航空缩略语词典

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ELPRS Enhanced Position Location Reporting System. 4 I4 z% a# m0 tELS Earth Limb Sensor. 1 e% A; D# F9 W/ M" [2 t& CELSEC Electronics Security. : V; p* N7 T2 p: f* R- W# L# TELSI Enhanced Longwave Spectrometer Imager. 6 `5 ^1 |) ?9 [3 r' L; O- FELV Expendable Launch Vehicle. . T7 h4 Z3 X& ~; m* r' WEmanations Security + Q9 E0 M# S7 Z2 O( x+ \(EMSEC) % w4 h3 M5 X$ x% H" e0 aThe protection that results from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations. EMC (1) Electromagnetic Compatibility. (2) Early Midcourse. 8 c7 d% ?" |4 N+ I+ _5 }' T0 J- PEMCON Emission Control EMD Engineering and Manufacturing Development (previously referred to as FSD). ' G5 l' T6 N$ l4 y( ^4 x7 r0 F5 s1 {6 zEMDCT Expanded Memory DCT. % ~. l9 f7 p7 m0 m1 A* R4 o& UEME Electromagnetic Environment. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E + j9 A# T, u$ F3 b/ S& e5 m93 # y1 U$ D s. c$ I9 v2 B! OEmergency Capability / Z# E0 w( A) |5 K1 z8 w4 I" T3 B(replaces Contingency & O6 Y& U# U" J. ]; T1 tCapability) BMDS elements or components that are still in development or testing that provide limited ballistic missile defense capabilities. MDA, working with the % F9 d0 ^+ z- z5 k1 P: n# z* \3 L3 ZServices, will develop plans, which cover the potential use of prototypes and test 8 W ]1 M. \; ^6 \- L2 Hassets for contingency deployment should the SECDEF determine that an emerging BMD threat requires emergency fielding of a BMDS capability. EMF Electromagnetic Field. EMG Electromagnetic Gun. 1 X! N& c7 h+ t$ rEMI Electromagnetic Interference. " w4 B7 o/ N- O4 L. `, iEMIP See Exoatmospheric Midcourse Interceptor Program. Emission Control (EMCON) 5 V0 x& @- Z) Q& |) Y( [The selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing: a) detection by " p+ l X/ Y5 p4 wenemy sensors, and b) mutual interference among friendly systems. EMCON # v- ^- S" q% J' Hcan also be involved in military deception plans. Also called EMCON. : N! s4 ^$ c9 c. ]EML Electromagnetic Launcher. A device used to launch hypervelocity particles. EMP Electromagnetic Pulse. v" C1 m, I+ E* I0 e! \+ KEMPSKD Employment Scheduling (USN term). EMR Electromagnetic Radiation. 4 F5 b: L9 ?* M2 q( \* T* |+ \EMRLD Excimer Moderate Power Raman-Shifted Laser Device. EMSEC Emanations Security. , N1 x1 `% E1 dEMSP Enhanced Modular Signal Processor. , L' N4 O# ^, r9 T- @EMT Engineering Management Team. EMV Electromagnetic Vulnerability. ENA Engineering: Architecture and Analysis. ENCATT Engineer CATT (US Army term). Enclave Isolated resource – an SDS asset that has lost connectivity with other SDS assets with which it normally has connectivity, but is still capable of coordinating 7 Y0 Y. l" ?9 z0 O8 H* [with SDS assets to conduct ballistic missile defense. Various combinations of connectivity losses are possible; for example, (1) an operations center has lost 6 s4 @; s6 N+ t+ Hconnectivity with Higher Authority, yet can still provide sufficient C2 and can still connect with sufficient weapons and sensors to conduct an engagement and (2) an operations center has loss of connectivity with another operations center with 1 [, z0 e: E! Y, w& q2 ]/ S3 K; T4 swhich it normally shares data, but can still conduct an engagement. 4 t9 l! W( k. V9 o2 ?Endgame FOV The field of view of the interceptor’s sensor during its final maneuvers after target " B/ T" f1 q* H' [& X& Yacquisition to intercept the target. May be less than the acquisition FOV. 7 D* J/ I" L K# W7 X# w8 |2 DEnd Item The final production product when assembled, or completed, and ready for issue/deployment. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E 94 : W, q. `5 g! L5 g' i& pEndoatmospheric Within the earth’s atmosphere; generally considered to be altitudes below 100 km. An endoatmospheric interceptor reaches its target within the atmosphere. ; n+ o6 y& O: oEndo- 9 L1 @. @( |( H0 ~& H4 u. eExoatmospheric . a. R; u* k$ E/ [Interceptor (E2 I) 4 O d u& G1 J6 r7 v! r# ]2 aA ground-based interceptor capable of engaging RVs either endoatmospheric or exoatmospheric. (Successor to High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor ( @, M1 g( O6 \! i+ ^! D(HEDI).) ( i( T9 V2 v7 j; Q s. c$ tENDOSIM Endoatmospheric Simulation. Endurance The time an aircraft can continue flying, or a ground vehicle or ship can continue % m" H7 j7 }( o# {9 L; \/ Uoperating, under specified conditions, e.g. without refueling. ENG Engineering. 4 p9 ^5 W. s; }, iENGAG’T Engagement. Engage (1) In air defense, a fire control order used to direct or authorize units and/or weapon systems to fire on a designated target. (2) In air intercept, a code meaning, “Attack designated contact.” * ~& k4 u( J/ @. e% z3 y& F yEngagement (1) A period of hostilities beginning when the first ballistic missile target undergoes fire from the first defensive weapon. + G- o& U: P* B( f" f(2) A period beginning whenever any hostile object is identified (designated) as hostile and ending after the last hostile object has been attacked. + o" z8 g4 n K# _1 V/ b3 {: D9 [# D- A(3) In air defense, an attack with guns or air-to-air missiles by an interceptor aircraft, or the launch of an air defense missile by air defense artillery and : M) ^9 u4 A }3 Othe missile’s subsequent travel to intercept. 2 V7 B4 Y* g; Z) `3 u; K* T, XEngagement Authorization The authorization given to USSPACECOM to use weapon and sensor systems under previously coordinated and authorized rules, procedures, and conditions. Engagement . q' }) q% i1 T6 ]+ `; w2 z% S6 t! DControl (1) That set of coordination, assessment, decision, and direction functions j, b# x4 P) F9 L9 snormally implemented automatically to execute the selected battle plan, ! h9 o. k( u1 r% p) W, b- f: S; Jmilitary strategy and tactics within partitioned battle spaces (i.e., a spatial/functional subdivision of battle management). Includes the ( n( u5 ^" \3 H7 `8 U$ N$ f: ^3 Vdetermination of: what specific objects to intercept in order to implement the selected military strategy, and which specific interceptors to assign to . f, c4 k: |" b$ y8 Weach attacker to implement the selected tactics within the rules of engagement. 3 z" j- |6 \; c' Q! O& a$ H(2) In air defense, that degree of control exercised over the operational 1 h4 j8 r; r# T4 C: [1 ~functions of an air defense unit that are related to detection, , M* G" T2 d6 kidentification, engagement, and destruction of hostile targets.

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Engagement Planning A set of rules and parameters to be used in developing weapon-target assignments and for sensor resource management. (USSPACECOM) ! [* C) p0 Q$ r! ^- ~Engagement ! Y8 s# @" X- i7 L! N, QSurveillance The surveillance required to support RV negation in the midcourse tier. Engagement 7 P+ ^! a3 K/ F0 N/ @% }Time ( c) a( S% c2 Q7 O; YThe time that a weapon takes while engaging a given target. This includes not only firing at the target but all other necessary weapon functions involved that are unique to that particular target. ) Y P# n/ [3 i5 M2 ~0 DMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E 6 y# Y, m# Z3 F6 E: z' v95 $ ?3 C% h7 Y% B3 AEngineering and - t* W5 r2 R4 {. T+ M# a! S! FManufacturing 4 K$ r D4 O ]# E3 K5 W; FDevelopment (EMD) ! b7 `% X/ R6 @. c0 C. QThe third phase in the acquisition process, following Milestone II. The system G) y" E3 v+ c. aand its supporting items are fully developed, engineered, designed, fabricated, + ?. Y* Z5 }! C" e% Ltested, and evaluated. The intended output is a pre-production system that + K4 f. p! ^* ]6 u8 L& sclosely approximates the final product; the documentation necessary to enter the production phase, and the test results demonstrating that the production product / q& A% }) n7 l' O& hwill meet stated requirements. Engineering Change Proposal # Q& n7 ?' u) M k m' w8 ^7 o(ECP) # _, z; p6 `( z( \: y- j6 qA proposal to the responsible authority recommending that a change to an " }" z/ h- S0 P xoriginal item of equipment be considered, and the design or engineering change ' W- m6 ?9 x7 W: Dbe incorporated into the article to modify, add to, delete, or supersede original , K+ c% M# Y0 s& w) T5 O" Eparts. Engineering ; R& N, l2 z1 a+ P7 h6 M( j1 G* ^Development A funding category including those development programs being engineered for service use but which have not yet been approved for procurement or operation. Money under budget activity 6.4. Y% R( `: k. JEngineering ~/ h4 J" G7 P3 p( M9 Y) XDevelopment Model . p" n2 Q* V" A2 A! Z+ SEnhanced Target % _5 k9 @# `) k' E7 A' ?# ~! U. B* GDelivery System 0 x3 X2 @1 M' \* z4 h3 \(ETDS) An advanced prototype used during the Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase (EMD) to resolve design deficiencies, demonstrate maturing " v J4 C, p% Y6 \; O& Tperformance, and develop proposed production specifications and drawings. Target delivery system being developed for future GMD testing that will 0 L: j+ Z3 g7 Ecomplement existing systems, provide flexible, modular configurations, and will be launchable from land, air, or sea modes : T# [8 y0 \5 ~3 D1 AENNK Endoatmospheric Non-Nuclear Kill. ENSCD Enemy Situation and Correlation Division (JFACC term). ' V8 a* D; g6 V5 A, mEnvironmental " D5 v$ f- \. l/ b5 h cAssessment (EA) A concise public document whose primary purpose is to provide sufficient analysis of environmental effects of an action to determine whether to prepare an environmental impact statement or a finding of no significant impact. Environmental 7 U8 u( B6 d6 e; V% \! QImpact Statement (EIS) - q" m& }0 E* f$ o) C* qA detailed written statement analyzing the environmental effects of a major ! M# M# n `: g; ~, xFederal action. # W3 B3 u9 [( t4 DEnvironmental a5 I8 h) e* C7 y, b. d5 M* M" uSecurity A specialized form of physical security that prevents technical penetration, e.g., penetration by waves of electron beams. % E5 U _& r/ J8 l6 a; W$ T% zEnvironments The media, conditions, and/or physical objects in which a BMD asset is immersed or surrounded. For BMD systems and elements, the comprehensive environments definition consists of natural, hostile, induced, and storage, : ^# u; q- f1 _ ]% e2 z! {6 qtransportation and handling categories. / j9 x, B z/ G$ `* u; j ~' P% K1 Y( |EO (1) Electro-Optical. . ?" h- V7 o# H7 {( m: n# b& h(2) Engagement Operations. (3) End Office. (4) Eyes Only. : \3 @9 R% M2 PEOA Early Operational Assessment. * _) b9 S' E7 Z% F! z# j) [EOB (1) Enemy Order of Battle. (2) Electronic Order of Battle. EOC (1) See Element Operations Center. 2 ] `, t( T0 ?2 @% c+ m(2) Emergency Operations Center MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E ; o! X+ e, a# z1 G" |+ d c- f96 EOCM Electro-Optic Countermeasure. EOCT Element Operations Center Test Bed. EOD Explosive Ordnance Detail EO/IR See Electro-Optics Infrared. 7 W6 o. ^2 D' ?' m7 t; m" {5 fEOM End of Message. ! ?( ]0 C3 B' e: _) g. @2 y/ [EOP Executive Office of the President " T. t* ~: ^6 u. F& [& LEORSAT ELINT Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite (US). EOS Earth Orbiting System (NASA term). 8 A _$ I) c! [" n. G E' O `2 lEOSH Environmental Operational Safety and Health. EP (1) Engagement Planning. (2) Evaluation Plan $ J7 A* T( P2 ^% m: O4 U9 iEP Cycle Engagement Planner Cycle (NMD BMC2 term). EPA Environmental Protection Agency. EPD Engineering Product and Development Ephemeris/ Ephemerides (1) A table showing the positions of an object in space at regular intervals of time. 1 _! F- U! c& p1 M0 O/ T8 h' R(2) A publication giving the computed places of the celestial bodies for each ) K# f% t! v- V+ P7 Uday of the year or for other regular intervals. EPITS Essential Program Information Technology and Systems. 9 U! \5 [& L0 dEPL Emitter Parameter Listing (USN term). 4 W' I% I3 ]+ J8 n: A7 y" nEPLRS Enhanced Position Locator Reporting System. 2 j. |3 z ~ o; j6 EEPO (1) OBSOLETE - ERINT Project Office (US Army term). (2) Element Program # |1 m$ q$ }/ }0 d! X {( LOffice. 5 k! J2 E$ D5 i# i* [EPP Electric Power Plant (PATRIOT). 5 s: w) Y8 i5 o. A, t! ~6 R2 K LEPROM Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory. EQEC EurQuantum Electronics Conference (See CLEO). 8 C- m) X6 l6 w; I* j/ l& u" xEquipment Operationally 5 H0 l. H: `: s1 L3 {Ready 2 r. }3 z3 r O/ T! J7 S9 LThe status of an item of equipment in the possession of an operating unit that indicates it is capable of fulfilling its intended mission and in a system configuration that offers a high assurance of an effective, reliable, and safe performance. ER (1) Enhanced Radiation (“neutron bomb”). (2) Extended Range. ERA Explosive Reactive Armor 0 [. J5 @4 U: c) q* AERADCOM OBSOLETE. Army Electronics Research and Development Command. (Now ) F) m1 Z6 \; T3 g- jLaboratory Command (LABCOM), Adelphi, MD.) " N' l( w0 l3 P8 KMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E 97 ERCS Emergency Rocket Communications System (US). 7 x" x1 B# e( p8 XERD Element Requirements Document. ERG Executive Review Group. 3 n! c4 ]' d1 T9 ], a' uERINT OBSOLETE. Extended Range Interceptor. Now referred to as PAC-3. % U' I9 v+ a1 s1 J. cERIS OBSOLETE. Exoatmospheric Reentry Vehicle Interceptor Subsystem. (Predecessor to Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI).) 2 [2 E# q' r; d5 Y' E' z) ]ERIS(F) OBSOLETE. ERIS Farm. 7 O% _! ^9 g' {: CERP Emitted Radiative Power. ERR (1) Element Requirements Review. (2) Engineering Release Record. ; s8 l+ N) l3 A3 k) ?6 DERS (1) Early Release of Submunitions. (2) Emergency Response System. ESA Electronically Scanned Array. # y8 U$ f; P9 R9 {3 EESAD Electronic Safe and Arm Device. 9 T- o$ U6 H5 p' RESAR Extended Subsequent Application Review. 8 K# h5 G; L, ?" s$ y1 jESC Electronic System Center (AFMC), Hanscom AFB, MA. ESCN Existing Systems and Center Notebook. 2 V' b' P' {, x2 D* F6 sESD OBSOLETE. Electronic Systems Division. (Now Electronic Systems Center, % j3 F; x4 B$ _' `Hanscom AFB, MA.) # o8 h+ \% }! AESH Environmental, Safety and Health ESI External Systems Integration. ESI ICD External Systems Integration Interface Control Document. $ I3 A) r5 Z; l" s8 pESM (1) Electronic Warfare Support Measures. (2) Electronic Support Measures. ESMC Eastern Space and Missile Center, Patrick AFB, FL. ESNet Energy Sciences Network. ESPRIT European Strategic Program of Research in Information Technology. ESQD Explosive Safety Quantity Distance. / |$ Q7 ^, |3 ^5 Y6 NESSM Evolved (Enhanced) Sea Sparrow Missile. ET&C Extended Tracking and Control. ETA Estimated Time of Arrival. ETC (1) Electro-Thermal Chemical. (2) Estimated Time-to-Completion. ETD (1) Estimated Time of Departure. (2) Electronic Transfer Device. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E 98 ETERTS End-to-End Real Time Simulator. ETESD End-to-End Sensor Demonstration. ETI Estimated Time of Intercept. ! y: d9 X; T5 T& BETIC Estimated Time for Completion. ETM Engineering Test Model ; @( n, `2 h; W0 @' L JETR (1) Extended Test Range (Pacific Test Bed) (2) See Eastern Test Range. (3) # v7 k) z% O* u; P1 n# xEnvironmental Test Round. (4) Estimated Time to Repair. ; I5 g2 C+ }0 TETS (1) Experimental Test System. (2) Experimental Test Site. ; m. d% i8 P7 O$ L6 ZEU European Union [formerly European Community (ECI)] 5 J! s7 \% i$ X+ \, [9 pEUCOM European Command. See USEUCOM. ; ~# |& U0 l# E' eEURATOM European Atomic Energy Agency. EUREKA European Research and Coordinating Agency. 8 ^. D% E3 S' I5 {EUT Early User Test. EV Experimental Version EVA Extravehicular Activity. Evasive MRV A reentry vehicle, which maneuvers for the purpose of evading defensive weapons. % v; J! c# o5 ^# XEvent Based Contracting 7 x. L) j0 a+ C( L4 L" ZSupport “event driven acquisition strategy” by linking specific contractual events to the “exit criteria” for the acquisition phase, or to intermediate development ) _5 l, ~7 Z/ b8 y6 {7 h0 Sevents established for the acquisition strategy. # ^8 z6 x9 }0 P5 i( d" p4 uEvent Driven Acquisition Strategy 2 X( d$ h+ q. V2 {! }8 w6 ~/ t) pAn acquisition strategy that links program decisions to demonstrated accomplishments in development, testing, and production. Event Validation A sensor element internal process that results in a determination by the operator " ?! q4 t+ G* I6 n! x! Sthat the sensor is healthy and the event reported is real.

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Event : S4 w T( Z; q" NVerification ' Y! \5 {0 h) hThe process by which it is decided, from SDS external data, that the event 2 R1 @: x" j% g! T$ d$ C! _+ t# c3 ?reported is real. * ~* p, a2 |$ B6 ]( f9 I; i5 V& UMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E 99 Evolutionary ( L! @: }2 ]# w8 KAcquisition ' W; u4 k" E, U% J(1) An approach in which a core capability is fielded, and the system design has $ l" N% o; I4 n% R8 P# c$ X- m% Q) Na modular structure and provisions for future upgrades and changes as requirements are refined. An evolutionary acquisition strategy is well suited to 9 f G) j, w- ahigh technology and software intensive programs where requirements beyond a core capability can be generally, but not specifically, be defined. (2) An acquisition strategy that defines, develops, produces or acquires, and fields an initial hardware or software increment (or block) of operational capability. $ N2 `# M7 [) Y: `" qIt is based on technologies demonstrated in relevant environments, time-phased 6 W/ e3 t/ _, K" Z9 }- I Qrequirements, and demonstrated manufacturing or software deployment capabilities. These capabilities can be provided in a shorter period of time, followed by subsequent increments of capability over time that accommodate improved technology and allowing for full and adaptable systems over time. Each % m0 Z5 m6 G+ H" Z3 f. K' gincrement will meet a militarily useful capability specified by the user (i.e., at least + c. {+ N3 k9 r- o* u2 o* W+ Fthe thresholds set by the user for that increment); however, the first increment may represent only 60% to 80% of the desired final capability. (MDA Lexicon) Evolutionary / @& g1 v6 L2 u' I9 bRequirements Definition 2 L1 z6 i2 w' W- L+ eMission needs are first expressed in broad operational capability terms, and then & `. {$ _, _3 x4 N+ t" \: r% gprogressively evolved to system specific performance requirements. EVPA Experimental Version Performance Assessment. " t0 S/ l: n# q5 h$ q6 J- B7 sEVPA/TEVS Experimental Version Performance Assessment Test Environment System. EVS Enhanced Verdin System. ' Y4 |0 Y3 Z' W6 A) C2 Z+ mEW (1) Electronic Warfare. (2) Early Warning. EW/AA Early Warning and Attack Assessment. 7 d! ^/ A3 n* x( r3 r6 LEWCC Expanded Weapons Control Computer (PATRIOT). EWDA Energy and Water Development Appropriations (US). 4 C: [! t A4 G- v4 z% k- CEWG Event Working Group. 0 f) G& m0 X" N4 u. c. d& ~# A; UEWN Early Warning Net. ; d' {1 X; G$ u+ {EWO Electronic Warfare Officer. 6 f/ E! p9 k" @EWPE Electronic Warfare Pre-Processing Element. ) [+ v5 j4 ? s4 p9 y l; @EWR Early Warning Radar. EWS Early Warning System. EXCEDE Electron Accelerator Experiment. ; i% F g% s, tExcimer A contraction for “excited dimer”; a type of lasant. A dimer is a molecule 0 A8 i: y$ z8 A5 X& ]4 Jconsisting of two atoms. Some dimers (e.g., xenon chloride and krypton fluoride) * n9 d( i. l4 X5 k1 P) Lare molecules, which cannot exist under ordinary conditions of approximate 7 F E v& E" M& p; X" X' uthermal equilibrium but must be created in an “excited” (e.g., energized) condition ) a4 Y% k( X) q3 b2 u: Bby special “pumping” processes in a laser. Excimer Laser (EXL) A laser in which emission is stimulated when a gas is shocked with electrical energy and the excited medium emits light when returning to a ground state. # b( I% b3 Z% R' Z. qMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E * f4 Y3 ]7 ^/ r. d: k1 e0 K100 0 E- D* S0 K* X/ h0 x) ]1 n2 f; G1 Z4 GEXCOM Executive Committee. Executable Program # V, y, Y/ @. C rA program is executable if the PM has adequate near-term approved funding. 4 O2 J0 ~+ C' A$ _Executing Agent The individual within the executing element assigned responsibility for managing MDA funded programs. : K4 |+ h- R; I" oExecuting Elements Agencies or organizations (DoD or non-DoD) that are managing BMD-related programs. Executing # D Q( i# |( @; C( @9 j& ^Responsibility ( @# G/ n3 r5 q4 e) ?Program Manager responsibility. t9 P. G& m* j* U1 E1 fExercise A military maneuver or simulated wartime operation involving planning, preparation, and execution. It is carried out for the purpose of training and evaluation. It may be a combined, joint, or single-Service exercise, depending on participating organizations. See also Command Post Exercise. Exit Criteria Program specific accomplishments that must be satisfactorily demonstrated before an effort or program can progress further in the current acquisition phase & K; C% E9 Q m* hor transition to the next acquisition phase. Exit criteria may include such factors as critical test issues, the attainment of projected growth curves and baseline parameters, and the results of risk reduction efforts deemed critical to the decision to proceed further. Exit criteria supplement minimum required . D/ C# ]% K: Q" Maccomplishments and are specific to each acquisition phase. EXL Excimer Laser. Exoatmospheric Outside the Earth’s atmosphere; generally considered to be altitudes above 100 km. / U! y1 k- G- X! o" I0 AExoatmospheric Reentry Vehicle 2 E' W% M& P, T* n0 |Interceptor Subsystem 4 o# w; z6 a* A+ G5 N+ E(ERIS) c8 M9 {! S |- xOBSOLETE. Interceptor designed to provide functional test validation of GBI. Exoatmospheric ! B }) t6 C2 @) {1 r" |) `' }1 @+ YTest Bed (XTB) 4 m' b5 Y: n7 u7 V. I( _' w9 BFlight qualified and range integrated vehicle to support other programs such as GBI-X. Exo Decoy A decoy that matches RV signature exoatmospherically. Exo decoys can use radar and/or optical means to deceive sensors. Expert Systems Software programs, which use artificial intelligence techniques to capture and apply the non-algorithmic knowledge and procedures of human experts. Expired Appropriation 8 G# B2 M+ D/ t- e6 f6 nAn appropriation that is no longer available for new obligation but is still available 6 y. O; w6 L; e5 w- p2 kfor disbursement to liquidate existing obligations. Under current legislation no disbursement may be recorded or paid after a five-year expiration period. 3 e i9 N4 K1 A' OMaintains all original accounting identity, e.g. FY, appropriation, PE, etc. , z- b( S4 x3 p V2 }EXPLAN Exercise Plan. Explicit Coordination 0 S- @+ ^4 A( ~; g! u8 T" eA battle management technique which communicates results, decisions or S5 j6 P* h/ `! rcommand from one battle manager to another, usually from a higher command / Z' b. F( V' Q+ bto a lower command. # ^" n* u K! `, Z- ]3 AMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 E 0 N2 L/ M6 ^( p; [8 }101 / r3 \# Z% R4 o7 B+ B& o: YExtended Planning Annex ) |8 b# n. u' [A document providing program guidance for an additional 10 years beyond the : ^2 _$ s r0 J1 A; u; I: sPOM. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F , }) \2 Z9 U1 {# E' F3 \' F103 & X( ^* v& x: C" n1 `. |" oF (1) Fluoride. (2) Fahrenheit. # D4 _ E, H& w8 } |7 A5 l3 q4 @F/O (1) Fiber Optic. (2) Follow-On. FA (1) Field Artillery. (2) Feasibility Assessment. 4 q4 i! d: ]( q" tFA/RD Functional Analysis/Requirements Definition. FAA Federal Aviation Administration. FAAD Forward Area Air Defense (US Army). FAAD C2I Forward Area Air Defense Command, Control and Intelligence. 0 x- D4 V* Y: ?2 q* NFAADS Forward Area Air Defense System (JCS term). . G0 f7 C: h# }# RFAAWC Fleet/Force Anti-Air Warfare Commander. : v( x$ R8 Z, G# q0 K! z+ `, fFAB Fly Along Probe. ; s3 [8 L9 m- q( y0 J5 C6 SFac Facility (MILCON term). ) o9 c4 q6 g1 A+ A1 |0 aFACP Forward Area Control Post (JFACC term). $ k8 y9 O6 @# x9 ?FACSPMF Federal Agency Computer Security Program Manager’s Forum. FAD (1) Force Activity Designator. (2) Feasible Test Date. FADEC Full-Authority Electronic Controls. FAFB Falcon AFB, CO. 3 V/ Z8 h- s6 K4 M6 e: L8 qFAFBR Falcon AFB Regulation & ]& f! v6 S( \& V. I4 mFairing Structure to protect the payload during ascent phase. FAIT Fabrication Assembly, Inspection/Integration, and Test. FALCON Fission-Activated Light Concept. FAM Functional Area Management. , M+ V4 h" U) ?" b4 F; X3 o/ Z$ NFAMIS Financial Accounting Management Information System. 5 L+ f3 [4 p" z- e6 E; R. b% OFAMP Facilities Acquisition Management Plan. FAMSIM Family of Simulations (USA term). ( f2 {7 Y3 v- _0 LFAR See Federal Acquisition Regulation. , u7 F- @" T: O" W3 tFar Field The region far from an antenna compared to the dimensions of the antenna and the wavelength of the radiation. . e7 b8 ^6 I, S+ P5 l5 v# o1 |" cFAS (1) Fly Away Sensor (TCMP). (2) Federation of American Scientists. 1 Z% f, }7 n! @; T4 Z' }9 NFAST Facility Allocation Study Team. / K2 X9 G) E% b: N* UMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 8 W/ J- c% N5 F: \; q4 G, t |104 Fast-Burn + r9 U) Y; b- S% i8 rBooster (FBB) A ballistic missile that burns out much more quickly than current versions, % F6 w: s; a xpossibly before exiting the atmosphere entirely. Such rapid burnout complicates 0 i, ?6 d: r: S$ D/ k. z3 xa boost-phase defense. 6 Z2 N4 ^2 p+ @& S) X1 KFAT (1) First Article Testing. (2) Factory Acceptance Test. 9 i! A% g8 D5 Q: QFault Tolerance The ability of a processor to maintain mission effectiveness after some subsystems failed. 6 d5 K4 ~' N. c2 H/ ?Fax Facsimile. FBB Fast-Burn Booster. FBIS Foreign Broadcast Information Service (US). 1 c5 V) i3 @; y$ Y5 i( NFBM Fleet Ballistic Missile. FBMS Fleet Ballistic Missile System (USN term). 4 l# S g8 A; c1 FFBP Forward Based Probe. FBR Forward-Based Radar (US Army term). FBS Forward-Based System. FBXR Forward-Based X-band Radar. 2 q' `2 G+ M. [+ w' M! c3 ?FC (1) Fire Control [of weapons]. (2) Fund Code. - A V$ g z. f" d& @3 h8 e1 V) DFCA Functional Configuration Audit. ( T9 D* w Z6 A: L) m7 q8 uFCC Federal Communications Commission. FCCM Facilities Capital Cost of Money. ) D+ v/ Q% n% y- L3 O4 ]6 aFCN Fully Connected Network. FCO Field Change Order. FCRC OBSOLETE. Federal Contract Research Center. FCS Fire Control Section.

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FCT Foreign comparative testing. FD First Deployment. " c( A% [3 k8 M( a/ p; ZFDA Food and Drug Administration. , K6 p& ^# P% t$ g: ?; {& V" r& u6 gFDC Fire [of weapons] Direction Center. FDG Foreign Disclosure Guide. FDM Function Description Manual. FDO Fee Determining Official. 0 n' p# ^ ^' M. mMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 105 : L8 Z5 M* o! \% p; x6 ~( K. \- jFDP Flight Demonstration Program. FDR Final/Formal Design Review. 6 ]! q7 j3 |9 xFDRU Final Design Review Update (MDA PAC term). FDS (1) Flight Demonstration System. (2) Fault Detection System. % c8 s: `% Z8 C" Y" }9 m" v+ AFDSV Flight Demonstration Space Vehicle. 4 o0 R) \+ D9 x/ Q# g/ t: ]3 W1 WFDT&E See Force Development Test and Experimentation (US Army). FDX Full Duplex (Telecomm/Computer term). + w) s: w5 Q- b5 jFEA Functional Economic Analysis. Feasibility Study A study of the applicability or desirability of any management or procedural 0 S2 _7 P1 P4 p0 e' _+ |+ ]system from the standpoint of advantages versus disadvantages in any given 8 B( i' k0 C. q( |* K1 ncase. ) V8 p5 z" c1 E8 L8 K' AFEBA Forward Edge of the Battle Area. FECA Front-End Cost Analysis FED Federal. & H. K: k4 O4 D. o! }, _FEDAC Federal Computer Acquisition Center. 5 H0 H" t v9 TFederal Acquisition ! @: z# Q+ P, {3 A; Y( L5 L' A" y( WRegulation The primary regulation for use by federal executive agencies for acquisition of ; X( N; O; c, E3 \1 psupplies and services with appropriated funds. It directs the defense program manager in many ways, including contract award procedures, acquisition ! i2 N3 F3 t- o1 Splanning, warranties, and establishing guidelines for competition. The Military 1 F: g% I1 d- {! r: }. k3 oDepartments and DoD issue supplements to the FAR. The DoD supplement is called DFARS (Defense FAR Supplement). % l V2 y5 a$ `( y; j5 P( YFEDSIM Federal System Integration and Management. ) C+ V8 }- h: O, oFEL Free Electron Laser. % ^2 t4 N8 x; t% l2 cFEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency. 8 O9 t. U4 C9 Q# [; _7 vFenced Funding An identified aggregation of resources reviewed, approved, and managed as a distinct entity. The proposed program must be implemented within specified resources. Examples of fences areas are: Intelligence and Security, Support to ; ~8 y# Y& N' y; E# j* e- NOther Nations. FER Financial Execution Review. % h2 n8 c* d* C% B4 l# g. T7 CFES Facility Engineering Surveillance Plan. 1 U% X2 n; W, \. d: q1 s. [ {) tFET Field Effect Transistor. FEU Flight Evaluation Unit. & f# N: u' \2 fFEWS Follow-on Early Warning System. ; C9 S8 `% X; j8 }FF Fire Finder Radar (US Army. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 106 FFBD Functional Flow Block Diagram. FFCD Full, Final and Complete Disclosure (Treaty negotiation term). FFD Fraction Failure Detected. FFH Fast Frequency Hopping. FFP Firm Fixed Price. 9 E' b2 y( ?6 p8 YFFRDC Federally Funded Research and Development Center. ! d0 `5 \. L0 U; w' lFGC Functional Group Code (Navy ILS term). FGEP Fixed Ground Entry Point. 8 o3 \5 p; T- a R6 Q: O+ aFH Flight Hours. / h% K. k& Q0 B7 R. JFI Fault Isolation. FI&A Fault Isolation and Analysis. & @1 P, h1 y& S+ |0 pFIDO Fighter Duty Officer (JFACC term). Field of View (FOV) 4 C# J) R! k6 j( @1 u mThe angular measure of the volume of space within which the system can ( Q6 C1 h/ `9 u3 nrespond to the presence of a target. Fighting Mirror & C# u4 L. x3 L" \% T(FMIR) 2 ^; L6 v6 I5 I! m6 d* OPart of the GBL System. The low orbit mirror, which receives laser energy and - J" n" q. q/ yreflects it to the target. Figure of Merit (FOM) The numerical value assigned to a measure of effectiveness, parameters, or other figure, as a result of an analysis, synthesis, or estimating technique. FIP Federal Information Processing. ' s, x& ]' w' P* _0 c% r% F6 eFIPS Federal Information Processing Standard. Fire Control The control of all operations in connection with the application of fire on a target. / r# w6 B& Z, @) xFire Control 7 w: {% r0 w8 x% {8 |, s& bSystem " A; Z$ b+ h" XA group of interrelated fire control equipment and/or instruments designed for use with a weapon or group of weapons. ; Q* s% b2 A8 C0 Y3 ?# ]Fire Support : I7 { r4 \5 _9 T- |Coordinating 9 q ]7 C" |* e5 k8 RMeasure * b" w/ v( z! ^! @4 Z3 YA measure employed by land or amphibious commanders to facilitate the rapid , h7 w; ]0 ?9 i% r# |: s4 k$ bengagement of targets and simultaneously safeguard friendly forces. Fire Support 6 V' ^8 K# O3 S+ ECoordinating Line 3 S; ?* n- r5 C(FSCL) A line established by the appropriate ground commander to ensure the ) a0 V9 D' y$ M3 f+ F9 ecoordination of fire not under the commander’s control but may affect current 9 o. ]# |: [$ N; Gtactical operations. The fire support coordination line is used to coordinate fires of air, ground, or sea weapons systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets. The fire support coordination line should follow well-defined 2 ?# @$ Q- V @terrain features. The establishment of the FSCL must be coordinated with the appropriate tactical air commander and other supporting elements of the FSCL 2 P: N; B9 S' Z1 X6 b$ Ewithout prior coordination with the ground force commander provided the attack will not product adverse effects on or to the rear of the line. Attacks against : T( Q3 B, @5 L# P, i3 Q7 _* b2 Vsurface targets behind this line must be coordinated with the appropriate ground force commander. 1 E- q( _1 a9 g2 Y- qMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 107 3 D: Q; |' K2 F; Z5 Z3 uFiring Doctrine The ratio and manner of assigning numbers of interceptors against given ; _" X$ D5 f1 C. H- u* cattackers. One-on-one, salvo, shoot-look-shoot, shoot-fail-shoot, etc. are 7 t4 f& J, u. L( ?, I- X2 [examples of different firing doctrine. The priority of targets being defended and the number of interceptors available relative to the number of attackers drive ) c) }# [% F! N5 ?9 Edoctrine. 2 f* G( V4 v$ b& x5 n3 AFiring Rate The number of missiles fired per site per minute. FIRMR Federal Information Resources Management Regulation. 6 `; Y# O% V( p x/ `FIRST Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams. + e& [- r9 C/ X( {; ?4 yFirst Article First article includes pre-production models, initial production samples, test samples, first lots, pilot models, and pilot lots. Approval involves testing and y& E; f; q* |% w1 kevaluating the first article for conformance with specified contract requirements before or in the initial stage of production under a contract. First Strike The first offensive action of a war (generally associated with nuclear operations). First Unit - E8 M+ n# U4 J9 K, i2 h1 DEquipped Date + q7 @( b; U6 nThe scheduled date an end item and its support elements are issued to the 4 y* g: O5 A# {+ Iinitial operational capability unit and training in the new equipment training plan a) z# o# r! H( V i' `2 ?has been accomplished. FIS Facility Installation Standard. Fiscal Guidance The annual guidance issued by the SECDEF in the Defense Guidance which 0 i: J8 {, y. B9 q9 Iprovides the fiscal constraints that must be observed by the DoD Components in + O Y3 R$ `. P9 Ythe formulation of force structures and the FYDP, and by the OSD in reviewing ! L% Q1 C" T5 u1 l% l9 s5 b6 @proposed programs. FISSP Federal Information System Support Program. FIWC Fleet Information Warfare Center (USN term). ! B! X$ a' q0 |) f: Z! UFIX Site Firing-in-Extension (Target Launch site in White Sands Missile Range Northern Extension). Fixed Costs Costs that do not vary with the volume of business, such as property taxes, 7 u. F' P* Y9 ]4 r5 |insurance, depreciation, security, and minimum water and utility fees. Fixed Ground Entry Point (FGEP) ' ]5 |% Y8 f: MThe subset of GEPs, which are not transportable. GEPs provide the $ S7 K% O; o: P) v2 L( v) c, G1 ?1 rcommunications interfaces between the SDS space orbital/sub-orbital elements ' w% r- o# F) a! ~( f9 z) uand the C2E. & }! R1 @2 o( y# O' HFixed Ground Station All hardware, software, and facilities located at a fixed ground site necessary to + e T" E! I/ y7 x$ j [receive, process, support, and analyze mission status and data, and disseminate 1 B+ [4 p7 k; _operational messages. 8 d! Q+ Q! V, D! N- v PFLAGE OBSOLETE. Flexible Lightweight Agile Guided Experiment. (Predecessor program to Extended Range Interceptor (ERINT).) . m1 V! h- x/ w2 lFLC Federal Laboratory Consortium. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 108 % N7 T u0 Q% ^+ o" p9 GFleet Satellite Communications System - \8 _) n/ G3 G7 E! f1 D(FLTSATCOM) Operating at ultra high frequency (UHF), FLTSATCOM allows relatively low-cost ; K8 t' X* J, y" d/ _+ Iterminals with simple antennas for use on highly mobile platforms. It has a 4 J+ e! o w& H3 X1 U. E9 hrelatively small capacity because of its much lower operating frequency. It 2 P+ g4 B2 o: Rprovides a satellite communication system for high-priority communication 5 _; r- S0 E2 q2 l2 [2 Lrequirements for the Navy and Air Force that encompasses almost the entire world. It supports other DoD needs as well. It consists of satellites in geosynchronous equatorial orbit, each with 23 communication channels in the UHF and SHF bands. The Navy has exclusive use of 10 channels for communication with its land, sea, and air forces. The Air Force uses 12 others as part of its " V" O2 c7 B- ~2 W; F: t4 `AFSATCOM system for command and control of nuclear capable forces. The ! U4 K4 r& H; J) v' X) Hsystem has one 500 KHz channel allotted to the national command authorities. Flexible . U" j7 n* r. E! m( k, i/ YResponse The capability of military forces for effective reaction to any enemy threat or ( T! t5 @! l0 Z( eattack with actions appropriate and adaptable to the circumstances existing. $ v6 B# ?9 P% ~FLHER Funds and Labor Hours Expenditure Report. ' \* J8 m& V( eFlight Demonstration System (FDS) % F! G2 N x7 W$ EPart of the SBIRS Low Program Definition and Risk Reduction (PDRR) program * y% X8 F6 o( m) e* I. O& Tphase. The FDS will consist of two satellites and a ground system being built by + e$ E% ^. c: ]2 h% ~TRW/Hughes. The FDS satellites are to be launched in FY99 for a two-year test s, m' |: y* |. g5 `3 r9 eprogram to demonstrate operations and performance of a SBIRS Low concept, 1 M! h, _5 J" t8 o- L( g3 i8 _collect target and phenomenology data to support the objective system design, and validate cost estimating models. Flight Path The line connecting the successive positions occupied, or to be occupied, by an aircraft, missile, or space vehicle as it moves through air or space. (It is more commonly referred to as trajectory for space vehicles, especially ICBMs.) * m9 I# N& I5 u3 h0 ?Flight Readiness Firing 1 E* V1 m8 B9 n" J8 [6 {A missile system test of short duration conducted with the propulsion system ! g0 d- J) Y5 r' ^2 }operating while the missile is secured to the launcher. Such a test is performed to determine the readiness of the missile system and launch facilities prior to & f7 T( w& q5 w9 _flight test. ' z9 N4 d( x: h) G1 ` Z* F3 `Flight Test Test of an aircraft, rocket, missile, or other vehicle by actual flight or launching. ! K6 k" }- t" {8 H5 Z9 L6 B/ |Flight tests are planned to achieve specific test objectives and gain operational information. }( w) f$ {3 @% `9 }Flight Test & |8 N8 \5 T# z( I, r2 GVehicle (FTV) Prototype of airborne or spaceborne hardware used to validate a technology concept.

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FLIR Forward Looking Infrared Radar. FLOT Forward Line of Own Troops. ( t) g" g1 A# k6 `. q3 e$ dFLT Flight. FLTSATCOM Fleet Satellite Communications System. 2 Y7 S% V Q1 HFluence (or Integrated Flux) The product (or integral) of particle (neutron or photon) flux and time, expressed in units of particles per square centimeter. The absorbed dose of radiation (in , C+ k' a* |4 u& ]: ?1 K# nrads) is related to the fluence. (It should be specified whether this is incident or 9 G$ k J6 y ?8 babsorbed fluence). MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F ; b9 J5 x: o" y- J i6 [109 Flyaway Cost The total cost related to the production of a usable end item of military hardware. Flyaway cost includes the cost of procuring the basic unit (airframe, hull, chassis, a( `4 S" T4 ^' u. K letc.), a percentage of basic unit cost for changes allowance, propulsion equipment, electronics, armament, and other installed government-furnished ' e& V' e' {9 j) I) hequipment, and nonrecurring production costs. Flyaway cost equates to 8 w+ o) B# z$ x; aRollaway and Sailaway cost. - v* [' }$ _+ j1 n% x7 [) g: I3 pFM (1) Flare Multiunit. (2) Frequency Modulation. 9 E3 L A$ p# W; D2 ?(3) Functional Manger. 7 E% H" B% I7 h$ ]8 r' s- N: s# a. f+ X(4) Force Module(s). (5) Field Manual. FMA Foreign Military Acquisition. FMB Financial Management Board. + f% K3 p" H( s4 W6 h ?& D5 VFMC Flexible Manufacturing Cell. ; T3 x2 [7 }) ~FMEA Failure Modes Effects Analysis (ILS term). FMECA Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (ILS term). 5 N5 j* P! c1 z; KFMIR Fighting Mirror. FMP Foreign Materiel Program. FMS (1) Flight Mission Simulator (PATRIOT), Huntsville AL. (2) Foreign Military Sales. 0 t5 k! K6 y0 u' s( v2 WFMTV Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (USA term). 4 n2 o/ R+ V9 y5 CFNC Federal Network Council FO Force Operations (PATRIOT). $ W$ _9 a" }- J$ l- B! O' mFO Link Fiber Optic Link. 5 O$ o& q- h" }( ~2 j$ \+ jFOA Future Offensive Aircraft (UK RAF term). ( Y: ~* q( c. I; }( lFOB Forward Operations Base. : _9 S7 P8 o7 y8 x0 yFOBS Fractional-Orbital Bombardment System. 6 _7 Z, J/ E% ?" IFOC Full Operational Capability. Focal Plane The plane, perpendicular to the optical axis of the lens, in which images of points in the object field of the lens are focused. 8 [" S1 r6 s8 {6 S! pFocal Plane / F% a- B' V M# x. d/ TArray (FPA) 9 V3 Y% C9 L6 i1 c. ], NAn FPA is a matrix of photon sensitive detectors which, when combined with low 4 R! q) ~0 _6 |6 S3 ~8 h0 rnoise preamplifiers, provides image data for the signal frequencies of interest. 1 u0 G) P( [6 G* f2 HFOFA Follow-On Force Attack. FOG Fiber-Optic Gyroscope. " z0 g$ O% s; x" J) {8 l# p: ~FOIA Freedom of Information Act (US). 3 `. b' Q) I! u4 y( C5 G+ _MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 110 * T9 q( {8 [% D* `( qFOL Forward Operating Location. - w0 L3 H5 t8 \5 [3 {FOLAN Fiber Optic Local Area Network. Folded Optics Any optical system containing reflecting components for the purpose of reducing the physical length of the system or for the purpose of changing the path of the 8 M1 ?( {3 r5 s4 {9 e& K1 Qoptical axis. * L' s$ x! }1 t$ I6 QFollow-On 3 b% m9 L" A2 F' E4 hOperational Test % m0 P; N# i+ h. u9 Hand Evaluation (FOT&E) That test and evaluation that is necessary during and after the production period 8 C5 e4 G3 T7 \. b9 Tto refine the estimates made during operational test and evaluation, to evaluate 0 l# K5 y4 t/ u- l( o% Bchanges, and to reevaluate the system to ensure that it continues to meet * d$ I( R2 J9 W+ w, E" Voperational needs and retains its effectiveness in a new environment or against a new threat. ! v H. X. d( f/ O* X4 CFOM Figure of Merit. FON Fiber Optic Network. & [/ @$ Y F0 W+ ^& [2 Y: n( @Footprint (1) An estimated area of possible reentry or the solid angle of a detector or 2 G. u" B2 X) A3 b3 n9 Olinear area of a detector at a certain location. - C; i+ u* v \ M(2) Geographic area in which a focused satellite downlink can be received. . p2 _6 s2 `+ b# X& d& j+ s- JFOR Field of Regard. : I7 m D, @# i# \Force Closure The point in time when a supported commander determines that sufficient ?* F1 {- n5 Lpersonnel and equipment are in the assigned area of operations to carry out . d1 t0 s. H' X- Z0 G+ fassigned tasks. Force Development Test and Experimentation . g; @& M. f: U v; H- F* I* V3 lTests employing representative users to examine definition of materiel * S& t6 U# I4 Srequirements or support/assess development of doctrine, training, organization, 3 p9 K A3 E! k2 N' j: Fand logistics for system acquisition. (U.S. Army). Force Direction The operational management of the forces. $ F3 q& e$ k1 A3 ]Force Integration Staff Officer 8 W; N' W* y/ l0 fArmy individual assigned to ODCSOPS to serve as HQDA user representative for a specific system. Provides continuous coordination necessary for integration of ! U W9 ^0 M8 M1 i3 va new system into the Army force structure. , Z" ^7 y! i; o% a; rForce 2 @% M: n$ }' M8 y& t& AManagement ; T' }" K& M; |3 tThe assessment of the effectiveness of the defense forces throughout an 4 o2 K. p7 x8 W! a/ D3 ]( U9 Cengagement and adjustment of tactics and the system configuration as 7 Y9 t1 y B! r6 E- A) D3 enecessary to effectively allocate resources to satisfy mission objectives. Force Reliability The percentage of the missile force that will successfully detonate within 3.5 CEPs of the target. FORDTIS Foreign Disclosure Technical Information System. Foreign e1 r* c- h) O( V- m; p7 e' kGovernment * D9 O6 E6 U7 u' PInformation ! N8 V4 a2 P0 j) vInformation that is (1) provided to the United States by a foreign government or $ L/ u/ g' n/ qgovernments, an internal organization of governments, or any element thereof # x' ^& n( l5 }7 o' w2 k' wwith the expectation, expressed or implied, that the information, the source of the information, or both, are to be held in confidence; (2) produced by the United ! S: |, M4 @4 N/ D8 SStates pursuant to or as a result of a joint arrangement with a foreign 4 _6 G/ s- P, C! D0 lgovernment or governments or international organization of governments * Q! }' W4 v0 I4 Krequiring that the information, the arrangement, or both, are to be held in confidence. 7 U. u7 w1 W8 U5 w, a9 fMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F # C5 m8 B x6 K& F0 h C0 B- e111 Foreign Military Sales (FMS) That portion of U.S. security assistance authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and the Arms Export Control Act, as amended. The recipient provides reimbursement for defense articles and services transferred from the U.S. Includes case sales from stocks (inventories, services, training) by , H- p0 ]/ Q3 e0 o ], H! Pthe DoD defense services. Foreign Security Policy Model A mathematically precise statement of a security policy. To be adequately precise, such a model must represent the initial state of a system, the way in which the system progresses from one state to another, and a definition of a “secure” state of the system. 1 Y2 f3 ^% Z# E, U1 PForm, Fit, and * F) B" k) H5 X% e/ aFunction Data Technical data pertaining to items, components or processes for the purpose of # [% i9 s) u7 `1 z# J# Hidentifying source, size, configuration, mating and attachment characteristics, - P, q* r8 M% H1 T0 q# J1 `functional characteristics and performance requirements. 6 { i* w T3 H& T" gFormal 4 _. ?& J" H' bQualification Review A systems level configuration audit conducted after system testing is completed to ensure that performance requirements have been met. Formerly Restricted Data Information removed from the RESTRICTED DATA category upon joint 9 @- L% n5 Y3 }, H4 }$ jdetermination by DoE (or antecedent agencies) and DoD that such information relates primarily to the military utilization of atomic weapons and that such information can be adequately safeguarded as classified defense information. ' V0 ~! F" u `FORSCOM U.S. Army Forces Command, Ft. McPherson, GA. FORTRAN Formula Translation Language.

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Forward Edge of the Battle Area - p; ?- M% C, ?" p3 Y5 F(FEBA) 6 l- p m& B, S4 U0 ?The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering or screening forces are operating, designated to coordinate fire support, the positioning of forces, or the " I* _( G! \9 ?$ b' ?+ \2 \maneuver of units. ! f5 W+ b% f$ H+ M m8 sForward Funding Carry-over of RDT&E funding into second year of appropriations availability. # P# W, |$ S* x% n: o/ R* hRequires permission from high authority. ! i, L4 w7 h" s) R U- jFOS Family of Systems (TMD). / L% E! w, w) y9 f# AFOSS Fiber-Optic Sensor System. ( q9 {( U6 K, `* sFOT Follow-On Technologies. ) f" n+ o; P( S+ k9 s7 BFOT&E Follow-On Test & Evaluation. FOTC Force Over-the-horizon Track Coordinator (USN term). % S; K& |0 a' K) v* I/ hFOUO For Official Use Only. 6 U- S! h N; r6 u; MFourth . q! _; c+ Y% D6 H* C/ [1 Y! ZGeneration Language / {3 Q* J* s ?8 H; PA programming environment that produces both screen and report utilities for 6 j* ^1 F( {) Z* c" puse by lower-level programming environments. FOV Field of View. FOV Radar [Full] Field of View Radar & }$ A9 V+ \) g5 ?1 P7 v* JFP Focal Plane. 9 l& `( A5 C) M- h% x, gMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 112 FPA Focal Plane Array. ' l7 @) U i% i) `7 e, tFPC Facilities Protection Committee. + f; d7 ]. m: fFPI Fixed Price Incentive. FPS Fixed Radar. ' p9 R( h: A* T7 h% g9 M3 U4 ]FPTOC Force Projection Tactical Operations Center (USA term). FQR Formal Qualification Review. FQT Formal Qualification Testing. FR (1) Federal Register. (2) France. # e* X Z4 x( w1 Z7 k- d& k6 `% DFRACAS Forward Reaction Altitude Control System. FRACS Forward Reaction Altitude Control System. _) T! Q2 Z) |. ]" a8 }4 ^Fragmentation Warhead A warhead, which releases small solid objects to damage or destroy its targets. . B6 `- G! W# {, F* \4 P( E6 Z, JFRAS Free Rocket Anti-Submarine. FRC Fire Control Radar FRD Facilities Requirements Document. # Q7 \3 H) n3 R" I# b$ E5 GFree Electron 9 q3 r2 R- L( b I5 dLaser (FEL) ! E% ?* _3 t3 n+ C8 cA type of laser, which generates radiation by the interaction of an electron beam ! e( H; T+ s8 p! {( a5 `3 S- Nwith a static magnetic or electric field. Loosely speaking, free-electron laser ! a5 S. e: O& @technology resembles and evolved from that used by particle accelerators (“atom $ y2 N" N; e3 c$ t W- H5 B% Csmashers”). Lasers, which are not free electron lasers, are bound electron / k9 r' @( M5 [$ J; v. plasers. Free Rocket A rocket not subject to guidance or control in flight. - Y9 B$ }0 M/ lFrequency Management The act of allocating frequencies, or bandwidths to a telecommunications 8 Q* `+ B) k# |/ b( w. Lsystem, necessary to minimize the potential interference between 3 H3 P3 ~: [- H% I4 ?) Ctransmitting/receiving devices. Governing agencies and international agreement controls authorized use of a particular frequency, frequencies, or bands. FRG Federal Republic of Germany. FRN Force Requirement Number. * _& E5 P2 O3 l' x2 vFROD Functionally Related Observable Differences. % [. a) m& B" c, NFROG Free Rocket Over Ground. FRN Force Requirement Number. FRP Full-Rate Production. FRS Federal Reserve System. FS&E Facility Siting and Environment (MILCON term). MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 113 FS3 Future Strategic Strategy Study. 1 j: ~( d7 T5 pFSAF Future Surface-to-Air [Missile] Family. 3 I1 J1 A6 R0 Z$ {2 OFSC (1) Fire Solution Computer. (2) Fire Support Coordination. . @+ L0 v/ ~' H6 ~FSCATT Fire Support CATT [for Weapons] (US Army term). FSCL Fire Support Coordination Line. FSD OBSOLETE. Full Scale Development Phase. See EMD. # e; U) F9 L2 Y9 vFSE Fire Support Element. FSM Firmware Support Manual. $ m, |; ?3 |4 E; {7 t# fFSP Facility Security Plan. FSS Fixed Satellite Service. FSST Forward Space Support in-Theater. - M" e. d* w( @2 [# W3 IFST Flight System Testbed. FSU Former Soviet Union. * z K2 s% g5 b2 J/ k# lFSU Republics Former Soviet Union Republics. FT Flight Test. 0 [' b. Y1 p8 Y% A( uFt Foot FTC Federal Trade Commission. FTD OBSOLETE. Foreign Technology Division (USAF), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. 7 m6 S# e- H; d# H4 iSee NAIC. FTI Fixed Target Indicator . l' r5 {3 c; s7 N( ]9 q8 bFTLS Formal Top-Level Specification. FTP File Transfer Protocol (ADP/Internet term). 9 K5 M9 x1 I5 {6 V. |FTR Flight Test Round. - V, S! D2 y: q( q. VFTS (1) Flight Test Summary (2) Federal Telephone Service FTS 2000 Federal Telecommunications System 2000. x" b; F& A$ p0 R' c' ^FTV (1) Functional Technology Validation. (2) Flight Test Vehicle. FTX Field Training Exercise. FU Fire Unit (PATRIOT). - Y+ Z7 J3 X! N' \. M3 |FUE First Unit Equipped. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F 114 Full Mission * {9 R2 m8 M) P$ k7 [Capable 9 V0 j6 y3 k/ I3 U4 zMaterial condition of an aircraft or training device indicting that it can perform all of its missions. Also called FMC. $ E& s, U# O+ K! @; P- f, S6 @Full Operational Capability (FOC) " g& j; s' D' A* e7 h0 F3 \The full attainment of the capability to employ effectively a weapon, item of z/ @, W; v, l, e! U) cequipment, or system of approved specific characteristics, which is manned and operated by a trained, equipped, and supported military unit or force. Full Rate Production Production of economic quantities following stabilization of the system design " ] C6 p, e: r4 V) L1 K' _1 Xand prove-out of the production process. ' M0 ]4 W; N1 J5 SFully Configured 8 `/ w' b7 X0 {6 Q7 ?8 BEnd Item % {: F& J2 B0 U, {The final combination of end products, component parts, and/or materials, which is fully ready for its intended operational use. Normally all production units are fully configured. Research and development units may be considered fully 5 a# n/ f7 I( k1 {configured if they are or are planned to become operationally equivalent to the , F7 B4 s8 l j2 p9 Bproduction units.

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Fully Connected Network (FCN) A network in which each node is directly connected with every other node. 2 W0 t$ Y- L' k4 o" m, NFunctional Analysis An approach to the solution of a problem, in which the problem is broken down % U% o$ v! {0 k% a) f6 Yinto its component function, such as intelligence, firepower, or mobility. Each relevant function is then further analyzed and broken down into smaller 3 h, H- _/ S) Y0 {functional components until a level of molecularity suitable for solution of the problem is attained. 4 I/ @8 w+ O+ |1 y" H- g+ lFunctional . t, D% Z0 K, i) }Baseline ' q$ x0 q4 }. X7 {(1) Established after the system requirements analysis/design activity has completed the definition of the system functions and associated data, interface characteristics, functional characteristics for key configuration 4 g9 x1 L0 ~' s, X9 @items, and tests required to demonstrate achievement of each specified ; F6 C1 D9 Y- z* s6 P2 Gcharacteristic. This Government normally controls the baseline. 8 H9 `: `- W i2 G/ H I: P8 ~(2) In configuration management, the initial approved technical ) ]" J- L. L- v qdocumentation for a configuration item. 6 ?# f1 r; }' |5 k' S3 E(3) Documentation describing a system’s functional characteristics and the & N# H4 {# t, O7 P7 T4 B3 yverification required to demonstrate the achievement of requirements. Functional : M8 l ^" t9 D/ w& ~5 @( n9 rConfiguration 1 g7 o/ T( I7 V0 ZAudit (FCA) The formal examination of functional characteristics test data for configuration item, prior to acceptance, to verify that the item has achieved the performance specified in its functional or allocated configuration identification. Functional / E4 C% \" t- y9 _6 DEconomic . x" x+ h; n. l) D) }# V+ |* [Analysis (FEA) A structured proposal that serves as the principal part of a decision package for 0 k) B3 h( U# z: p5 [" u" T0 P9 Penterprise leadership. It includes an analysis of functional process needs or : y, N5 p6 n' r/ Q/ R$ iproblems; proposed solutions, assumptions, and constraints; alternatives; lifecycle costs; benefits and/or cost analysis; and investment risk analysis. It is 8 F* g1 y/ E) X4 h: [6 l4 Dconsistent with, and amplifies, existing DoD economic analysis policy in DoD Instruction 7041.3. Functional Kill The destruction of a target by disabling vital components in a way not immediately detectable, but which nevertheless prevents the target from functioning properly. An example is the destruction of electronics in a guidance ( [! G0 ^3 k1 C3 ^1 A8 t" W/ Tsystem by a neutral particle beam. Also referred to as “soft kill.” 9 U! b8 i9 Q; b! kFunctional Support % Y0 F x1 G2 D6 X- b5 qSystematized methodologies and procedures, or a common set of standards, 2 Y- g# O0 u4 i Y* _5 J$ B+ [applied to materiel acquisition programs. Functional Technology 9 }% {4 Y* p+ G4 O+ w% d/ E' g, iValidation (FTV) " I' l+ w4 B. Z( [* ]# b! e& GProgram with the intent of proving or disproving a technology is useful for a given application. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 F $ o$ s M! ]' N1 v: i: a115 " m0 k+ n8 [: K- n" B% j" {Functional Testing 4 n; ]) i4 i& B% b$ CThe portion of testing in which the advertised features of a system are tested for correct operation. 4 r3 L& v6 y# M$ f. k( w8 D: bFunding Profile Program funding, usually displayed in columnar spreadsheet format by years, ) {' w- j. z- o2 n) Z5 z+ U) Rstarting with previous year through current year and out-years. Z9 W7 B% `5 S; L* a# QFuture Years Defense Program (FYDP) The official DoD document that summarizes forces and resources associated with programs approved by the Secretary of Defense. Its three parts are the ( i1 l1 z$ o/ |7 c2 Lorganizations affected, appropriations accounts and the 11 major force programs ) A/ l- y* `7 Y; v& V% v+ L(strategic forces, airlift, R&D, etc.). Under the biennial PPBS cycle, the FYDP is updated in even years in April (POM); October (budget); and then in January (President’s budget) of odd years. The primary data element in the FYDP is the , E l4 Z2 i j( M2 n0 S3 BProgram Element (P.E.). Formerly known as the Five Years Defense Program. FWCA Fixed Wing Combat Aircraft. * I- R3 n8 ~# S5 UFwd Forward. 4 q& @( |5 }3 b. ~% h3 j% HFXBR Forward-based X-Band Radar. ) d: ~1 G t0 i6 [% wFY Fiscal Year. / ^3 R s6 X9 \0 X4 c3 wFYDP Future Years Defense Program. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 G : ^% A1 i: f% g& q116 G Giga (one thousand million). ' N; x; K) j1 ?- A# gg Gram. ) \" ` o3 Y; fG&A General and Administrative costs. G&C Guidance and Control. G&O Goals and Objectives. . d. x' E; U( @" cG/A Ground-to-Air G/G Ground-to-Ground. GaAs Gallium Arsenide. Galosh The Soviet Anti-Ballistic Missile system built to defend Moscow from missile 5 a& g. f; }! battack. Gamma-Ray Electromagnetic radiation resulting from nuclear transitions. Although incorrect, D$ ~2 B6 f* h9 \- V% g; @! Khigh-energy radiation, particularly “bremsstrahlung,” is sometimes referred to as ) X/ i, P. o) Y0 ?9 s5 bgamma radiation. ' G* h2 j7 e* x0 u/ cGamma-Ray Laser ! j( B0 Y4 Z% @ sA laser which generates a beam of gamma rays; also called a “graser.” A gamma-ray laser, if developed, would be a type of x-ray laser; although it would employ nuclear reactions, it need not (but might) employ nuclear fission or fusion $ M; f7 x: J3 y" B3 |0 _9 zreactions or explosions. 2 x3 e- G8 n( F" `! b/ wGAMS GPS (Global Positioning System)-Aided Munitions. 0 C0 h5 I' \6 fGaNMPA Gallium Nitride Microwave Power Amplifiers. (A demonstration program to develop + T0 U, _* F4 Y: L' mGaN based transistors and integrated circuits for power amplifiers in systems such as Ground Based Radar. Goal is to reduce total weight and size by a factor of 10). 9 @3 E Q! z1 j8 FGAO General Accounting Office. ; Z5 T7 Q+ u: {4 L6 TGARDIAN General Area Defense Integrated Anti-missile Laser System. 7 k- N, a8 o, c( R0 xGAT Government Acceptance Testing. 2 o* G# o( ` C- |4 [4 UGAT CALL Guidance, Apportionment, and Targeting Call (JFACC term). / \7 W( x& C$ [/ QGATE Graphic Analysis Tool Environment. Gateway An element that contained a node on the SDS backbone network as well as on some other network(s) and would have performed protocol and format conversions necessary to accept messages from one network and retransmit them on the other. GATS GPS (Global Positioning System)-Aided Targeting System. GB (1) Ground-Based. (2) Gigabyte. 2 Z0 ]$ t; `/ LGBD Global Burst Detector. GBDL Ground-Based Data Link. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 G ( e7 c( W, } C$ u1 t4 v117 GBEV Ground Based Experimental Version. GBFEL Ground-Based Free Electron Laser. + d8 D* y( L* V% B5 U$ R0 |GBHE Ground-Based Hypervelocity Gun Experiment. GBHRG Ground-Based Hypervelocity Rail Gun. ; W+ Y2 \* }) cGBI OBSOLETE. See Ground-Based Interceptor. ) k0 }/ s# ?/ ?& x* N6 OGBI-P Ground-Based Interceptor – Prototype. GBI-X Ground-Based Interceptor Experiment. GBKV Ground-Based Kinetic Kill Vehicle. 0 T& T5 c* d! {$ y7 TGBL Ground-Based Laser. + i, q7 Y" s' B* X6 E0 XGBLD Ground-Based Launcher Demonstration. 4 {; L5 |/ ^8 {6 D7 KGBLRS Ground-Based Laser Repeater Station. + u+ L" \" o$ N# |( rGBM Global Battle Managers. GBMD Global Ballistic Missile Defense. 8 z8 n! `2 h; @5 C d3 @GBMI Ground-Based Midcourse Interceptor. * `, |, H8 [4 b. }$ Z# p6 c& g9 AGBOS Ground-Based Optical System. GBPST Ground-Based Passive Signal Tracking. GBR See Ground-Based Radar. * D, R% q- b2 \9 G9 B- H3 j$ R. hGBR-M Ground-Based Radar-Midcourse. GBR-O Ground-Based Radar-Objective. GBR-P Ground-Based Radar-Prototype. GBRT Ground-Based Radar Terminal. & g6 w' u& K& o2 S( M, [ X( UGBR-X The experimental version of the GBR. GBRF Ground-Based Radio Frequency.

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GBRI Ground-Based Rocket Interceptor. GBRT Ground-Based Radar Terminal. 6 |/ ]2 E8 u* x+ H. D* n8 }, O: {8 fGBS Ground-Based Sensor. GCA (1) Guidance, Control, and Avionics. (2) Guidance, Control, and Airframe. GCC Ground Component Commander (JFACC term). GCCS Global Command and Control System. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 G 118 GCI Ground Control Intercept. GCN Ground Communications Network. # o; o3 O( }& {, |# F; PGCS Ground Control Station. GD General Dynamics. 2 n* z7 y+ a, q8 aGDL Gas Dynamic Laser. GEDI Ground-Based Electromagnetically-Launched Defensive Impactors. GEM Guidance Enhancement Missile (PATRIOT). 6 R6 J# \; O# S7 M2 eGeneral Manager 9 Q9 T# X+ n( J# `$ x1 NProgram ! b. ?& y. X" C/ O& aManagement ; z, P% z; H! z8 G# r+ t7 ~Directive (GPMD) 6 x% D( o7 C! ?+ GOBSOLETE. The primary document used by the GM to direct the Service BMD PEO on the specific actions necessary to fulfill BMD program requirements. General 1 L! h# z+ f) z; z0 b' iSpecifications ( \9 K, d0 w- l6 D W+ F3 O+ RA general specification covers requirements common to two or more types, classes, grades, or styles of products, services or materials; this avoids the repetition of common requirements in detail specifications. It also permits changes to common requirements to be readily affected. General specifications : D0 |& o% ~+ H) c( e; G' I6 ?9 k [may also be used to cover common requirements for weapons systems and - Q6 ^& }7 n& \/ Qsubsystems. Generic Rest of : d( q% M3 C1 }* HWorld Target (GROW) ! w! r. y( L% \% |! U& FStrategic target being developed for GMD program. GEO Geo-synchronous Earth Orbit. GEODSS Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System. 0 t- f$ o0 Z2 K3 e% f+ Q) UGeo-stationary ( G) _6 {. s* `0 r' g9 x# [Orbit (GSO) 5 I. n4 P; {1 ~" u1 M* r Y7 p: KAn orbit 35,784 km above the equator. A satellite placed in such an orbit 3 `& T6 O- l% Z* c4 Jrevolves around the earth once per day, maintaining the same position relative ' x3 H& P; j% Q3 M, S4 F+ tto the surface of the earth. It appears to be stationary, and is useful as a , _3 ?2 u) ]+ _2 V# ^" vcommunications relay or as a surveillance post. GEP OBSOLETE. Ground Entry Point. IFICS. 6 ^8 E5 \( k8 b# U- q7 HGES Ground Engineering System. - ?; Z5 a+ N- t q9 Y2 G$ PGFE Government Furnished Equipment. See Government Furnished Property. 4 r* z. t& A u0 r; aGFI Government Furnished Information. 7 B$ u) |; L5 j* G$ S* {GFM Government Furnished Material. / T# H! t0 L* S" U/ R* ~2 _GFM/P Government Furnished Material and Property. See Government Furnished 2 s% n- [ T. ~$ g; Y6 UProperty. GFP Government Furnished Property. . v i$ K7 n; p+ C" oGFS Government Furnished Software. See Government Furnished Property. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 G 9 r$ e! `# L. h' p" P119 Ghosting This condition occurs when two or more targets reside close to the same plane also containing two sensors viewing the targets so they are within experimental # }! Z$ l, b3 e! @determination of having the same hinge angle F. Thus, ghosting depends on ) P8 g2 Y. y1 V' U% B' W, iLOS error and positions. 1 _2 O5 q# T7 I9 CGHz Giga Hertz (1 x 10(9) Hz). GIDEP Government/Industry Data Exchange Program. GIF Generic Interface. GII Global Information Infrastructure. GIP Ground Impact Point. * b$ z1 w) `! Q" \GIS Geographic Information System. / l/ W! m* I, D% A: o# U# UGITIS Government Integrated Technical Information System. ]0 {" T2 V# i0 m( ?( C( F) pGLCM Ground-Launched Cruise Missile. 1 S: o& D6 u/ m, DGLP Ground Launched Probe. See Brilliant Eyes Probe. ' S V* \3 o7 v' f" P1 \Global Environment The ISTC Global Environment is responsible for the creation, propagation, and maintenance of test scenario common knowledge, how subsets of this 5 v$ w( Q( d. Z- m6 \8 Y8 rinformation will be determined, and how common knowledge will be disseminated 1 A& J! q9 f5 y* fto the various element representations (nodes). The Global Environment performs functions which are common to the scenario such as timing, health, status, state vectors of objects, and effects models. Global ) m7 o4 a' Z# g1 xPositioning System (GPS) The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System is a space-based radio navigation - B$ f* p: W$ v& L3 [ inetwork providing precise positioning and navigation needs of all the military services. In the fully operational configuration, there will be 18 satellites in six orbital planes with an orbit period of 12 hours at 10,900 nautical miles altitude. K7 l0 s- @4 U) G8 F NEach satellite transmits three L-band, pseudo-random noise-coded signals, one S-band, and one ultra high frequency for spacecraft-to-spacecraft data relay. Global Protection Against Limited / b% L0 c- G7 i5 c4 bStrikes (GPALS) OBSOLETE. GPALS was an architecture denoting an anti-missile system designed to provide protection against limited ballistic missile strikes, be they deliberate, accidental or unauthorized—whatever their source. GPALS was ( O2 ?: P, X: |5 Y: _6 z: Pcomposed of three interrelated segments: (1) theater ballistic missile defenses, and associated space-based sensors, to protect U.S. forces deployed abroad, & y4 S3 p* p: Aand our friends and allies; (2) ground-based defenses, with space sensors, to protect the entire United States against long-range ballistic missiles; and (3) interceptors based in space – Brilliant Pebbles – capable of providing 0 ~+ _/ \, v- D3 P8 ^# M3 j1 Acontinuous, global coverage by intercepting enemy ballistic missiles with ranges greater than several hundred miles. $ n' @1 \7 }4 M3 @7 z& g! tGlobal Protection 8 i/ X! }" f; D0 Z6 H0 Q' iAgainst Limited Strikes (GPALS) ( B6 d& m) z6 D" j; a d N- UProgram 0 R6 Z# P/ |+ x" sOBSOLETE. The GPALS Program consisted of six Major Defense Acquisition Programs: GPALS System/BMC 3 b' Z. G3 |" U2 h3 m, National Missile Defense (NMD), Global Missile 8 U r) s2 G, I2 [3 u$ kDefense (GMD), Upper Tier Theater Missile Defense (UTTMD), Corps SAM, and 2 G4 c- G" |& k J) W. }PATRIOT. Army PEO GPALS was re-designated PEO Missile Defenses in 1992. GLOBIXS Global Information Exchange System. , f" J3 S% b f# d5 iGLONASS Global Navigational Satellite System. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 G 9 t9 b9 E/ m, r6 r/ S120 % X3 F) e/ g* _8 bGLOW Gross Lift-Off Weight. GLP Ground Launched Probe. See Brilliant Eyes Probe. GLS Ground-Launched Sensor. # V: _ o7 h0 K; WGM (1) Guided missile. (2) General Manager. GMACC Ground Mobile Alternate Command Center. - F1 \2 l) J# }+ ?GMAOC Ground Mobile Alternate Operations Center. ( c& u8 }& b o$ \GMCC Ground Mobile Command Center. GMCP Ground Mobile Command Post. 2 t: K. O$ C( G6 ]. \GMD (1) Ground-based Midcourse Defense (formally National Missile Defense) (2) 6 V$ T9 I! m0 S1 ?% l( y5 r3 g9 uGlobal Missile Defense (OBSOLETE). GMT Greenwich Mean Time. 2 x, v! y; \5 L/ mGMTT&C Ground Mobile Tracking, Telemetry, and Control. 8 c% @! ^$ `) ]! r5 X$ uGN&C Guidance, Navigation, and Control. 5 z) ~4 ]( _: `5 I+ H: [2 WGNC&P Guidance, Navigation, Control and Propulsion. GND Ground. GOCO Government Owned, Contractor Operated. GOES Geo-stationary Operational Environmental Satellite. {& J1 G5 @/ E' ~8 SGOI Government of Israel. GOJ Government of Japan.

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GOSG General Officer Steering Group. GOSIP Government Open Systems Interconnect Profile (CALS term). GOSP Government Open System Protocol (CALS term). ' M8 A, L% t$ ^" o3 \, J* ~GOTS Government Off-the-Shelf. 9 O5 a8 G+ I; _) yGov’t Government. Government Furnished Property Property in the possession of, or directly acquired by, the Government and " w: _7 C& \0 L6 Lsubsequently made available to the contractor. (See FAR 45.101.) 8 c: t8 _+ ^# u# s; X+ EGovernment Verification / G1 ?7 o+ }2 C7 SManagement Plan (GVMP) + G9 x+ m) s# yA management document that provides the overall framework for BMDS verification. It includes processes for implementation, organizational relationships, and stakeholder responsibilities. It covers the full scope of BMDS verification and identifies how all BMDS verification activities will come together to $ Q; Y1 J n6 D7 ?7 q6 Mconfirm BMDS capability. # ?8 o3 ^5 v+ A1 V+ Z! J5 UMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 G 4 p" K" h# b9 o. G" x121 GP Group. GPALS Global Protection Against Limited Strikes. 2 ]- O) Y8 k3 c% P( l3 BGPC Global Protection Center. * i% ~1 h& Q. `' p: K: r5 P3 vGPMD General Manager Program Management Directive. GPO Government Printing Office (US). , a% ~' e. ?: A, gGPP General Purpose Processor. GPS (1) Global Positioning System. (2), Global Protection System. GPSIU GPS Interface Unit. GPU Guidance Processor Unit (US Army term). Graceful Degradation A condition in which a system continues to operate, providing service in a 9 r$ @# S/ s0 v/ s, Q Q( fdegraded mode rather than failing completely or catastrophically. GRASER Gamma-Ray Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. (See Gamma- . U' \8 ?3 V' A2 L9 FRay Laser.) GRC General Research Corporation. 9 F( i5 T1 K. PGreen Code Interface Software. 8 u" {$ I! K2 U; AGround-Based & _ z0 ]0 w2 ADefense The ground-based sensor and weapon systems of BMD. 4 i% n8 ]2 o8 Q* ~7 @8 e X8 n5 zGround-Based : j) V+ D5 u) v5 x; fInterceptor (GBI) A kinetic energy exoatmospheric interceptor with long flyout range to provide, ' p' S+ n% S ^" uwhere possible, a multiple engagement capability for defense of the U.S. with a relatively small number of missile launch locations. It is designed to engage ' V6 M: y0 e% v8 ]post-boost vehicles and/or RVs in the midcourse phase of flight. (USSPACECOM) (Successor to Exoatmospheric Reentry Vehicle Interceptor % `$ M5 L7 s/ \2 }( n' |8 t% b* VSubsystem (ERIS).) See EKV. - v+ D5 |2 C9 ^9 Y5 ~9 uGround-Based Interceptor 7 v: S @ r% }+ W1 H* iExperiment (GBI-X) Designed to infuse advanced technology and promote competitive environment for GBI. Ground-Based Radar (GBR) - b9 }& U1 e% ~* n* \5 q, HA task-able, modular, multi-function, phased-array radar that provides 2 c5 P* F }3 P4 G. lsurveillance, tracking and engagement planning data in post-boost, midcourse, ) R9 Q( B7 v4 |* t6 U2 xand terminal flight phases within its capabilities. It also provides target * H% ~& Y3 x9 r# w/ idiscrimination, in-flight target updates (IFTUs), and target object maps (TOMs) to 7 A2 h/ c8 P0 }) N5 u$ v3 B: f' \$ iinterceptor vehicles. See THAAD. (USSPACECOM) - I. M7 r0 W/ ~' s3 I* L( EGround-Based Radar Terminal 3 r% C( O6 Z- o) d$ I(GBRT) 8 w! D' T- F/ K; vThe sensor for the NMD system. An X-band, ground-based, phased array radar ; M" m0 T8 h3 H, dcapable of detecting, tracking, and providing discrimination information to a ground-based interceptor. % k" ~' Z2 |, \- l/ L3 {0 pGround-based Surveillance and + i) [% {0 U- X) a9 A* @# rTracking System (GSTS) , X% H% P, \ x- qA fast-response rocket-launched sensor, which can support the SDS midcourse sensor suite by employing multiple Long Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) wavebands and a visible waveband sensor to provide tracking and discrimination of & Q" F/ u/ D3 {6 d8 Z! o9 |potentially lethal targets. 5 x- x5 \- {9 _0 q2 \* RMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 G 122 Ground Entry Point (GEP) OBSOLETE. GEPs provide the communications interfaces between the SDS space orbital/sub-orbital elements and the C2 E. See IFICS. Ground Mobile 6 i4 H4 l6 s# ~1 l& I9 wRegional ( T# Y) L4 U" e t5 ~Operations , r8 r5 O* ~% ]Center ; Y9 H8 p8 \5 D; T' T% @9 Y; p(GMROC) 1 c) _- A/ E9 \* KTransportable ground segment of the Regional Operations Center. Ground Zero The point on the surface of the earth at, or vertically below or above, the center of a planned or actual nuclear detonation. 1 f7 y1 v( r" _6 Z+ o: xGS Garrison Support (US Army term). GSA General Services Administration (US). GSDC Ground Station Demonstration Lab. ' m& e4 ]/ D7 J, j, `5 @GSE (1) Ground Support Equipment. (2) Government Support Equipment. GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. $ ~/ d3 B1 @6 i( X! RGSII Government Services Information Infrastructure. + D2 e2 h l) W# g- P6 H0 r1 IGSM Ground Station Module. GSO Geo-stationary Orbit. 4 V( ]: o) X/ Z/ F1 IGSR Ground Station Radar. ; a% \) H: Z- x3 |, z+ nGSTS OBSOLETE. A fast-response, rocket-launched, Long Wavelength Infrared - N9 i' y0 w/ ~4 g8 }7 O7 K(LWIR) and visible waveband sensor, which would have enhanced the information available from the SDS’ midcourse sensor suite by providing tracking and discrimination data on potentially lethal targets. GSTS (F) GSTS Farm. GTA Ground Test Accelerator. / U/ h! G1 H- |" hGTACS Ground Theater Air Control System. GTE GTE Corporation. GTF Guided Test Flights. GTM Global Track Manager. GTN General Technical Note. # ]9 e# U( ^# E5 C" HGTR Gulf Test Range, Eglin AFB, FL. 1 L) @+ @1 \# n4 _" [. JGTSF Guidance Test and Simulation Facility (PATRIOT), Huntsville, AL. GTV Guided Test Vehicle. GUI Graphic User Interface. : \" F4 h0 G& SMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 G 123 Guidance (1) Direction, altitude control, and navigation (where appropriate) of sensors / e- Y/ a" Q" o0 Sor interceptor vehicles. (2) The entire process by which target intelligence information received by a 6 l E* `8 X+ ]) y: Oguided missile is used to effect proper flight control to cause timely $ l8 k* c: ^$ z H) d2 z2 \direction changes for effective target interception. 4 q- t. G; V$ z% Q2 d7 c* c2 tGuidance $ v. t) ^ C& U. q0 ZEnhanced - o( A: F2 B4 c/ ]. o& v' f0 hMissile (GEM) 5 K1 K1 }0 }3 S/ FA companion program to PATRIOT PAC-2, which includes enhancements to the radar to increase intercept range and performance. Guidance 2 c* `' G# Z$ I4 Z9 u8 K, wSystem (Missile) A system, which evaluates flight information, correlates it with target data, determines the desired flight path of the missile, and communicates the * H" R* r j/ x0 ?necessary commands to the missile flight control system. Guided Missile An unmanned vehicle moving above the surface of the earth, whose trajectory or flight path is capable of being altered by an external or internal mechanism. ) A" t/ z% v n* b6 eGVSC Generic VHSIC (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit) Spaceborne Computer. GWAPS Gulf War Air Power Survey, 1994 [a DoD-sponsored survey]. Gwd Giga watt-days. GWEN Ground Wave Emergency Network. * D* ?1 J/ ?4 Q0 ^GZ Ground Zero. . v X* k8 n% |& `MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 H 124 H Hour. & P9 E5 i8 U* }5 U k& G! HH&S Health and Status. H/W Hardware. HA Higher Authority. HABE High Altitude Balloon Experiment. HAC House Appropriations Committee (US). HADS High Altitude Defense System. , y& s5 f' V' S5 J' E# \HALE High Altitude Long-Endurance. ) |: m+ c6 p0 C4 X/ ]0 RHALE UAV High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Half-Value ; ]4 H& @! j" x9 U3 Q5 t! RThickness (HVT) The thickness of a given material, which will absorb half the gamma radiation incident upon it. This thickness is inversely proportional to its density and also 8 h% Z* E0 g* z/ B# H+ Ldepends on the energy of the gamma rays. HALO II High Altitude Observatory II " @- Y0 Q6 Z" \2 F5 c% ZHAMS Hardness Assurance, Maintenance and Surveillance. 9 o! \; y% Q9 R$ ]6 d' P6 \Handoff This occurs when information on positions, velocities and tracks are given by one sensor or system to another and the first sensor or system continues to track the ; u) H* d) G% t; @1 a. Oobjects. Handover This occurs when information is passed on to another sensor or system in which 7 ?9 l) N3 e8 w( z- ~, ythe first does not continue to track. . M7 ^1 z$ X' S7 A4 HHAOI High Altitude Optical Imaging.

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HAOIS High Altitude Optical Imaging System. HAP High Altitude Probe. d2 g: i7 V' K; l: s0 d6 F: t; aHard Kill (HK) Destruction of a target in such a way as to produce unambiguous visible evidence of its neutralization. Hardening Design and manufacturing process and other measures, which may be employed to render military assets less vulnerable. HARDMAN Hardware/Military Manpower Integration (Navy ILS term). 9 H; x' e( c/ Z4 a+ _, p6 y: C8 CHardness A property of a target; measured by the power needed per unit area to destroy the target. A hard target is more difficult to kill than a soft target. 5 t! C4 P% F- e/ Z+ FHardware-in-the- Loop (HWIL) " U* ]0 s( u5 jTests in which BM/C3 computer and communication test systems will be in communication with some of the hardware test facilities developed for other BMD technology programs. Hardware : z0 |$ j6 d2 F% g9 Q& L% }Security Computer equipment features or devices used in an ADP system to preclude / ~' E- V2 Y. dunauthorized access to data or system resources. ' R3 O v% S% p9 x3 JHARM High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 H % C' M: Z: l1 z+ o) Z2 t2 o125 HASC House Armed Services Committee (US). HASP Hardened Ada Signal Processor. HATELM High-speed Anti-TEL Missile. 5 B$ a6 j- u& `; V/ C! ~HATMD High-Altitude Theater Missile Defense. (U.S. Army) HAVE STARE Name assigned a proven sensor capability. HAWK Homing All-the-Way Killer. HBCU/MI Historically Black Colleges and Universities/Minority Institutions. HBHO Hard-body Hand-over [algorithms]. 8 r: [8 l) g3 [' }5 q% |; l- oHCO High Consequence Option (Safety Engineering term). HCT Mercury Cadmium Telluride. 5 G( P7 X" N: \+ e* n& gHDA Hybrid Detector Assembly. HDBK Handbook. HDR High Data Rate. HDX Half Duplex (TelComm/Computer term). HE (1) High Explosive. (2) High Energy. , l' f" w/ B5 N7 W) V# t: P/ @2 gHealth and Status # {% v7 Z# R. }2 _(H&S) Health and Status pertains to a unit’s ability to assess the conditions of its ; I: V$ b M$ v! F3 |subsystem functions. The term H&S is used for units in remote locations, such as satellites, where ground controls must interface with BITE to determine operational status of the satellite and its equipment. # t0 J4 C: u6 E' W2 W" q+ V! }Heavy Replicas 4 I5 Q3 Z. F6 D* ^(HREPS) : W( m, l" V/ H$ D5 qDecoys, which by virtue of shape, size, and mass, closely approximate an RV’s signature. HREPS have significant off- load penalty. HEDI OBSOLETE. See High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor. HEDR High Endoatmospheric Defense Radar. HEDS High Endoatmospheric Defense System. HEI High Endoatmospheric Interceptor. HEL High Energy Laser. w( L- p8 f0 j0 BHELKS High Energy Laser Kill System. HELLO High Energy Laser Light Opportunity. / u$ A, @' |4 o8 b7 h( D; T1 I/ EHELSTF High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility. % @, \7 D. J+ T, OHELWS High Energy Laser Weapon System. 4 l( F; F8 i2 q/ G1 W0 N% IHEMP High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 H % F, Y, @( c7 ?3 b. E; a8 Y126 HEMTT Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (US Army prime mover). , k; R0 C& [' Y+ Q' O$ X* N' JHen House Soviet area defense radar used as a component of the Moscow ABM system 4 T9 R! F% y2 k- u0 V0 U, M% _% mthat provides VHF coverage of space to monitor orbiting satellites and early ; H( l2 g5 x* v( Q/ l) Lwarning of ICBMs launched from the U.S. HEO See High Earth Orbit. 0 t" _. @! R8 b& zHERA (1) An improved surrogate TBM test target. (2) Two-stage, ground launched solid propellant theater target vehicle. (MDA Lexicon) HERO Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (SM-2 Bk IVA). HESP High Efficiency Solar Panel. & c9 ]5 C2 p! a; G7 M* K( UHEU Highly Enriched Uranium. HF (1) High Frequency. (2) Hydrogen fluoride. & N3 R0 G- _9 ~HF/DF (1) High Frequency/Direction Finding. (2) Hydrogen Fluoride/Deuterium Fluoride. (Chemicals used in IR chemical lasers). ' f, l1 U( y7 z) O+ H( R; OHFCNR High Frequency Combat Net Radio. ! z5 ]: L6 R- Y# G, h; }; i% YHFE Human Factors Engineering. HgCdTe Mercury Cadmium Telluride. HHB Headquarters and Headquarters Battery. 1 K; p9 e3 L' ]' H9 N S6 |) i6 XHIBEX High-Acceleration Boost Experiment. HIBREL High Brightness Relay. HIC Human-in-Control. / F& i' }- S# ?/ A4 \% oHICOM High Command (Navy term). HICTB Human-in-Control Test Bed. HIDACZ High Density Aerospace Control Zone. HIDAR High Data Rate. ! P' b2 C) \: B# O; l& V: wHigh Earth Orbit (HEO) An orbit about the earth at an altitude greater than 3,000 nautical miles (about ' f/ w- Q( r e* N4 o5 \, Y5,600 kilometers). High + W j7 j; y! Q. rEndoatmosphere . q8 q! f' i8 @# ~+ BThat portion of the earth’s atmosphere, generally above 40 km altitude. 8 ?1 ~4 j) l gHigh 3 r$ {0 x. _. }/ Z4 G4 NEndoatmospheric Defense + J! d& @2 R6 u& \- qInterceptor (HEDI) OBSOLETE. Interceptor concept designed to engage RVs within the (upper or ' U" J- ^+ L" p+ Ihigh endo) atmosphere. (Predecessor to Endo-Exoatmospheric Interceptor (E2I).) 3 {/ w- f f- y9 p/ AMDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 H 127 # }5 ?& k y! |6 f( x0 MHigh Density Aerospace * @, H/ r, L5 B( Q: g/ Q( H0 y- pControl Zone : m3 n5 U" @, E2 a A: \(HIDACZ) Airspace designated in an airspace control plan or airspace control order, in 5 j7 Q$ N2 P9 _& q: Z$ Awhich there is a concentrated employment of various weapons and users. A HIDACZ has defined dimensions, that usually coincide with geographical features or navigational aides. Access to a HIDACZ is normally controlled by the " _8 ~6 B, i; s" c4 X/ Imaneuver commander. The maneuver commander can also direct a more restrictive weapons status within the HIDACZ. , }8 A) s: Z1 k7 O( G C# \- ]Higher Authority - d: d* S5 M( }Interface ( i. B' {2 M N. oPolicy, strategy, doctrine, readiness conditions, and rules of engagement from / x6 ^% O k( {1 Y4 Nhigher authorities for use by the defense system in conducting system 4 K2 ^: p* F' h& ?7 q$ @- {/ G, doperations including specific orders specifying actions such as testing, defense 2 \1 q7 g$ ]1 t9 Genabling, pre-delegation of authority, etc. Also the reporting of situation ; Z4 h* @0 ~. _- _/ M3 [) g+ \assessment and system readiness to higher authority. , ?; n% G4 m5 b3 q4 @' oHigh Order / w) @! @8 M6 n5 n. w4 n. M! cLanguage (HOL) A programming language that requires little knowledge of the computer on which a program will run, can be translated into several different machine languages, allows symbolic naming of operations and addresses, provides features designed to facilitate expression of data structures and program logic, and usually results in several machine instructions for each program statement. 0 m: _ I' {/ v5 k- yHIL Human In-the-Loop. HIMAD High to Medium Altitude Air Defense. / f, Y8 F6 S6 |4 c9 w+ L6 v; d X% @HIMEZ High Altitude Missile Engagement Zone. 7 H/ }; O" {# LHIP Hot Isostatic Processing. + b+ f* {5 `4 S& _' }HIRAM High Resolution Infrared Auroral Measurements. , D% w3 d; u0 AHISEM High Speed Environmental Multi-burst Model. " K. q4 x; V, w% Q" LHIT (1) Heterojuncture Internal Photomissive. (2) Homing Interceptor Technology. 0 V3 @) G5 X' x& hHK Hard Kill. : ^$ V- c2 c% F, _HKV Hit to Kill Vehicle. * m+ X' Z3 \0 h1 p3 XHLD Hardware Description Language. / V% `' c% V* WHLLV Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle. * G9 l; b% W8 f7 H+ ?HMC&M Hazardous Material Control and Management. HMI Human Machine Interface. " F% ?, [- E/ HHMMWV High Mobility Mutli-purpose Whealed Vehicle (USA term) (pronounced Hum Vee). HMPC Hazardous Maintenance Procedure Code. HMSC Hughes Missile System Corporation. , e" E% j8 V; f9 OHOB Height of Burst. $ i4 V3 m4 p, m5 P3 q7 IHOE OBSOLETE. Homing Overlay Experiment. (Predecessor program to Exoatmospheric Reentry Vehicle Interceptor Subsystem (ERIS).) HOL High Order Language. * @+ H0 @0 Q# ~" d1 C% D; U7 ^ @MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 H 128 , {4 @: [3 n" M' A) bHoming All-the- Way Killer $ Q& v& ?8 i E M( @* Z(HAWK) (1) Upgrades to the HAWK interceptor and radar system to provide the Marine Corps with a mobile point theater ballistic missile defense 3 ~5 [$ Q3 m! g+ W: j' Acapability. (2) A mobile air defense artillery, surface-to-air missile system that provides 1 d! [& t! V. ]0 s. \0 {non-nuclear, low to medium altitude air defense coverage for ground forces. Designated as MIM-23. 5 C8 d" ]# q7 OHoming Device A device, mounted on a missile, to aid its guidance to a target. The homing & s. ^. W& g* v6 P* Gdevice uses sensors to detect the position of, or to help predict the future 5 f/ ]7 ?- \* u. f) \- Wposition of a target, and then directs the missile to intercept it. The homing , U' ]) H- m8 _# T; Z. ?; M8 ]device usually provides frequent target position updates during the flight of the 9 C3 l {3 q8 mmissile. ! o( f5 s1 d: R. q, VHoming 5 m" M! V% [. _9 N DGuidance 9 l3 o( [! e4 _A system by which a missile steers itself towards a target by means of a selfcontained mechanism which is activated by some distinguishing characteristics of 9 o. o6 J+ d z. \( i8 fthe target, such as an infrared signature. ' K0 H. X+ b2 T7 r+ F( vHOMS Homing Overlay Mission Simulation. HOST Hardened Optical Sensor Testbed. ' U, N2 B$ _3 V* ~' \- zHost Installation A designated DoD facility that provides non peculiar SDS support of SDS # |! [+ x- B5 e! D" C4 {elements. Hostile ! [' ], S% P" P. s1 K6 Z0 `' @Environment Those environments that result from a BMD system engagement of an enemy threat or collateral conditions resulting from deliberate hostilities. Hostile # e- h; Q- z) aenvironment categories currently applicable to National Missile Defense are Nuclear, Battle Debris, and Electronic Warfare. * ^+ @6 t* A; nHostile Track The classification assigned to a track that, based upon established criteria, is 4 W3 b% e0 h5 ?6 }8 w( W8 H2 {determined to be an enemy threat. 4 N K0 U5 J5 h3 \8 ?Host Interface The interface between a communications processor and a host computer. Host Nation 5 T4 U7 ^; r- b& }: FSupport , ?( I: S9 x+ w# BCivil and/or military assistance rendered by a nation to foreign forces within its territory during peacetime, crisis or emergencies, or war based on agreements " B4 t9 k8 P S0 E" n, y+ {1 Cconcluded between nations. hp Horsepower. 1 E( i* R$ @* i7 ]: p- uHPA High Power Amplifier. - a0 |) e1 N: c4 aHPC High Performance Computing. 9 I7 Y! o$ ?! ]" x0 r# {# AHPCC High Performance Computing and Communications. + J8 R( q9 x4 v) c$ D4 O! o# QHPG Homopolar Generator. & M! v4 s' G" [, N, D0 J* SHPI High Power Illuminator (Hawk). * {' [. _: Y( p4 R( `HPIR High Power Illuminator Radar. HPL High Power Laser. % u0 b2 d$ i8 {) c0 V3 SHPM High Power Microwave. 4 j0 Q/ Z% {) ?/ e: R+ fHQ Headquarters. MDA GLOSSARY, VER. 4.0 H ; w/ K4 o3 K/ n129 HQMC Headquarters, Marine Corps. . ^& s7 q, D( D1 W: HHRDS High Resolution Display System. HREPS Heavy Replicas. 7 s L7 ?, P" x( o+ ^& K) GHRR High Range Resolution. HRSA HICTB Requirements, Support and Analysis. 0 i1 O- Z( w7 i$ Z. T' sHSDB High Speed Data Bus (TelComm/Computer term). HSFB High Speed Fleet Broadcast (Navy term). HSI Human Systems Integration. 0 P6 d. k8 b9 B% A. V: z z- QHSV Huntsville, Alabama. 9 |8 ]' q( M- gHTICIA High Technology Crime Investigation Association. 8 F. f8 L% z1 a( Z( ?% O# g+ {HTI Horizontal Technology Initiative. HTK Hit-to-Kill. " l3 G7 v+ o/ @! D OHTMIAC High Temperature Materials Information Analysis Center. 8 i" M! \2 X, tHTML Hypertext Markup Language. ; D. S1 i0 E4 D5 k; G* ]HTPB Hydroxy-Terminated Poly Butadiene. HTS (1) High Temperature Super-conducting. (2) Hawaii Tracking Station. HTSA Host Tenant Support Agreement. HTSS Hardened- sub-miniature Telemetry and Sensor System. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol. 2 X% E# }- W8 }6 G7 \, a$ v* xHUD Heads Up Display. % F+ K* s: c* m/ c- {& M$ OHuman Factors A body of scientific facts about human characteristics. The term covers all 1 K# e" F6 C' B5 xbiomedical and psychosocial considerations; it includes, but is not limited to, principles and applications in the areas of human engineering, personnel selection, training, life support, job performance aids, and human performance evaluation. * K9 I, F1 u" s& e6 p' E3 p8 EHuman Factors 2 u k' m. n3 e( d( L) E; p' g3 KEngineering The design of man-made devices, systems, and environments to enhance their * J' j$ X. H+ Kuse by people. Also called human engineering, human factors, and ergonomics.