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c. Engineered materials arresting systems
(EMAS). EMAS, which are constructed of high
energy-absorbing materials of selected strength, are
located in the safety area beyond the end of the
runway. They are designed to crush under the weight
of commercial aircraft and they exert deceleration
forces on the landing gear. These systems do not
affect the normal landing and takeoff of airplanes.
More information concerning EMAS is in FAA
Advisory Circular AC 150/5220-22, Engineered
Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) for Aircraft
Overruns.
NOTE-
EMAS may be located as close as 35 feet beyond the end of
the runway. Aircraft should never taxi or drive across the
runway.
FIG 2-3-42
Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS)
3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 AIM 7/31/08
AIM 2/14/08
3-1-1
General
Chapter 3. Airspace
Section 1. General
3-1-1. General
a. There are two categories of airspace or airspace
areas:
1. Regulatory (Class A, B, C, D and E airspace
areas, restricted and prohibited areas); and
2. Nonregulatory (military operations areas
(MOAs), warning areas, alert areas, and controlled
firing areas).
NOTE-
Additional information on special use airspace (prohibited
areas, restricted areas, warning areas, MOAs, alert areas
and controlled firing areas) may be found in Chapter 3,
Airspace, Section 4, Special Use Airspace, para-
graphs_3-4-1 through 3-4-7.
b. Within these two categories, there are four
types:
1. Controlled,
2. Uncontrolled,
3. Special use, and
4. Other airspace.
c. The categories and types of airspace are dictated
by:
1. The complexity or density of aircraft
movements,
2. The nature of the operations conducted
within the airspace,
3. The level of safety required, and
4. The national and public interest.
d. It is important that pilots be familiar with the
operational requirements for each of the various types
or classes of airspace. Subsequent sections will cover
each class in sufficient detail to facilitate
understanding.
3-1-2. General Dimensions of Airspace
Segments
Refer to Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) for
specific dimensions, exceptions, geographical areas
covered, exclusions, specific transponder or equip-
ment requirements, and flight operations.
3-1-3. Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace
Designations
a. When overlapping airspace designations apply
to the same airspace, the operating rules associated
with the more restrictive airspace designation apply.
b. For the purpose of clarification:
1. Class A airspace is more restrictive than
Class_B, Class C, Class D, Class E, or Class G
airspace;
2. Class B airspace is more restrictive than
Class_C, Class D, Class E, or Class G airspace;
3. Class C airspace is more restrictive than
Class_D, Class E, or Class G airspace;
4. Class D airspace is more restrictive than
Class_E or Class G airspace; and
5. Class E is more restrictive than Class G
airspace.
3-1-4. Basic VFR Weather Minimums
a. No person may operate an aircraft under basic
VFR when the flight visibility is less, or at a distance
from clouds that is less, than that prescribed for the
corresponding altitude and class of airspace.
(See TBL 3-1-1.)
NOTE-
Student pilots must comply with 14 CFR Section 61.89(a)
(6) and (7).
b. Except as provided in 14 CFR Section 91.157,
Special VFR Weather Minimums, no person may
operate an aircraft beneath the ceiling under VFR
within the lateral boundaries of controlled airspace
designated to the surface for an airport when the
ceiling is less than 1,000 feet. (See 14 CFR
Section_91.155(c).)
AIM 2/14/08
3-1-2 General
TBL 3-1-1
Basic VFR Weather Minimums
Airspace Flight Visibility Distance from Clouds
Class A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not Applicable Not Applicable
Class B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 statute miles Clear of Clouds
Class C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 statute miles 500 feet below
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horizontal
Class D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 statute miles 500 feet below
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horizontal
Class E
Less than 10,000 feet MSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 statute miles 500 feet below
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horizontal
At or above 10,000 feet MSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 statute miles 1,000 feet below
1,000 feet above
1 statute mile horizontal
Class G
1,200 feet or less above the surface (regardless of MSL
altitude).
Day, except as provided in section 91.155(b) . . . . . . . . . . 1 statute mile Clear of clouds
Night, except as provided in section 91.155(b) . . . . . . . . . 3 statute miles 500 feet below
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horizontal
More than 1,200 feet above the surface but less than
10,000 feet MSL.
Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 statute mile 500 feet below
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horizontal
Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 statute miles 500 feet below
1,000 feet above
2,000 feet horizontal
More than 1,200 feet above the surface and at or above
10,000 feet MSL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 statute miles 1,000 feet below
1,000 feet above
1 statute mile horizontal
3-1-5. VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels
(See TBL 3-1-2.)
TBL 3-1-2
VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels
If your magnetic course
(ground track) is:
And you are more than 3,000 feet above the
surface but below 18,000 feet MSL, fly:
And you are above 18,000 feet
MSL to FL 290, fly:
0
_
to 179
_
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Odd thousands MSL, plus 500 feet
(3,500; 5,500; 7,500, etc.)
Odd Flight Levels plus 500 feet
(FL 195; FL 215; FL 235, etc.)
180
_
to 359
_
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Even thousands MSL, plus 500 feet
(4,500; 6,500; 8,500, etc.)
Even Flight Levels plus 500 feet
(FL 185; FL 205; FL 225, etc.)
AIM 2/14/08
3-2-1
Controlled Airspace
Section 2. Controlled Airspace
3-2-1. General
a. Controlled Airspace. A generic term that
covers the different classification of airspace
(Class_A, Class_B, Class C, Class D, and Class E
airspace) and defined dimensions within which air
traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and
to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace
classification. (See FIG 3-2-1.)
b. IFR Requirements. IFR operations in any
class of controlled airspace requires that a pilot must
file an IFR flight plan and receive an appropriate ATC
clearance.
c. IFR Separation. Standard IFR separation is
provided to all aircraft operating under IFR in
controlled airspace.
d. VFR Requirements. It is the responsibility of
the pilot to insure that ATC clearance or radio
communication requirements are met prior to entry
into Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace. The pilot
retains this responsibility when receiving ATC radar
advisories. (See 14 CFR Part 91.)
e. Traffic Advisories. Traffic advisories will be
provided to all aircraft as the controller's work
situation permits.
f. Safety Alerts. Safety Alerts are mandatory
services and are provided to ALL aircraft. There are
two types of Safety Alerts:
1. Terrain/Obstruction Alert. A Terrain/
Obstruction Alert is issued when, in the controller's
judgment, an aircraft's altitude places it in unsafe
proximity to terrain and/or obstructions; and
2. Aircraft Conflict/Mode C Intruder Alert.
An Aircraft Conflict/Mode C Intruder Alert is issued
if the controller observes another aircraft which
places it in an unsafe proximity. When feasible, the
controller will offer the pilot an alternative course of
action.
FIG 3-2-1
Airspace Classes
MSL - mean sea level
AGL - above ground level
FL - flight level
CLASS B
CLASS C
CLASS E
CLASS D
CLASS G CLASS G CLASS G
Nontowered
Airport
FL 600
18,000 MSL
14,500 MSL
1,200 AGL 700 AGL
CLASS A
AIM 2/14/08
3-2-2 Controlled Airspace
g. Ultralight Vehicles. No person may operate an
ultralight vehicle within Class A, Class B, Class C, or
Class D airspace or within the lateral boundaries of
the surface area of Class E airspace designated for an
airport unless that person has prior authorization from
the ATC facility having jurisdiction over that
airspace. (See 14 CFR Part 103.)
h. Unmanned Free Balloons. Unless otherwise
authorized by ATC, no person may operate an
unmanned free balloon below 2,000 feet above the
surface within the lateral boundaries of Class B,
Class_C, Class_D, or Class E airspace designated for
an airport. (See 14 CFR Part_101.)
i. Parachute Jumps. No person may make a
parachute jump, and no pilot-in-command may
allow a parachute jump to be made from that aircraft,
in or into Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D
airspace without, or in violation of, the terms of an
ATC authorization issued by the ATC facility having
jurisdiction over the airspace. (See 14 CFR Part 105.)
3-2-2. Class A Airspace
a. Definition. Generally, that airspace from
18,000 feet MSL up to and including FL 600,
including the airspace overlying the waters within
12_nautical miles of the coast of the 48 contiguous
States and Alaska; and designated international
airspace beyond 12 nautical miles of the coast of the
48 contiguous States and Alaska within areas of
domestic radio navigational signal or ATC radar
coverage, and within which domestic procedures are
applied.
b. Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment
Requirements. Unless otherwise authorized, all
persons must operate their aircraft under IFR. (See
14_CFR Section_71.33 and 14 CFR Section 91.167
through 14_CFR Section_91.193.)
c. Charts. Class A airspace is not specifically
charted.
3-2-3. Class B Airspace
a. Definition. Generally, that airspace from the
surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation's
busiest airports in terms of IFR operations or
passenger enplanements. The configuration of each
Class B airspace area is individually tailored and
consists of a surface area and two or more layers
(some Class B airspace areas resemble upside-down
wedding cakes), and is designed to contain all
published instrument procedures once an aircraft
enters the airspace. An ATC clearance is required for
all aircraft to operate in the area, and all aircraft that
are so cleared receive separation services within the
airspace. The cloud clearance requirement for VFR
operations is “clear of clouds.”
b. Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment
Requirements for VFR Operations. Regardless of
weather conditions, an ATC clearance is required
prior to operating within Class B airspace. Pilots
should not request a clearance to operate within
Class_B airspace unless the requirements of 14 CFR
Section 91.215 and 14 CFR Section 91.131 are met.
Included among these requirements are:
1. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, aircraft
must be equipped with an operable two-way radio
capable of communicating with ATC on appropriate
frequencies for that Class B airspace.
2. No person may take off or land a civil aircraft
at the following primary airports within Class B
airspace unless the pilot-in-command holds at least
a private pilot certificate:
(a) Andrews Air Force Base, MD
(b) Atlanta Hartsfield Airport, GA
(c) Boston Logan Airport, MA
(d) Chicago O'Hare Intl. Airport, IL
(e) Dallas/Fort Worth Intl. Airport, TX
(f) Los Angeles Intl. Airport, CA
(g) Miami Intl. Airport, FL
(h) Newark Intl. Airport, NJ
(i) New York Kennedy Airport, NY
(j) New York La Guardia Airport, NY
(k) Ronald Reagan Washington National
Airport, DC
(l) San Francisco Intl. Airport, CA
3. No person may take off or land a civil aircraft
at an airport within Class B airspace or operate a civil
aircraft within Class B airspace unless:
(a) The pilot-in-command holds at least a
private pilot certificate; or
AIM 2/14/08
3-2-3
Controlled Airspace
(b) The aircraft is operated by a student pilot
or recreational pilot who seeks private pilot
certification and has met the requirements of 14 CFR
Section 61.95.
4. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, each
person operating a large turbine engine-powered
airplane to or from a primary airport shall operate at
or above the designated floors while within the lateral
limits of Class B airspace.
5. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, each
aircraft must be equipped as follows:
(a) For IFR operations, an operable VOR or
TACAN receiver; and
(b) For all operations, a two-way radio
capable of communications with ATC on appropriate
frequencies for that area; and
(c) Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, an
operable radar beacon transponder with automatic
altitude reporting equipment.
NOTE-
ATC may, upon notification, immediately authorize a
deviation from the altitude reporting equipment require-
ment; however, a request for a deviation from the 4096
transponder equipment requirement must be submitted to
the controlling ATC facility at least one hour before the
proposed operation.
REFERENCE-
AIM, Transponder Operation, Paragraph 4-1-19.
6. Mode C Veil. The airspace within 30_nauti-
cal miles of an airport listed in Appendix D, Section_1
of 14 CFR Part 91 (generally primary airports within
Class B airspace areas), from the surface upward to
10,000 feet MSL. Unless otherwise authorized by
ATC, aircraft operating within this airspace must be
equipped with automatic pressure altitude reporting
equipment having Mode_C capability.
However, an aircraft that was not originally
certificated with an engine-driven electrical system
or which has not subsequently been certified with a
system installed may conduct operations within a
Mode C veil provided the aircraft remains outside
Class A, B or C airspace; and below the altitude of the
ceiling of a Class B or Class C airspace area
designated for an airport or 10,000 feet MSL,
whichever is lower.
c. Charts. Class B airspace is charted on
Sectional Charts, IFR En Route Low Altitude, and
Terminal Area Charts.
d. Flight Procedures.
1. Flights. Aircraft within Class B airspace are
required to operate in accordance with current IFR
procedures. A clearance for a visual approach to a
primary airport is not authorization for turbinepowered airplanes to operate below the designated
floors of the Class B airspace.
2. VFR Flights.
(a) Arriving aircraft must obtain an ATC
clearance prior to entering Class B airspace and must
contact ATC on the appropriate frequency, and in
relation to geographical fixes shown on local charts.
Although a pilot may be operating beneath the floor
of the Class B airspace on initial contact,
communications with ATC should be established in
relation to the points indicated for spacing and
sequencing purposes.
(b) Departing aircraft require a clearance to
depart Class B airspace and should advise the
clearance delivery position of their intended altitude
and route of flight. ATC will normally advise VFR
aircraft when leaving the geographical limits of the
Class B airspace. Radar service is not automatically
terminated with this advisory unless specifically
stated by the controller.
(c) Aircraft not landing or departing the
primary airport may obtain an ATC clearance to
transit the Class_B airspace when traffic conditions
permit and provided the requirements of 14 CFR
Section 91.131 are met. Such VFR aircraft are
encouraged, to the extent possible, to operate at
altitudes above or below the Class B airspace or
transit through established VFR corridors. Pilots
operating in VFR corridors are urged to use frequency
122.750 MHz for the exchange of aircraft position
information.
e. ATC Clearances and Separation. An ATC
clearance is required to enter and operate within
Class_B airspace. VFR pilots are provided sequenc-
ing and separation from other aircraft while operating
within Class B airspace.
REFERENCE-
AIM, Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft, Paragraph 4-1-17.
AIM 2/14/08
3-2-4 Controlled Airspace
NOTE1. Separation and sequencing of VFR aircraft will be
suspended in the event of a radar outage as this service is
dependent on radar. The pilot will be advised that the
service is not available and issued wind, runway
information and the time or place to contact the tower.
2. Separation of VFR aircraft will be suspended during
CENRAP operations. Traffic advisories and sequencing to
the primary airport will be provided on a workload
permitting basis. The pilot will be advised when center
radar presentation (CENRAP) is in use.
1. VFR aircraft are separated from all VFR/IFR
aircraft which weigh 19,000 pounds or less by a
minimum of:
(a) Target resolution, or
(b) 500 feet vertical separation, or
(c) Visual separation.
2. VFR aircraft are separated from all VFR/IFR
aircraft which weigh more than 19,000 and turbojets
by no less than: |
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