s surface at the current position; a vector composed of velocity north, velocity ... ; T( N! O9 d; B! oEAS European Air Sports ; }! K) r' \- m I5 p6 KEASA European Aviation Safety Authority (planned to replace JAA) EAST-NORTH-UP (ENU) A standard earth coordinate frame and sign convention, where east, north, and up are positive; vertical, or V, is sometimes used in place of up; Synon... 7 V3 C, {' }2 M9 g! @. R5 l7 n+ iEAST-NORTH-VERTICAL (ENV) East-north-up. EATCHIP European Air Traffic Control Harmonization Implementation Project EATMP European Air Traffic Management Plan 5 _8 Q v- ^/ i& n9 }! z" ~EATMS European Air Traffic Management System EATS Empire Air Training Scheme EBAA European Business Aviation Association EC European Commission ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference ("Association" of Europe`s CAAs) J6 }& l4 p8 k4 x' a9 t# k5 uECI Earth Centered Inertial ECM Electronic Counter-Measures. ECOGAS European Council of General Aviation Support EDF Electric ducted fan. A battery-powered fan (rather than exterior propeller) driven aircraft. EEC Euro control Experimental Centre 1 _- t! h( P4 }3 d6 H5 tEEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only-Memory EET Estimated Elapsed Time EFATO Engine Failure At Take-Off (JAR-FCL) 9 {3 D( P9 M0 u) MEFDP European Flight Data Processing EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System EFTS Elementary Flying Training School 8 l0 I# H `, R$ PEGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System EGT Exhaust gas temperature indicator. 7 ?3 H8 k! n0 D! g/ K# Z: F2 _, ?EHS Enhanced Surveillance (Mode S, 2nd step) EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator EICAS Engine indicating and crew alerting system. 9 S$ V$ ]. C; o7 b" D+ cELBA Emergency Locator Beacon-Aircraft % W, V* ^4 e& l: HELECTRIC STARTER A hand-held electric motor used for starting a aircraft airplane engine. Usually powered by a 12-volt battery. ELEV Elevation 2 @$ q+ @( D2 p5 K8 ]) u" aELEVATION An angle in the vertical plane through a longitudinal axis; height above mean sea level, usually of terrain; * _ g0 t' b' `, xELEVATOR Pitch control. Causes the aircraft to raise or lower its nose, resulting in a climbing or diving response. Moving the elevator down causes the tail to...

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ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter (crash-activated transmitter) - p9 _; ~. u6 T& c& Z; l8 TEMC EATMP Management Committee % @0 B# {' s8 i( t h4 Z5 {EMIL ; Nickname for the Bf109E 1 @4 b8 j! Q6 _2 F( w. vEMPENNAGE The vertical and horizontal tail surfaces of an airplane. 7 X+ F7 y6 Z: ]EN ROUTE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLSERVICES Air traffic control services provided aircraft on IFR flight plans, generally by centers, when these aircraft are operating between departure and dest... 2 f5 B }* y+ Y5 qENCAL Encoding Altimeter # p7 D" U3 b N$ gENCODER Displays aircraft`s altitude on ground-based radar screens. 2 m. }& W- R* L& P S4 ]ENGINE The methanol or gasoline fueled power plant used in a aircraft. Two or four-stroke gasoline and glow engines are very popular in aircraft. Four-stroke... 1 f( ]6 @. z9 g" iENGINE COWL A removable covering placed over and around an airplane`s engine. ) C) S! w8 R. v9 ?ENPLANEMENT A revenue passenger boarding an aircraft. ! h9 h5 a$ C3 U" w3 kENPRM Euro control (European?) Notice of Proposed Rule Making ENU East-north-up ENV East-north-vertical ENVIRONMENTAL DATA Atmospheric data and earth data ) q# t+ p( l9 ~( r+ ^EOBT Estimated off-block time . G5 p+ W5 N1 L" X1 d" m, w/ A xEP European Parliament EPOXY A two-part resin/hardener glue that is extremely strong. It is generally available in 6 and 30-minute formulas. Used for critical points in the aircra... . ~: K3 y. k+ s6 ]& ]3 |$ k' w. QEQUIPMENT STATUS Operational status of a piece of equipment consisting of a status indicator and status words; Synonyms: health; ERA European Regional Airlines Association EROS Brand Name for Oxygen Mask , ?9 v0 O+ ^$ W3 G% F, a% FERPROBUNGS GRUPPE Luftwaffe formation for the evaluation of new tactics or techniques , G; Z9 ]9 B( O, yERROR Difference between desired and measured data; Synonyms: delta; ! a" a! W4 t4 d+ t% XESA European Space Agency . ^0 r% d. o$ D# E2 E+ PESC Economic Social Committee 8 d2 ?8 {4 Q: _ESTIMATED Data that is the result of filtering two or more signals; Compare: derived, filtered, measured, raw, selected, smoothed ETA Estimated Time of Arrival. The time the flight is estimated to arrive at its destination. / @0 V' Y- c6 sETD Estimated Time of Arrival

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ETFMS Enhanced Tactical Flow Management System : |+ j6 n/ C* @ETOPS Extended Twin-engine operations. FAA designation of over-ocean flights far from possible emergency landing strips, in which the possibility of engine ... 5 _" p7 x4 l3 \ETSI European Telecommunication Standardization Institute ' c! D% D- A$ o" j# IEU European Union EUAPA European Union Airplane Pilots Association 5 C- |& E$ M3 b: ?6 o3 ]8 ]EULER ANGLES Pitch, roll, and yaw EULER PARAMETERS Four parameters for specifying quaternion; Symbols: e sub . ?" u- ^. e5 o, o' bEUR European Region 4 N- D% ]; C" D; w8 c8 S+ uEUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment EVEREST A standard model for computing earth data ! n' l2 s1 {, G! x& aEXPANDED SCALE VOLTMETER (ESV) Device used to read the battery voltage of the on- board battery pack or transmitter battery pack. EXPANDIG SQUARE SEARCH A pattern of progressively larger squares (a "square spiral") followed for searching the ground from an aircraft; Compare: creeping line search, secto... & p9 ]1 P! v8 u8 hEXPEDITE Used when prompt compliance is required to avoid the development of an imminent situation. EXPONENTIAL This radio function allows the air crafter to adjust the sensitivity of the control towards the center. This will make the small stick motions very pr... EXTENDED OVER-WATER OPERATION 1) With respect to aircraft other than helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest s... EXTERNAL-LOAD ATTACHING means the structural components used to attach an external load to an aircraft, including external-load containers, the backup structure at the attach... 9 [7 ], w0 R8 iEXTROPOLATE Function to determine values from two or values in a table, when the given value lies outside of the range of the table; usually linear but can be hig... $ Q& Z+ W7 Y. k- y1 G( U3 i( E+ HF Airspace ICAO Class F 1 m5 j5 T9 s9 p# G4 z% A4 c( k$ PFA Area Forecast (Meteo) FAA Federal Aviation Administration. 9 E' i5 u( a# `0 ~% _8 CFADEC Full authority digital engine control. 5 _; V7 e0 @6 l5 e0 ?FAF Federal Aviation Administration $ l' c7 M5 F; C0 m. q4 RFAILSAFE A PCM function which moves servos to a pre programmed position if transmitter signal is lost or corrupted. FAIRING A shaped area used to smooth out, streamline, or "fair", the joint between two members of an airplane to reduce drag. A wing fairing joins the wing an... 5 R$ c h3 y9 ?/ a+ B7 {% H3 tFANS Future Air Navigation System (an ICAO project group)

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FAR Federal Aviation Regulations. The laws under which airmen in the US fly. ( U5 n7 {7 g; D* l* s! h2 tFAR 36 NOISE LEVELS In order to meet FAR 36 Stage 3 requirements, the maximum noise level permitted is: *Take Off 89.0 EPNdB *Sideline 94.0 *Approach 98.0 # Q4 i9 s* m5 q, Q6 yFAWP Final Approach Waypoint FBO Fixed Base Operator 2 L- e5 Q7 d# f# r4 L9 r" p: uFBO (FIXED BASE OPERATOR) The small but important building near the ramp and runways of a small airport, from which airfield activity is coordinated. + s8 @( p, u2 RFCC Federal Communications Commission (USA) ; I6 k% Z- }, n' s+ D. ZFCL Flight Crew Licensing $ a& U9 @) |, C; `FCM Flight Confirmation Message FCS Flight control system FD Winds and Temperature aloft Forecast 7 I1 ^- K: F* P* E/ ^3 X) qFDE Fault detection and exclusion (GPS) FDP Flight Data Processing 3 Z! M8 C; Y# ~3 FFDR Flight Data Recorder & e4 X# w8 g/ WFDS Flight Director System FE Flight Examiner FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION(FAR) 14 CFR FAR Part 91 - General Aviation (portions apply to all operators) 14 CFR FAR Part 103 - Ultra light Vehicles 14 CFR FAR Part 105 - Parachute Jum... FERRY FLIGHT A flight for the purpose of: 1. Returning an aircraft to base. 2. Delivering an aircraft from one location to another. 3. Moving an aircraft to and fr... FFAS Free Flight Air Space (Euro control Definition) FFON Flight Phone 0 Q5 I* \8 \+ v2 MFI Flight Identity (Code) - (Mode S Transponder) 1 c+ F( T1 e0 s/ a: Z* xFIC Flight Information Center 9 w, t( a! r% D1 p& t: SFIDGET Interference of enemy high frequency night-fighter transmissions. FIE Flight Instructor Examiner

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FIELD CHARGER A fast battery charger designed to work from a 12-volt power source, such as a car battery. FIGURE 9 Can be an "official" competition maneuver, or a badly-done loop. When the aircraft flies over the top of a loop and picks up too much speed, the momen... FILTER A device to alter a signal; software to alter a data steam; See Also: averaging filter, band-pass filter, complementary filter, first-order filter, hi... L5 p& N# j# A z2 v+ jFILTERED Data that is the result of filtering a signal; filtering is usually more sophisticated than smoothing Compare: derived, estimated, measured, raw, sele... FIN, VERTICAL FIN The fixed portion of the vertical tail surface. ! T& D" J: l2 G& b7 ?4 i8 LFINAL Used to mean an aircraft is on proper heading, descent rate, airspeed, and altitude during runway approach prior to landing, or to a target prior to w... ! Y: z& `0 F$ b3 b4 u8 p) ~FIO Flight Information Office X, r/ Q' v6 D5 {. KFIR Flight Information Region FIRE RESISTANT (1) With respect to sheet or structural members means the capacity to withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as aluminum alloy in di... FIREPROOF (1) With respect to materials and parts used to confine fire in a designated fire zone, means the capacity to withstand at least as well as steel in d... FIRST-ORDER FILTER-ORDER FILTER A filter in which the output follows the input, only more slowly; It is usually implemented in software as a difference equation of period T. The firs... 5 p3 j4 D$ `; v k8 o9 y5 BFIS Flight Information Service FIS-B Flight Information Service-Broadcast FISHPOND Device fitted to H2S to enable wireless operators to scan beneath the bombers for night fighter attacks from below. ) Y+ q" |# l% ]* Q& U+ ]FIX A determination of one`s position based on external data, such as a known terrain point FIXED WING An airplane, as opposed to a rotary wing / helicopter; 4 p- o5 a5 N% E+ q3 F7 dFL Flight Level, Altitude x100 = feet AMSL (FL 70 = 7000ft) at ISA $ s+ w) _; ?! t/ D/ R9 \FLAK Flieger Abwehr Kanonen. German anti-aircraft guns FLAME RESISTANT means not susceptible to combustion to the point of propagating a flame, beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is removed 4 a" u; N+ ~+ rFLAMMABLE with respect to a fluid or gas, means susceptible to igniting readily or to exploding FLAP EXTENDED SPEED means the highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position FLAPS Hinged control surface located at the trailing edge of the wing inboard of the ailerons that act together to increase the lift characteristics of the ... FLARE The point during the landing approach in which the pilot gives an increased amount of up elevator to smooth the touchdown of the airplane. This maneuv... ! n' N2 p; n+ h, H6 W. ]FLASH RESISTANT means not susceptible to burning violently when ignited , }5 ?4 m C$ E! @) O& m: Y* RFLENSBURG ; (FuG 227) German air interception homing device. + J0 P+ s7 O6 ~; G2 o1 q7 TFLGHT PATH ANGLE (FPA) Angle in vertical plane of earth speed vector and groundspeed vector (usual definition), earth-referenced flight path angle; angle in vertical plane o... " M8 T8 A! k, {0 c8 W: eFLIGHT BOX A special box used to hold and transport all equipment used at the flying field. FLIGHT CONTOLS Controls in a cockpit for flying an aircraft; primary flight controls are wheel, yoke, cyclic, pedals, throttle, and collective; secondary flight cont...