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Controlled Airspace
State/City Airport
Peoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greater Peoria
Springfield . . . . . . . . . . Capital
INDIANA
Evansville . . . . . . . . . . . Regional
Fort Wayne . . . . . . . . . . International
Indianapolis . . . . . . . . . . International
South Bend . . . . . . . . . . Michiana Regional
IOWA
Cedar Rapids . . . . . . . . . The Eastern Iowa
Des Moines . . . . . . . . . . International
KANSAS
Wichita . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mid-Continent
KENTUCKY
Lexington . . . . . . . . . . . Blue Grass
Louisville . . . . . . . . . . . Standiford Field
LOUISIANA
Baton Rouge . . . . . . . . . BTR Metro, Ryan Field
Lafayette . . . . . . . . . . . . Regional
Shreveport . . . . . . . . . . . Barksdale AFB
Shreveport . . . . . . . . . . . Regional
MAINE
Bangor . . . . . . . . . . . . . International
Portland . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Jetport
MICHIGAN
Flint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bishop International
Grand Rapids . . . . . . . . Kent County International
Lansing . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital City
MISSISSIPPI
Columbus . . . . . . . . . . . AFB
Jackson . . . . . . . . . . . . . International
MISSOURI
Springfield . . . . . . . . . . Springfield-Branson Regional
MONTANA
Billings . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logan International
NEBRASKA
Lincoln . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal
Omaha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eppley Airfield
Offutt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AFB
NEVADA
Reno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cannon International
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Manchester . . . . . . . . . . Manchester
NEW JERSEY
Atlantic City . . . . . . . . . International
NEW MEXICO
Albuquerque . . . . . . . . . International
NEW YORK
Albany . . . . . . . . . . . . . County
Buffalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greater Buffalo International
Islip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Island MacArthur
Rochester . . . . . . . . . . . Greater Rochester International
Syracuse . . . . . . . . . . . . Hancock International
State/City Airport
NORTH CAROLINA
Asheville . . . . . . . . . . . Regional
Fayetteville . . . . . . . . . . Regional/Grannis Field
Greensboro . . . . . . . . . . Piedmont Triad International
Pope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AFB
Raleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raleigh-Durham International
OHIO
Akron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Akron-Canton Regional
Columbus . . . . . . . . . . . Port Columbus International
Dayton . . . . . . . . . . . . . James M. Cox International
Toledo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Express
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma City . . . . . . . Will Rogers World
Tinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AFB
Tulsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International
OREGON
Portland . . . . . . . . . . . . . International
PENNSYLVANIA
Allentown . . . . . . . . . . . Allentown Bethlehem-Easton
PUERTO RICO
San Juan . . . . . . . . . . . . Luis Munoz Marin International
RHODE ISLAND
Providence . . . . . . . . . . Theodore Francis Green State
SOUTH CAROLINA
Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . AFB/International
Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . Metropolitan
Greer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greenville-Spartanburg
Myrtle Beach . . . . . . . . Myrtle Beach International
Shaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AFB
TENNESSEE
Chattanooga . . . . . . . . . Lovell Field
Knoxville . . . . . . . . . . . McGhee Tyson
Nashville . . . . . . . . . . . . International
TEXAS
Abilene . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regional
Amarillo . . . . . . . . . . . . International
Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austin-Bergstrom International
Corpus Christi . . . . . . . . International
Dyess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AFB
El Paso . . . . . . . . . . . . . International
Harlingen . . . . . . . . . . . Rio Grande Valley International
Laughlin . . . . . . . . . . . . AFB
Lubbock . . . . . . . . . . . . International
Midland . . . . . . . . . . . . . International
San Antonio . . . . . . . . . International
VERMONT
Burlington . . . . . . . . . . . International
VIRGIN ISLANDS
St. Thomas . . . . . . . . . . Charlotte Amalie Cyril E. King
AIM 2/14/08
3-2-8 Controlled Airspace
State/City Airport
VIRGINIA
Richmond . . . . . . . . . . . Richard Evelyn Byrd
International
Norfolk . . . . . . . . . . . . . International
Roanoke . . . . . . . . . . . . Regional/Woodrum Field
WASHINGTON
Point Roberts . . . . . . . . Vancouver International
Spokane . . . . . . . . . . . . Fairchild AFB
Spokane . . . . . . . . . . . . International
Whidbey Island . . . . . . . NAS, Ault Field
WEST VIRGINIA
Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . Yeager
WISCONSIN
Green Bay . . . . . . . . . . . Austin Straubel International
Madison . . . . . . . . . . . . Dane County Regional-Traux
Field
Milwaukee . . . . . . . . . . General Mitchell International
3-2-5. Class D Airspace
a. Definition. Generally, that airspace from the
surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation
(charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have
an operational control tower. The configuration of
each Class D airspace area is individually tailored and
when instrument procedures are published, the
airspace will normally be designed to contain the
procedures.
b. Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment
Requirements:
1. Pilot Certification. No specific certifica-
tion required.
2. Equipment. Unless otherwise authorized
by ATC, an operable two-way radio is required.
3. Arrival or Through Flight Entry
Requirements. Two-way radio communication
must be established with the ATC facility providing
ATC services prior to entry and thereafter maintain
those communications while in the Class D airspace.
Pilots of arriving aircraft should contact the control
tower on the publicized frequency and give their
position, altitude, destination, and any request(s).
Radio contact should be initiated far enough from the
Class_D airspace boundary to preclude entering the
Class D airspace before two-way radio communica-
tions are established.
NOTE1. If the controller responds to a radio call with, “[aircraft
callsign] standby,” radio communications have been
established and the pilot can enter the Class D airspace.
2. If workload or traffic conditions prevent immediate
entry into Class D airspace, the controller will inform the
pilot to remain outside the Class D airspace until
conditions permit entry.
EXAMPLE1. “[Aircraft callsign] remain outside the Class Delta
airspace and standby.”
It is important to understand that if the controller responds
to the initial radio call without using the aircraft callsign,
radio communications have not been established and the
pilot may not enter the Class D airspace.
2. “Aircraft calling Manassas tower standby.”
At those airports where the control tower does not operate
24 hours a day, the operating hours of the tower will be
listed on the appropriate charts and in the A/FD. During
the hours the tower is not in operation, the Class E surface
area rules or a combination of Class E rules to 700 feet
above ground level and Class G rules to the surface will
become applicable. Check the A/FD for specifics.
4. Departures from:
(a) A primary or satellite airport with an
operating control tower. Two-way radio communica-
tions must be established and maintained with the
control tower, and thereafter as instructed by ATC
while operating in the Class D airspace.
(b) A satellite airport without an operating
control tower. Two-way radio communications must
be established as soon as practicable after departing
with the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the
Class D airspace as soon as practicable after
departing.
5. Aircraft Speed. Unless otherwise autho-
rized or required by ATC, no person may operate an
aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface
within 4 nautical miles of the primary airport of a
Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more
than 200 knots (230 mph).
c. Class D airspace areas are depicted on Sectional
and Terminal charts with blue segmented lines, and
on IFR En Route Lows with a boxed [D].
d. Arrival extensions for instrument approach
procedures may be Class D or Class E airspace. As a
general rule, if all extensions are 2 miles or less, they
remain part of the Class D surface area. However, if
any one extension is greater than 2 miles, then all
extensions become Class E.
e. Separation for VFR Aircraft. No separation
services are provided to VFR aircraft.
AIM 2/14/08
3-2-9
Controlled Airspace
3-2-6. Class E Airspace
a. Definition. Generally, if the airspace is not
Class_A, Class B, Class C, or Class D, and it is
controlled airspace, it is Class E airspace.
b. Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment
Requirements:
1. Pilot Certification. No specific certifica-
tion required.
2. Equipment. No specific equipment
required by the airspace.
3. Arrival or Through Flight Entry Require-
ments. No specific requirements.
c. Charts. Class E airspace below 14,500 feet
MSL is charted on Sectional, Terminal, and IFR
Enroute Low Altitude charts.
d. Vertical limits. Except for 18,000 feet MSL,
Class E airspace has no defined vertical limit but
rather it extends upward from either the surface or a
designated altitude to the overlying or adjacent
controlled airspace.
e. Types of Class E Airspace:
1. Surface area designated for an air-
port. When designated as a surface area for an
airport, the airspace will be configured to contain all
instrument procedures.
2. Extension to a surface area. There are
Class_E airspace areas that serve as extensions to
Class B, Class_C, and Class D surface areas
designated for an airport. Such airspace provides
controlled airspace to contain standard instrument
approach procedures without imposing a commu-
nications requirement on pilots operating under VFR.
3. Airspace used for transition. There are
Class_E airspace areas beginning at either 700 or
1,200 feet AGL used to transition to/from the
terminal or en route environment.
4. En Route Domestic Areas. There are
Class_E airspace areas that extend upward from a
specified altitude and are en route domestic airspace
areas that provide controlled airspace in those areas
where there is a requirement to provide IFR en route
ATC services but the Federal airway system is
inadequate.
5. Federal Airways. The Federal airways are
Class E airspace areas and, unless otherwise
specified, extend upward from 1,200 feet to, but not
including, 18,000 feet MSL. The colored airways are
green, red, amber, and blue. The VOR airways are
classified as Domestic, Alaskan, and Hawaiian.
6. Offshore Airspace Areas. There are
Class_E airspace areas that extend upward from a
specified altitude to, but not including, 18,000 feet
MSL and are designated as offshore airspace areas.
These areas provide controlled airspace beyond
12_miles from the coast of the U.S. in those areas
where there is a requirement to provide IFR en route
ATC services and within which the U.S. is applying
domestic procedures.
7. Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E
airspace begins at 14,500 feet MSL to, but not
including, 18,000 feet MSL overlying: the 48_contig-
uous States including the waters within 12 miles from
the coast of the 48 contiguous States; the District of
Columbia; Alaska, including the waters within
12_miles from the coast of Alaska, and that airspace
above FL_600; excluding the Alaska peninsula west
of long._160 _00'00''W, and the airspace below
1,500_feet above the surface of the earth unless
specifically so designated.
f. Separation for VFR Aircraft. No separation
services are provided to VFR aircraft.
AIM 2/14/08
3-3-1
Class G Airspace
Section 3. Class G Airspace
3-3-1. General
Class G airspace (uncontrolled) is that portion of
airspace that has not been designated as Class A,
Class_B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace.
3-3-2. VFR Requirements
Rules governing VFR flight have been adopted to
assist the pilot in meeting the responsibility to see and
avoid other aircraft. Minimum flight visibility and
distance from clouds required for VFR flight are
contained in 14_CFR Section 91.155.
(See TBL 3-1-1.)
3-3-3. IFR Requirements
a. Title 14 CFR specifies the pilot and aircraft
equipment requirements for IFR flight. Pilots are
reminded that in addition to altitude or flight level
requirements, 14 CFR Section 91.177 includes a
requirement to remain at least 1,000 feet (2,000 feet
in designated mountainous terrain) above the highest
obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical
miles from the course to be flown.
b. IFR Altitudes.
(See TBL 3-3-1.)
TBL 3-3-1
IFR Altitudes
Class G Airspace
If your magnetic course
(ground track) is:
And you are below
18,000 feet MSL, fly:
0_ to 179_ Odd thousands MSL, (3,000; 5,000; 7,000, etc.)
180_ to 359_ Even thousands MSL, (2,000; 4,000; 6,000, etc.)
AIM 2/14/08
3-4-1
Special Use Airspace
Section 4. Special Use Airspace
3-4-1. General
a. Special use airspace consists of that airspace
wherein activities must be confined because of their
nature, or wherein limitations are imposed upon
aircraft operations that are not a part of those
activities, or both. Except for controlled firing areas,
special use airspace areas are depicted on aeronauti-
cal charts.
b. Prohibited and restricted areas are regulatory
special use airspace and are established in 14 CFR
Part_73 through the rulemaking process.
c. Warning areas, military operations areas
(MOAs), alert areas, and controlled firing areas
(CFAs) are nonregulatory special use airspace.
d. Special use airspace descriptions (except CFAs)
are contained in FAA Order JO 7400.8, Special Use
Airspace.
e. Special use airspace (except CFAs) are charted
on IFR or visual charts and include the hours of
operation, altitudes, and the controlling agency.
3-4-2. Prohibited Areas
Prohibited areas contain airspace of defined
dimensions identified by an area on the surface of the
earth within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited.
Such areas are established for security or other
reasons associated with the national welfare. These
areas are published in the Federal Register and are
depicted on aeronautical charts.
3-4-3. Restricted Areas
a. Restricted areas contain airspace identified by
an area on the surface of the earth within which the
flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is
subject to restrictions. Activities within these areas
must be confined because of their nature or
limitations imposed upon aircraft operations that are
not a part of those activities or both. Restricted areas
denote the existence of unusual, often invisible,
hazards to aircraft such as artillery firing, aerial
gunnery, or guided missiles. Penetration of restricted
areas without authorization from the using or
controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to
the aircraft and its occupants. Restricted areas are
published in the Federal Register and constitute
14_CFR Part 73.
b. ATC facilities apply the following procedures
when aircraft are operating on an IFR clearance
(including those cleared by ATC to maintain
VFR-on-top) via a route which lies within joint-use
restricted airspace.
1. If the restricted area is not active and has been
released to the controlling agency (FAA), the ATC
facility will allow the aircraft to operate in the
restricted airspace without issuing specific clearance
for it to do so.
2. If the restricted area is active and has not been
released to the controlling agency (FAA), the ATC
facility will issue a clearance which will ensure the
aircraft avoids the restricted airspace unless it is on an
approved altitude reservation mission or has obtained
its own permission to operate in the airspace and so
informs the controlling facility.
NOTE-
The above apply only to joint-use restricted airspace and
not to prohibited and nonjoint-use airspace. For the latter
categories, the ATC facility will issue a clearance so the
aircraft will avoid the restricted airspace unless it is on an
approved altitude reservation mission or has obtained its
own permission to operate in the airspace and so informs
the controlling facility.
c. Restricted airspace is depicted on the en route
chart appropriate for use at the altitude or flight level
being flown. For joint-use restricted areas, the name
of the controlling agency is shown on these charts.
For all prohibited areas and nonjoint-use restricted
areas, unless otherwise requested by the using
agency, the phrase “NO A/G” is shown.
3-4-4. Warning Areas
A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions,
extending from three nautical miles outward from the
coast of the U.S., that contains activity that may be
hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose
of such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating
pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be
located over domestic or international waters or both.
AIM 2/14/08
3-4-2 Special Use Airspace
3-4-5. Military Operations Areas
a. MOAs consist of airspace of defined vertical
and lateral limits established for the purpose of
separating certain military training activities from
IFR traffic. Whenever a MOA is being used,
nonparticipating IFR traffic may be cleared through
a MOA if IFR separation can be provided by ATC.
Otherwise, ATC will reroute or restrict nonparticipat-
ing IFR traffic.
b. Examples of activities conducted in MOAs
include, but are not limited to: air combat tactics, air
intercepts, aerobatics, formation training, and
low-altitude tactics. Military pilots flying in an active
MOA are exempted from the provisions of 14 CFR
Section 91.303(c) and (d) which prohibits aerobatic
flight within Class D and Class E surface areas, and
within Federal airways. Additionally, the Department
of Defense has been issued an authorization to
operate aircraft at indicated airspeeds in excess of
250_knots below 10,000 feet MSL within active
MOAs.
c. Pilots operating under VFR should exercise
extreme caution while flying within a MOA when
military activity is being conducted. The activity
status (active/inactive) of MOAs may change
frequently. Therefore, pilots should contact any FSS
within 100 miles of the area to obtain accurate
real-time information concerning the MOA hours of
operation. Prior to entering an active MOA, pilots
should contact the controlling agency for traffic
advisories.
d. MOAs are depicted on sectional, VFR Terminal
Area, and Enroute Low Altitude charts.
3-4-6. Alert Areas
Alert areas are depicted on aeronautical charts to
inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may
contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual
type of aerial activity. Pilots should be particularly
alert when flying in these areas. All activity within an
alert area shall be conducted in accordance with
CFRs, without waiver, and pilots of participating
aircraft as well as pilots transiting the area shall be
equally responsible for collision avoidance.
3-4-7. Controlled Firing Areas
CFAs contain activities which, if not conducted in a
controlled environment, could be hazardous to
nonparticipating aircraft. The distinguishing feature
of the CFA, as compared to other special use airspace,
is that its activities are suspended immediately when
spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout positions
indicate an aircraft might be approaching the area.
There is no need to chart CFAs since they do not cause
a nonparticipating aircraft to change its flight path.
AIM 2/14/08
3-5-1
Other Airspace Areas
Section 5. Other Airspace Areas
3-5-1. Airport Advisory/Information
Services
a. There are three advisory type services available
at selected airports.
1. Local Airport Advisory (LAA) service is
operated within 10 statute miles of an airport where
a control tower is not operating but where a FSS is
located on the airport. At such locations, the FSS
provides a complete local airport advisory service to
arriving and departing aircraft. During periods of fast
changing weather the FSS will automatically provide
Final Guard as part of the service from the time the
aircraft reports “on-final” or “taking-the-activerunway” until the aircraft reports “on-the-ground” or
“airborne.”
NOTE-
Current policy, when requesting remote ATC services,
requires that a pilot monitor the automated weather
broadcast at the landing airport prior to requesting ATC
services. The FSS automatically provides Final Guard,
when appropriate, during LAA/Remote Airport Advisory
(RAA) operations. Final Guard is a value added
wind/altimeter monitoring service, which provides an
automatic wind and altimeter check during active weather
situations when the pilot reports on-final or taking the
active runway. During the landing or take-off operation
when the winds or altimeter are actively changing the FSS
will blind broadcast significant changes when the
specialist believes the change might affect the operation.
Pilots should acknowledge the first wind/altimeter check
but due to cockpit activity no acknowledgement is expected
for the blind broadcasts. It is prudent for a pilot to report
on-the-ground or airborne to end the service.
2. RAA service is operated within 10 statute
miles of specified high activity GA airports where a
control tower is not operating. Airports offering this
service are listed in the A/FD and the published
service hours may be changed by NOTAM D. Final
Guard is automatically provided with RAA.
3. Remote Airport Information Service (RAIS)
is provided in support of short term special events like
small to medium fly-ins. The service is advertised by
NOTAM D only. The FSS will not have access to a
continuous readout of the current winds and
altimeter; therefore, RAIS does not include weather
and/or Final Guard service. However, known traffic,
special event instructions, and all other services are
provided.
NOTE-
The airport authority and/or manager should request RAIS
support on official letterhead directly with the manager of
the FSS that will provide the service at least 60 days in
advance. Approval authority rests with the FSS manager
and is based on workload and resource availability.
REFERENCE-
AIM, Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports Without Operating Control
Towers, Paragraph 4-1-9.
b. It is not mandatory that pilots participate in the
Airport Advisory programs. Participation enhances
safety for everyone operating around busy GA
airports; therefore, everyone is encouraged to
participate and provide feedback that will help
improve the program.
3-5-2. Military Training Routes
a. National security depends largely on the
deterrent effect of our airborne military forces. To be
proficient, the military services must train in a wide
range of airborne tactics. One phase of this training
involves “low level” combat tactics. The required
maneuvers and high speeds are such that they may
occasionally make the see-and-avoid aspect of VFR
flight more difficult without increased vigilance in
areas containing such operations. In an effort to
ensure the greatest practical level of safety for all
flight operations, the Military Training Route (MTR)
program was conceived.
b. The MTR program is a joint venture by the FAA
and the Department of Defense (DOD). MTRs are
mutually developed for use by the military for the
purpose of conducting low-altitude, high-speed
training. The routes above 1,500 feet AGL are
developed to be flown, to the maximum extent
possible, under IFR. The routes at 1,500 feet AGL
and below are generally developed to be flown under
VFR.
AIM 2/14/08
3-5-2 Other Airspace Areas
c. Generally, MTRs are established below
10,000_feet MSL for operations at speeds in excess of
250 knots. However, route segments may be defined
at higher altitudes for purposes of route continuity.
For example, route segments may be defined for
descent, climbout, and mountainous terrain. There
are IFR and VFR routes as follows:
1. IFR Military Training Routes-(IR).
Operations on these routes are conducted in
accordance with IFR regardless of weather
conditions.
2. VFR Military Training Routes-(VR).
Operations on these routes are conducted in
accordance with VFR except flight visibility shall be
5 miles or more; and flights shall not be conducted
below a ceiling of less than 3,000 feet AGL.
d. Military training routes will be identified and
charted as follows:
1. Route identification.
(a) MTRs with no segment above 1,500 feet
AGL shall be identified by four number characters;
e.g., IR1206, VR1207.
(b) MTRs that include one or more segments
above 1,500 feet AGL shall be identified by three
number characters; e.g., IR206, VR207.
(c) Alternate IR/VR routes or route segments
are identified by using the basic/principal route
designation followed by a letter suffix, e.g., IR008A,
VR1007B, etc.
2. Route charting.
(a) IFR Low Altitude En Route Chart. This
chart will depict all IR routes and all VR routes that
accommodate operations above 1,500 feet AGL.
(b) VFR Sectional Charts. These charts
will depict military training activities such as IR, VR,
MOA, Restricted Area, Warning Area, and Alert
Area information.
(c) Area Planning (AP/1B) Chart (DOD
Flight Information Publication-FLIP). This chart
is published by the DOD primarily for military users
and contains detailed information on both IR and VR
routes.
REFERENCE-
AIM, National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) Products,
Paragraph 9-1-5, Subparagraph a.
e. The FLIP contains charts and narrative
descriptions of these routes. This publication is
available to the general public by single copy or
annual subscription from:
National Aeronautical Charting Office (NACO)
Distribution Division
Federal Aviation Administration
6501 Lafayette Avenue
Riverdale, MD 20737-1199
Toll free phone: 1-800-638-8972
Commercial: 301-436-8301
This DOD FLIP is available for pilot briefings at FSS
and many airports.
f. Nonparticipating aircraft are not prohibited
from flying within an MTR; however, extreme
vigilance should be exercised when conducting flight
through or near these routes. Pilots should contact
FSSs within 100 NM of a particular MTR to obtain
current information or route usage in their vicinity.
Information available includes times of scheduled
activity, altitudes in use on each route segment, and
actual route width. Route width varies for each MTR
and can extend several miles on either side of the
charted MTR centerline. Route width information for
IR and VR MTRs is also available in the FLIP AP/1B
along with additional MTR (slow routes/air refueling
routes) information. When requesting MTR informa-
tion, pilots should give the FSS their position, route
of flight, and destination in order to reduce frequency
congestion and permit the FSS specialist to identify
the MTR which could be a factor.
3-5-3. Temporary Flight Restrictions
a. General. This paragraph describes the types of
conditions under which the FAA may impose
temporary flight restrictions. It also explains which
FAA elements have been delegated authority to issue
a temporary flight restrictions NOTAM and lists the
types of responsible agencies/offices from which the
FAA will accept requests to establish temporary
flight restrictions. The 14 CFR is explicit as to what
operations are prohibited, restricted, or allowed in a
temporary flight restrictions area. Pilots are responsi-
ble to comply with 14 CFR Sections 91.137, 91.138,
91.141 and 91.143 when conducting flight in an area
where a temporary flight restrictions area is in effect,
and should check appropriate NOTAMs during flight
planning.
AIM 2/14/08
3-5-3
Other Airspace Areas
b. The purpose for establishing a temporary
flight restrictions area is to:
1. Protect persons and property in the air or on
the surface from an existing or imminent hazard
associated with an incident on the surface when the
presence of low flying aircraft would magnify, alter,
spread, or compound that hazard (14 CFR
Section_91.137(a)(1));
2. Provide a safe environment for the operation
of disaster relief aircraft (14 CFR Sec-
tion_91.137(a)(2)); or
3. Prevent an unsafe congestion of sightseeing
aircraft above an incident or event which may
generate a high degree of public interest (14 CFR
Section_91.137(a)(3)).
4. Protect declared national disasters for
humanitarian reasons in the State of Hawaii (14 CFR
Section_91.138).
5. Protect the President, Vice President, or other
public figures (14 CFR Section 91.141).
6. Provide a safe environment for space agency
operations (14 CFR Section 91.143).
c. Except for hijacking situations, when the
provisions of 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(1) or (a)(2)
are necessary, a temporary flight restrictions area will
only be established by or through the area manager at
the Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)
having jurisdiction over the area concerned. A
temporary flight restrictions NOTAM involving the
conditions of 14_CFR Section 91.137(a)(3) will be
issued at the direction of the service area office
director having oversight of the airspace concerned.
When hijacking situations are involved, a temporary
flight restrictions area will be implemented through
the TSA Aviation Command Center. The appropriate
FAA air traffic element, upon receipt of such a
request, will establish a temporary flight restrictions
area under 14_CFR Section_91.137(a)(1).
d. The FAA accepts recommendations for the
establishment of a temporary flight restrictions area
under 14_CFR Section 91.137(a)(1) from military
major command headquarters, regional directors of
the Office of Emergency Planning, Civil Defense
State Directors, State Governors, or other similar
authority. For the situations involving 14 CFR
Section 91.137(a)(2), the FAA accepts recommenda-
tions from military commanders serving as regional,
subregional, or Search and Rescue (SAR) coordina-
tors; by military commanders directing or
coordinating air operations associated with disaster
relief; or by civil authorities directing or coordinating
organized relief air operations (includes representa-
tives of the Office of Emergency Planning, U.S.
Forest Service, and State aeronautical agencies).
Appropriate authorities for a temporary flight
restrictions establishment under 14 CFR
Section_91.137(a)(3) are any of those listed above or
by State, county, or city government entities.
e. The type of restrictions issued will be kept to a
minimum by the FAA consistent with achievement of
the necessary objective. Situations which warrant the
extreme restrictions of 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(1)
include, but are not limited to: toxic gas leaks or
spills, flammable agents, or fumes which if fanned by
rotor or propeller wash could endanger persons or
property on the surface, or if entered by an aircraft
could endanger persons or property in the air;
imminent volcano eruptions which could endanger
airborne aircraft and occupants; nuclear accident or
incident; and hijackings. Situations which warrant
the restrictions associated with 14 CFR Sec-
tion_91.137(a)(2) include: forest fires which are
being fought by releasing fire retardants from
aircraft; and aircraft relief activities following a
disaster (earthquake, tidal wave, flood, etc.). 14 CFR
Section_91.137(a)(3) restrictions are established for
events and incidents that would attract an unsafe
congestion of sightseeing aircraft.
f. The amount of airspace needed to protect
persons and property or provide a safe environment
for rescue/relief aircraft operations is normally
limited to within 2,000 feet above the surface and
within a 3-nautical-mile radius. Incidents occurring
within Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace will
normally be handled through existing procedures and
should not require the issuance of a temporary flight
restrictions NOTAM. Temporary flight restrictions
affecting airspace outside of the U.S. and its
territories and possessions are issued with verbiage
excluding that airspace outside of the 12-mile coastal
limits.
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g. The FSS nearest the incident site is normally the
“coordination facility.” When FAA communications
assistance is required, the designated FSS will
function as the primary communications facility for
coordination between emergency control authorities
and affected aircraft. The ARTCC may act as liaison
for the emergency control authorities if adequate
communications cannot be established between the
designated FSS and the relief organization. For
example, the coordination facility may relay
authorizations from the on-scene emergency re-
sponse official in cases where news media aircraft
operations are approved at the altitudes used by relief
aircraft.
h. ATC may authorize operations in a temporary
flight restrictions area under its own authority only
when flight restrictions are established under 14 CFR
Section 91.137(a)(2) and (a)(3). The appropriate
ARTCC/airport traffic control tower manager will,
however, ensure that such authorized flights do not
hamper activities or interfere with the event for which
restrictions were implemented. However, ATC will
not authorize local IFR flights into the temporary
flight restrictions area.
i. To preclude misunderstanding, the implement-
ing NOTAM will contain specific and formatted
information. The facility establishing a temporary
flight restrictions area will format a NOTAM
beginning with the phrase “FLIGHT RESTRIC-
TIONS” followed by: the location of the temporary
flight restrictions area; the effective period; the area
defined in statute miles; the altitudes affected; the
FAA coordination facility and commercial telephone
number; the reason for the temporary flight
restrictions; the agency directing any relief activities
and its commercial telephone number; and other
information considered appropriate by the issuing
authority.
EXAMPLE1. 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(1):
The following NOTAM prohibits all aircraft operations
except those specified in the NOTAM.
Flight restrictions Matthews, Virginia, effective immedi-
ately until 9610211200. Pursuant to 14 CFR
Section_91.137(a)(1) temporary flight restrictions are in
effect. Rescue operations in progress. Only relief aircraft
operations under the direction of the Department of
Defense are authorized in the airspace at and below
5,000_feet MSL within a 2-nautical-mile radius of Laser
AFB, Matthews, Virginia. Commander, Laser AFB, in
charge (897) 946-5543 (122.4). Steenson FSS
(792)_555-6141 (123.1) is the FAA coordination facility.
2. 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(2):
The following NOTAM permits flight operations in
accordance with 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(2). The on-site
emergency response official to authorize media aircraft
operations below the altitudes used by the relief aircraft.
Flight restrictions 25 miles east of Bransome, Idaho,
effective immediately until 9601202359 UTC. Pursuant to
14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(2) temporary flight restrictions
are in effect within a 4-nautical-mile radius of the
intersection of county roads 564 and 315 at and below
3,500 feet MSL to provide a safe environment for fire
fighting aircraft operations. Davis County sheriff 's
department (792) 555-8122 (122.9) is in charge of
on-scene emergency response activities. Glivings FSS
(792) 555-1618 (122.2) is the FAA coordination facility.
3. 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(3):
The following NOTAM prohibits sightseeing aircraft
operations.
Flight restrictions Brown, Tennessee, due to olympic
activity. Effective 9606181100 UTC until 9607190200
UTC. Pursuant to 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(3) temporary
flight restrictions are in effect within a 3-nautical-mile
radius of N355783/W835242 and Volunteer VORTAC 019
degree radial 3.7 DME fix at and below 2,500 feet MSL.
Norton FSS (423) 555-6742 (126.6) is the FAA
coordination facility.
4. 14 CFR Section 91.138:
The following NOTAM prohibits all aircraft except those
operating under the authorization of the official in charge
of associated emergency or disaster relief response
activities, aircraft carrying law enforcement officials,
aircraft carrying personnel involved in an emergency or
legitimate scientific purposes, carrying properly accred-
ited news media, and aircraft operating in accordance with
an ATC clearance or instruction.
Flight restrictions Kapalua, Hawaii, effective 9605101200
UTC until 9605151500 UTC. Pursuant to 14_CFR
Section_91.138 temporary flight restrictions are in effect
within a 3-nautical-mile radius of N205778/W1564038
and Maui/OGG/VORTAC 275_degree radial at 14.1
nautical miles. John Doe 808-757-4469 or 122.4 is in
charge of the operation. Honolulu/HNL 808-757-4470
(123.6) AFSS is the FAA coordination facility.
5. 14 CFR Section 91.141:
The following NOTAM prohibits all aircraft.
Flight restrictions Stillwater, Oklahoma, June 21, 1996.
Pursuant to 14 CFR Section 91.141 aircraft flight
operations are prohibited within a 3-nautical-mile radius,
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Other Airspace Areas
below 2000 feet AGL of N360962/W970515 and the
Stillwater/SWO/VOR/DME 176 degree radial 3.8-nauti-
cal-mile fix from 1400 local time to 1700 local time
June_21, 1996, unless otherwise authorized by ATC.
6. 14 CFR Section 91.143:
The following NOTAM prohibits any aircraft of U.S.
registry, or pilot any aircraft under the authority of an
airman certificate issued by the FAA.
Kennedy space center space operations area effective
immediately until 9610152100 UTC. Pursuant to 14 CFR
Section 91.143, flight operations conducted by FAA
certificated pilots or conducted in aircraft of U.S. registry
are prohibited at any altitude from surface to unlimited,
within the following area 30-nautical-mile radius of the
Melbourne/MLB/VORTAC 010 degree radial 21-nauti-
cal-mile fix. St. Petersburg, Florida/PIE/AFSS
813-545-1645 (122.2) is the FAA coordination facility and
should be contacted for the current status of any airspace
associated with the space shuttle operations. This airspace
encompasses R2933, R2932, R2931, R2934, R2935,
W497A and W158A. Additional warning and restricted
areas will be active in conjunction with the operations.
Pilots shall consult all NOTAMs regarding this operation.
3-5-4. Parachute Jump Aircraft Operations
a. Procedures relating to parachute jump areas are
contained in 14 CFR Part 105. Tabulations of
parachute jump areas in the U.S. are contained in the
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